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'''Candidate of Philosophy''' can refer to the US degree or status of '''Candidate in Philosophy''' ('''C.Phil.''' or '''Ph.C.''') granted to [[Ph.D.]] students who have been accepted as candidates for that degree, or (as a direct translation) to degrees or former degrees at [[bachelor's degree|bachelor's]] or [[master's degree|master's]] level from some Scandinavian countries.
{{Refimprove|date=October 2008}}
'''Candidate of Philosophy''' is any of the following academic degrees: a Bachelor's level, Master's level, higher than Master's level, or Doctorate level degree, depending on the country.{{Citation needed|reason=This doesn't make sense. A candidate in philosophy is not the equivalent of each of the degrees listed. Generally, a candidate in philosophy is a step in most doctoral programs when a student meets certain criteria to be designated as a doctoral degree candidate. At this state, the student may be awarded a Master's degree if they discontinue the program. Therefore, I can understand the Candidate in Philosophy may be master's-equivalent. In a more narrow sense, a candidate in philosophy may be an actual awarded degree, although still as a "stepping stone" on the path to a doctoral degree.|date=July 2012}}


== In the United States ==
== United States ==
{{see also|All but dissertation}}
The usual practice in the United States is for a graduate student working toward a doctorate to earn a master's degree (usually Master of Arts or Master of Science) in course after about two years of coursework. In a very few universities, a student who has completed all of the coursework, all of the comprehensive examinations in the subject and all of the language examination requirements, and whose dissertation topic has been approved - in short, who has fulfilled all requirements for the doctorate except the writing and defense of the dissertation itself - may be awarded a [[Master of Philosophy]] degree, beyond the Master of Arts or Master of Science already earned. In other universities, such students used the informal designation of Ph.D. (ABD), for "[[All But Dissertation]]," not an actual degree but an informal convention.
In the United States, it is normal for graduate students working toward a doctorate to take coursework followed by examinations (known variously as candidacy examinations, comprehensive examinations or qualifiers) after which they become candidates for the doctorate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/doctorate.doc|title= Structure of the U.S. Education System: Research Doctorate Degrees|publisher=[[U.S. Department of Education]]|date=February 2008|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> At a few institutions, this status is officially recognized either by a degree or some other official title. This is normally intended to be an interim status, prior to the award of a doctorate, not to be confused with the terminal master's degree awarded by some programs to those who leave after their candidacy examination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brandeis.edu/departments/physics/graduate/masters.html|title=Master's Program|publisher=[[Brandeis University]]|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|jstor=4144694|title= Is It Terminal? Re-Evaluating the Master's Degree|author= Anne Clark Bartlett|journal=The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association|volume=37|issue=2|pages=26–29|date=2004|doi= 10.2307/4144694}}</ref> Some universities grant a [[Master of Philosophy]] degree to students who have been accepted for candidacy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www8.gsb.columbia.edu/programs/doctoral-program/academics/degree-requirements/master-philosophy|title=Master of Philosophy|publisher=Columbia University|access-date=26 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://architecture.yale.edu/school/academic-programs/doctor-philosophy-program#Master%E2%80%99s%20Degree|title=Doctor of Philosophy program|at=Master's Degree|publisher=Yale School of Architecture|access-date=26 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://economics.columbian.gwu.edu/phd-requirements|title=PhD Requirements|publisher=Department of Economics, Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, George Washington University|access-date=26 August 2017}}</ref> During the 1960s, the University of Toronto, University of Waterloo, Yale, and Rutgers all granted MPhil degrees to students who were ABD, while Indiana University, the University of Michigan, the University of Minnesota, along with the University of California and the University of Washington (described below) awarded the Candidate of Philosophy degree.


