Jump to content

1938 Bridgwater by-election: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Content deleted Content added
GreenC bot (talk | contribs)
m 1 archive template merged to {{webarchive}} (WAM)
 
(25 intermediate revisions by 16 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
The '''Bridgwater by-election, 1938''' was a [[by-election|parliamentary by-election]] for the [[British House of Commons]] [[United Kingdom constituencies|constituency]] of [[Bridgwater (UK Parliament constituency)|Bridgwater]], [[Somerset]] held on 17 November 1938.
{{Use British English|date=May 2018}}
The '''1938 Bridgwater by-election''' was a [[by-election|parliamentary by-election]] for the [[British House of Commons]] [[United Kingdom constituencies|constituency]] of [[Bridgwater (UK Parliament constituency)|Bridgwater]], [[Somerset]] held on 17 November 1938.


==Vacancy==
==Vacancy==
Line 5: Line 7:


==Election history==
==Election history==
Ever since the constituency was created in 1885, the Conservatives had won the seat, with the exception of the Liberal landslide of 1906 and the General Election of 1923, when the Liberals had won. The Labour party had always polled poorly and always coming last, except in 1923 when the Liberals won. At the last General Election, the Liberal challenge was not as strong as it had been;
Ever since the constituency was created in 1885, the Conservatives had won the seat, with the exception of the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] landslide of [[1906 UK general election|1906]] and the [[1923 UK general election|General Election of 1923]], when the Liberals had won. The [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour party]] had always polled poorly and always coming last, except in 1923 when the Liberals won. At the last General Election, the Liberal challenge was not as strong as it had been;
{{Election box begin |
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[United Kingdom general election, 1935|General Election 1935]]: Bridgwater
|title=[[1935 United Kingdom general election|General election 1935]]: Bridgwater
Electorate 43,367
Electorate 43,367
}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Reginald Croom-Johnson|Reginald Powell Croom-Johnson]]
|candidate = [[Reginald Croom-Johnson]]
|votes = 17,939
|votes = 17,939
|percentage = 56.9
|percentage = 56.9
|change = -20.6
|change = –20.6
}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
{{Election box candidate with party link|
Line 22: Line 24:
|votes = 7,370
|votes = 7,370
|percentage = 23.4
|percentage = 23.4
|change = n/a
|change = ''New''
}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = Cllr. Arthur W Loveys
|candidate = Arthur W Loveys
|votes = 6,240
|votes = 6,240
|percentage = 19.8
|percentage = 19.8
|change = -2.7
|change = –2.7
}}
}}
{{Election box majority|
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,569
|votes = 10,569
|percentage = 33.5
|percentage = 33.5
|change = -21.5
|change = –21.5
}}
}}
{{Election box turnout|
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 31,549
|votes = 31,549
|percentage = 72.7
|percentage = 72.7
|change = -1.1
|change = –1.1
}}
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing = n/a
|swing =
}}
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box end}}

== Background ==
== Background ==
On 29 September 1938, [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Neville Chamberlain]] had signed the [[Munich Agreement]], handing over the [[Sudetenland]] to German control. This issue polarised British politics at the time, with many [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] supporters, [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberals]], and some Conservatives strongly opposed to this policy of [[Appeasement of Hitler|appeasement]].<ref>[[The Times]] 4th Oct. 1938</ref> Many by-elections in the autumn of 1938 were fought around this issue, notably the [[Oxford by-election, 1938|Oxford by-election]], where Liberals and Labour united in support of an Independent anti-appeasement candidate.
On 29 September 1938, [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Neville Chamberlain]] had signed the [[Munich Agreement]], handing over the [[Sudetenland]] to German control. This issue polarised British politics at the time, with many [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] supporters, [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberals]], and some Conservatives strongly opposed to this policy of [[Appeasement of Hitler|appeasement]].<ref>[[The Times]] 4 October 1938</ref> Many by-elections in the autumn of 1938 were fought around this issue, notably the [[1938 Oxford by-election|Oxford by-election]], where Liberals and Labour united in support of an Independent anti-appeasement candidate.


==Candidates==
==Candidates==
The Conservative Party selected 26-year-old lawyer and former [[Territorial Army (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]] officer [[Patrick Gerald Heathcoat-Amory]] of [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]] as its candidate. He was thought to be assured of a sizeable agricultural vote, half of the electorate lived in rural areas at this time.<ref>Estimate based on 1931 Census</ref>
The Conservative Party selected 26-year-old lawyer and former [[Territorial Army (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]] officer [[Patrick Gerald Heathcoat-Amory]] of [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]] as its candidate. He was thought to be assured of a sizeable agricultural vote, half of the electorate lived in rural areas at this time.<ref>Estimate based on 1931 Census</ref>
[[File:1932 Vernon Bartlett.jpg|thumb|Vernon Bartlett]]
[[Vernon Bartlett]] was a journalist and broadcaster with extensive experience of foreign affairs. He was approached by [[Richard Acland]], Liberal MP for [[Barnstaple (UK Parliament constituency)|Barnstaple]], a seat bordering Bridgwater, about standing as an anti-appeasement candidate in the by-election.<ref>[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRbartlett.htm Spartacus Educational] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709031523/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRbartlett.htm |date=July 9, 2009 }}</ref> Bartlett agreed to do so providing he had the support of the Liberal and Labour parties. The Bridgwater Liberal Party unanimously backed Bartlett's candidature.<ref>The Times 26th Oct. 1938</ref>


[[Vernon Bartlett]] was a journalist and broadcaster with extensive experience of foreign affairs. He was approached by [[Richard Acland]], Liberal MP for [[Barnstaple (UK Parliament constituency)|Barnstaple]], a seat bordering Bridgwater, about standing as an anti-appeasement candidate in the by-election.<ref>[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRbartlett.htm Spartacus Educational] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709031523/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRbartlett.htm |date=9 July 2009 }}</ref> Bartlett agreed to do so providing he had the support of the Liberal and Labour parties. The Bridgwater Liberal Party unanimously backed Bartlett's candidature.<ref>The Times 26 October 1938</ref>
Before the by-election vacancy was known, the local Labour Party had already re-adopted Arthur Loveys their previous candidate, to contest a General Election expected to occur in 1939. Loveys withdrew and Labour generally supported Bartlett, although many in the Labour Party were unenthusiastic about co-operation with the Liberals.<ref>The Times 9th Nov. 1938</ref>

Before the by-election vacancy was known, the local Labour Party had already re-adopted Arthur Loveys their previous candidate, to contest a General Election expected to occur in 1939. Loveys withdrew and Labour generally supported Bartlett, although many in the Labour Party were unenthusiastic about co-operation with the Liberals.<ref>The Times 9 November 1938</ref>


== Campaign ==
== Campaign ==
The campaign was intense and focused almost entirely on foreign affairs. Heathcoat-Amory supported Chamberlain's appeasement policy.<ref>The Times 9th Nov. 1938</ref> Bartlett opposed appeasement and was a very persuasive speaker on the subject.<ref>The Times 19th Nov. 1938</ref> His voice was already well known due to his radio broadcasts. His experience of foreign affairs and erudite speeches were very effective at a time when public meetings were a vital part of electioneering.
The campaign was intense and focused almost entirely on foreign affairs. Heathcoat-Amory supported Chamberlain's appeasement policy.<ref>The Times 9 November 1938</ref> Bartlett opposed appeasement and was a very persuasive speaker on the subject.<ref>The Times 19 November 1938</ref> His voice was already well known due to his radio broadcasts. His experience of foreign affairs and erudite speeches were very effective at a time when public meetings were a vital part of electioneering.


Many Liberal personalities came to support Bartlett, including [[Megan Lloyd George]], [[Violet Bonham Carter, Baroness Asquith of Yarnbury|Lady Violet Bonham Carter]] and [[Charles Edward Henry Hobhouse|Sir Charles Hobhouse]]. Some Labour voters were reluctant to support Bartlett, believing he was really a Liberal candidate.<ref>The Times 17th Nov. 1938</ref> However, he did receive a letter of support from 39 Labour MPs just before polling day.
Many Liberal personalities came to support Bartlett, including [[Megan Lloyd George]], [[Violet Bonham Carter, Baroness Asquith of Yarnbury|Lady Violet Bonham Carter]] and [[Charles Edward Henry Hobhouse|Sir Charles Hobhouse]]. Some Labour voters were reluctant to support Bartlett, believing he was really a Liberal candidate.<ref>The Times 17 November 1938</ref> However, he did receive a letter of support from 39 Labour MPs just before polling day.


== Result ==
== Result ==
The intensive campaign caused turnout to increase from 72.7% at the last election to 82.3%. Bartlett won the seat with a majority of 2,332 or 6.3%. He hailed the result as a defeat for Chamberlain, saying that it showed people understood the dangers of the Government's foreign policy.<ref>The Times 19th Nov. 1938</ref>
The intensive campaign caused turnout to increase from 72.7% at the last election to 82.3%. Bartlett won the seat with a majority of 2,332 or 6.3%. He hailed the result as a defeat for Chamberlain, saying that it showed people understood the dangers of the Government's foreign policy.<ref>The Times 19 November 1938</ref>
{{Election box begin |
{{Election box begin |
|title=Bridgwater by-election, 17th November 1938<ref>F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949; Political Reference Publications, Glasgow 1949</ref>
|title=Bridgwater by-election, 17th November 1938<ref>F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1918–1949; Political Reference Publications, Glasgow 1949</ref>
Electorate 44,653
Electorate 44,653
}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent Progressive
|party = Independent Progressive
|candidate = [[Vernon Bartlett]]
|candidate = [[Vernon Bartlett]]
|votes = 19,540
|votes = 19,540
|percentage = 53.2
|percentage = 53.2
|change = n/a
|change = ''New''
}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
{{Election box candidate with party link|
Line 79: Line 82:
|votes = 17,208
|votes = 17,208
|percentage = 46.8
|percentage = 46.8
|change = -10.1
|change = –10.1
}}
}}
{{Election box majority|
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,332
|votes = 2,332
|percentage = 6.3
|percentage = 6.4
|change = 39.8
|change = ''N/A''
}}
}}
{{Election box turnout|
{{Election box turnout|
Line 94: Line 97:
|winner = Independent Progressive
|winner = Independent Progressive
|loser = Conservative Party (UK)
|loser = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing = n/a
|swing = ''N/A''
}}
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box end}}