⚫
===University of California===
The University of California began offering the Candidate in Philosophy degree in the early seventies, but most campuses discontinued the practice before the end of that decade; however, it is still offered at some UC campuses, such as the University of California, Santa Barbara and San Diego, where it may be awarded within one year of advancing to candidacy.
The first Candidate in Philosophy degree was first awarded at UC Berkeley in June of 1968.[https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED081393.pdf] Seven of the ten [[University of California]] campuses offer the Candidate in Philosophy (C.Phil.) degree to those who have passed the candidacy exam for the PhD in some programs. On some campuses it is only awarded to those leaving without a master's or a doctorate, however at UC San Diego such a practice seems forbidden.
*University of California, [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://opa.berkeley.edu/candidate-philosophy-degree|title= The Candidate in Philosophy Degree|publisher=UC Berkeley|access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref>
*[[University of California, Davis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://academicsenate.ucdavis.edu/bylaws_and_regulations/regulations.cfm#520-|title= Regulations of the Davis Division of the Academic Senate|publisher=UC Davis|access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref>
*[[University of California, Los Angeles]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.registrar.ucla.edu/Registration-Classes/Graduation/Advancement-to-Candidacy|title= ADVANCEMENT TO CANDIDACY|publisher=UCLA|access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref>
*[[University of California, Riverside]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://registrar.ucr.edu/docs/16-17-ucr_general_catalog.pdf|title=General Catalog 2016-2017|page=62|publisher=UC Riverside|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130195612/http://www.registrar.ucr.edu/docs/16-17-ucr_general_catalog.pdf|archive-date=30 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
⚫
*[[University of California, San Diego]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://senate.ucsd.edu/Operating-Procedures/Senate-Manual/Regulations/710|title=Requirements for the Candidate in Philosophy (C. Phil.) Degree at San Diego|publisher=UC San Diego|access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref>
*[[University of California, San Francisco]]
*[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Requirements for Graduate Degrees in Philosophy {{!}} Department of Philosophy - UC Santa Barbara |url=https://www.philosophy.ucsb.edu/graduate/degree-requirements |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=www.philosophy.ucsb.edu}}</ref>


===University of Washington===
Very few schools actually designate such students '''Candidatus Philosophiae''' or '''Candidate in Philosophy''', abbreviated '''C.Phil.''' as a formal status.
The [[University of Washington]] awards a certificate of Candidate in Philosophy (Ph.C.) to those admitted to candidacy for the Ph.D., alongside the Candidate in Education (Ed.C.) and Candidate in Musical Arts (C.M.A.) for those admitted to candidacy for the degrees of [[Doctor of Education]] (Ed.D.) and [[Doctor of Musical Arts]] (D.M.A.). These are designations for candidate status rather than degrees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/admin/rules/policies/SGP/ScholRegCH114.html#7|title=Scholastic Regulations|publisher=University of Washington|access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref>


==Scandinavia==
=== Universities offering the C.Phil. ===
⚫
===Denmark===
The ''candidatus/candidata philosophiae'' degree (cand.phil.) was a [[master's degree|master's]]-level first degree. It was awarded after four years' study and included a dissertation. As part of [[Bologna Process]] of degree reforms, it was abandoned in 1995/6.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ufm.dk/en/education-and-institutions/higher-education/degrees-and-qualifications/reforms-and-previous-systems/reforms-and-previous-systems#cookieoptin|title=Reforms and previous systems|publisher=[[Ministry of Higher Education and Science (Denmark)]]|access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref>


===Sweden===
⚫
====University of California====
In Sweden, ''[[:sv:filosofie kandidat]]'' (fil.kand. or FK) is the title for the holder of a [[bachelor's degree]] (''filosofie kandidatexamen'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/filosofie-kandidat|language=sv|title=filosofie kandidat|publisher= Nationalencyklopedin|date=2017|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref>
Seven of the ten [[University of California]] campuses offer the C.Phil.
*University of California, Berkeley<ref>[http://catalog.berkeley.edu/grad/requirements.html General Catalog - Graduate Education - Requirements for Graduate Degrees<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*University of California, Davis<ref>[http://academicsenate.ucdavis.edu/cerj/manual/dd_regs.htm#520 Davis Academic Senate Regulations<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*University of California, Los Angeles<ref>[http://www.senate.ucla.edu/FormsDocs/Appendices/appvii.htm Appendix Vii Philosophy Degree<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*University of California, Riverside<ref>[http://www.catalog.ucr.edu/2005-06/gradstudies.html UC Riverside 2005-2006 - Graduate Studies<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
⚫
*University of California, San Diego<ref>[http://www-senate.ucsd.edu/manual/Regulations/PartIII/710.htm Requirements for the Candidate in Philosophy (C. Phil.) Degree at San Diego<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*University of California, San Francisco<ref>http://graduate.ucsf.edu/academic-programs-degrees/doctoral-degree</ref>
*University of California, Santa Barbara<ref>https://senate.ucsb.edu/about/bylaws.and.regulations/Part_II/Chapter_III/Section_3/</ref>


== Europe ==
===Finland===
In Finland, the ''[[:fi:filosofian kandidaatti|filosofian kandidaatti]]'' (fil.kand. or FK) was a graduate degree awarded until 1994. Holders can proceed to a Master of Arts degree without further examination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.helsinki.fi/en/faculty-of-arts/studying/graduation-and-diplomas#section-11505|title=Graduation and Diplomas|publisher=[[University of Helsinki]]|access-date=26 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kielikello.fi/index.php?mid=2&pid=11&aid=1208|title=Lyhenteitä: a – fil. toht. (Abbreviations: a - fil.)|language=fi|access-date=26 August 2017|work=[[:fi:Kielikello]]|date=April 2000|publisher=[[Institute for the Languages of Finland]]}}</ref>
The C.Phil. is broadly similar to some degrees found in Europe.


=== United Kingdom ===
==See also==
* [[Candidate of Sciences]], a degree granted by universities in some former [[Soviet Union]] countries that is similar in name but equivalent to a completed doctoral degree.
The [[Master of Philosophy]] and [[Master of Research]] degrees in the [[United Kingdom]]. The Master of Research typically contains taught work similar to the prerequisite needed for the doctorate in the US and is pursued as a stand-alone degree. Ph.D. students by contrast are typically registered for a Master of Philosophy and have their registration upgraded after making satisfactory progress (usually after the first year). Students wishing to follow a shorter period of study or to offer a dissertation of a more limited scope can opt to continue towards the Master of Philosophy degree. In some instances, failure to upgrade or a judgement of insufficient original contribution at the examination stage of a PhD can result in the student being awarded or offered the opportunity to re-submit for the lower M.Phil. degree instead. The MRes and MPhil degrees are becoming valued in themselves, largely because of UK Research Council imperatives regarding research training and funding. The MRes is usually a first master's degree, whereas the MPhil is often pursued as a second or advanced Masters. For example, at the [[University of Aberdeen]] the degree of Master of Philosophy is awarded on successful submission of a thesis of up to 70,000 words and after a viva examination with internal and external examiners.[http://www.abdn.ac.uk/education/programmes/research-degrees.shtml] It is unusual for both the MPhil and PhD degree to be awarded as part of a Ph.D. programme. (Note, however, that at the University of Cambridge, the MPhil degree is a one-year degree qualification that combines taught sections with unique research. Graduates who go on to PhD study may therefore earn both a MPhil and a PhD.)

⚫
=== Sweden ===
In Sweden and some other European countries the [[licentiate]] is a similar degree, in the respect that it requires the coursework of a doctorate, but a less extensive dissertation.

== Other uses of the phrase ==
The word "Candidate" is often used in the titles of degrees in a different sense to those described above.

*The Candidate of Philosophy is the lowest academic degree, essentially the same as a bachelor's degree, in several countries. For example, Finland and Sweden give these degrees, which are, however, usually translated as "Bachelor". In Finnish, this is ''filosofian kandidaatti''. Like "Doctor of Philosophy", this degree doesn't necessarily imply specialization in theoretical philosophy, but is awarded in a variety of sciences.

*In Finland, formerly the undergraduate degree in natural sciences (cf. Bachelor) was called ''luonnontieteiden kandidaatti'' "Candidate of Natural Sciences", and the graduate degree (cf. Master) was called ''filosofian kandidaatti''. (See [[:fi:Kandidaatti]])

*In Russia and ex-Soviet Union countries ''kandidat minimum'' refers to the necessary coursework required for the post-graduate research degree ''[[kandidat nauk]]'' (comparable to Western PhD). Kandidat minimum includes work in the area of specialization, foreign languages and the philosophy of science.


==References==
==References==
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*{{cite book
*{{cite book
| last =United States Office of Education, Office of Education, United States
| last =United States Office of Education, Office of Education, United States
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =Statistics of Land-grant Colleges and Universities
| title =Statistics of Land-grant Colleges and Universities
| publisher =Govt. Print. Off
| publisher =Govt. Print. Off
| date =1917
| date =1917
| location =Original from the University of Michigan
| location =Original from the University of Michigan
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLELTUGx2EC&q=%22Candidate+of+Philosophy%22&pg=RA10-PA63
| pages =
}}
| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=KYLELTUGx2EC&pg=RA10-PA63&lpg=RA10-PA63&dq=%22Candidate+of+Philosophy%22&source=web&ots=KiGyQJcfB2&sig=rSl4Lw58gNrnIDFzefSezSVnBg4&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result
| doi =
| id = }}


{{Academic degrees}}
{{Academic degrees}}


[[Category:Qualifications]]
[[Category:Doctoral degrees]]
[[Category:Doctoral degrees]]

Latest revision as of 17:26, 30 November 2023

Candidate of Philosophy can refer to the US degree or status of Candidate in Philosophy (C.Phil. or Ph.C.) granted to Ph.D. students who have been accepted as candidates for that degree, or (as a direct translation) to degrees or former degrees at bachelor's or master's level from some Scandinavian countries.

United States

[edit]
See also: All but dissertation

In the United States, it is normal for graduate students working toward a doctorate to take coursework followed by examinations (known variously as candidacy examinations, comprehensive examinations or qualifiers) after which they become candidates for the doctorate.[1] At a few institutions, this status is officially recognized either by a degree or some other official title. This is normally intended to be an interim status, prior to the award of a doctorate, not to be confused with the terminal master's degree awarded by some programs to those who leave after their candidacy examination.[2][3] Some universities grant a Master of Philosophy degree to students who have been accepted for candidacy.[4][5][6] During the 1960s, the University of Toronto, University of Waterloo, Yale, and Rutgers all granted MPhil degrees to students who were ABD, while Indiana University, the University of Michigan, the University of Minnesota, along with the University of California and the University of Washington (described below) awarded the Candidate of Philosophy degree.

University of California

[edit]

The first Candidate in Philosophy degree was first awarded at UC Berkeley in June of 1968.[1] Seven of the ten University of California campuses offer the Candidate in Philosophy (C.Phil.) degree to those who have passed the candidacy exam for the PhD in some programs. On some campuses it is only awarded to those leaving without a master's or a doctorate, however at UC San Diego such a practice seems forbidden.

University of Washington

[edit]

The University of Washington awards a certificate of Candidate in Philosophy (Ph.C.) to those admitted to candidacy for the Ph.D., alongside the Candidate in Education (Ed.C.) and Candidate in Musical Arts (C.M.A.) for those admitted to candidacy for the degrees of Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) and Doctor of Musical Arts (D.M.A.). These are designations for candidate status rather than degrees.[13]

Scandinavia

[edit]

Denmark

[edit]

The candidatus/candidata philosophiae degree (cand.phil.) was a master's-level first degree. It was awarded after four years' study and included a dissertation. As part of Bologna Process of degree reforms, it was abandoned in 1995/6.[14]

Sweden

[edit]

In Sweden, sv:filosofie kandidat (fil.kand. or FK) is the title for the holder of a bachelor's degree (filosofie kandidatexamen).[15]

Finland

[edit]

In Finland, the filosofian kandidaatti (fil.kand. or FK) was a graduate degree awarded until 1994. Holders can proceed to a Master of Arts degree without further examination.[16][17]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Structure of the U.S. Education System: Research Doctorate Degrees". U.S. Department of Education. February 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  2. ^ "Master's Program". Brandeis University. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  3. ^ Anne Clark Bartlett (2004). "Is It Terminal? Re-Evaluating the Master's Degree". The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association. 37 (2): 26–29. doi:10.2307/4144694. JSTOR 4144694.
  4. ^ "Master of Philosophy". Columbia University. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  5. ^ "Doctor of Philosophy program". Yale School of Architecture. Master's Degree. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  6. ^ "PhD Requirements". Department of Economics, Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, George Washington University. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  7. ^ "The Candidate in Philosophy Degree". UC Berkeley. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  8. ^ "Regulations of the Davis Division of the Academic Senate". UC Davis. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  9. ^ "ADVANCEMENT TO CANDIDACY". UCLA. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  10. ^ "General Catalog 2016-2017" (PDF). UC Riverside. p. 62. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  11. ^ "Requirements for the Candidate in Philosophy (C. Phil.) Degree at San Diego". UC San Diego. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  12. ^ "Requirements for Graduate Degrees in Philosophy | Department of Philosophy - UC Santa Barbara". www.philosophy.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2023-04-17.
  13. ^ "Scholastic Regulations". University of Washington. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  14. ^ "Reforms and previous systems". Ministry of Higher Education and Science (Denmark). Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  15. ^ "filosofie kandidat" (in Swedish). Nationalencyklopedin. 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  16. ^ "Graduation and Diplomas". University of Helsinki. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  17. ^ "Lyhenteitä: a – fil. toht. (Abbreviations: a - fil.)". fi:Kielikello (in Finnish). Institute for the Languages of Finland. April 2000. Retrieved 26 August 2017.

Bibliography

[edit]
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