==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
At the following General Election, Bartlett, retaining support from the Liberals, but now opposed by the Labour party, managed to hang onto the seat;
At the following General Election, Bartlett, retaining support from the Liberals, but now opposed by the Labour party, managed to hang onto the seat;
{{Election box begin |
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[United Kingdom general election, 1945|General Election 1945]]: Bridgwater
|title=[[1945 United Kingdom general election|General election 1945]]: Bridgwater
Electorate: 53,896
Electorate: 53,896
}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent Progressive
|party = Independent Progressive
|candidate = [[Vernon Bartlett|Charles Vernon Oldfield Bartlett]]
|candidate = [[Vernon Bartlett]]
|votes = 17,937
|votes = 17,937
|percentage = 45.8
|percentage = 45.8
|change = -7.4
|change = –7.4
}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
{{Election box candidate with party link|
Line 115: Line 119:
|votes = 15,625
|votes = 15,625
|percentage = 39.9
|percentage = 39.9
|change = -6.9
|change = –6.9
}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
{{Election box candidate with party link|
Line 122: Line 126:
|votes = 5,613
|votes = 5,613
|percentage = 14.3
|percentage = 14.3
|change = n/a
|change = ''New''
}}
}}
{{Election box majority|
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,312
|votes = 2,312
|percentage = 5.9
|percentage = 5.9
|change = -0.4
|change = –0.4
}}
}}
{{Election box turnout|
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 39,175
|votes = 39,175
|percentage = 72.7
|percentage = 72.7
|change = -9.6
|change = –9.6
}}
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Independent Progressive
|winner = Independent Progressive
|swing = -0.2
|swing = –0.2
}}
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box end}}

==External links==
==In popular culture==
*[http://www.vernonbartlett.co.uk/ Vernon Bartlett website]
A Monty Python skit called "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlmGknvr_Pg The North Minehead By-Election]" was influenced by this event, whereby [[Minehead]], another town in Somerset, is having a by-election. One of the candidates, played by [[John Cleese]], is an Adolf Hitler looking man who calls himself "Mr Hilter" and who espouses a philosophy called "National Bocialism".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Larsen |first1=Darl |title=Monty Python's Flying Circus: An Utterly Complete, Thoroughly Unillustrated, Absolutely Unauthorized Guide to Possibly All the References |date=2008 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9781461669708 |page=172 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ud9h3kdxQNQC&dq=Bridgwater+by-election%2C+1938+Monty+Python&pg=PA172}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[List of United Kingdom by-elections]]
* [[Lists of United Kingdom by-elections]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist|1}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.vernonbartlett.co.uk/ Vernon Bartlett website]


{{By-elections to the 37th UK Parliament}}
{{By-elections to the 37th UK Parliament}}

Latest revision as of 03:37, 1 December 2023

The 1938 Bridgwater by-election was a parliamentary by-election for the British House of Commons constituency of Bridgwater, Somerset held on 17 November 1938.

Vacancy

[edit]

The by-election was triggered when Reginald Croom-Johnson, the sitting Conservative member was appointed a High Court Judge in October 1938 which required him to resign his seat in parliament. He had been MP here since holding the seat in 1929.

Election history

[edit]

Ever since the constituency was created in 1885, the Conservatives had won the seat, with the exception of the Liberal landslide of 1906 and the General Election of 1923, when the Liberals had won. The Labour party had always polled poorly and always coming last, except in 1923 when the Liberals won. At the last General Election, the Liberal challenge was not as strong as it had been;

General election 1935: Bridgwater Electorate 43,367
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Reginald Croom-Johnson 17,939 56.9 –20.6
Liberal N D Blake 7,370 23.4 New
Labour Arthur W Loveys 6,240 19.8 –2.7
Majority 10,569 33.5 –21.5
Turnout 31,549 72.7 –1.1
Conservative hold Swing

Background

[edit]

On 29 September 1938, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain had signed the Munich Agreement, handing over the Sudetenland to German control. This issue polarised British politics at the time, with many Labour supporters, Liberals, and some Conservatives strongly opposed to this policy of appeasement.[1] Many by-elections in the autumn of 1938 were fought around this issue, notably the Oxford by-election, where Liberals and Labour united in support of an Independent anti-appeasement candidate.

Candidates

[edit]

The Conservative Party selected 26-year-old lawyer and former Territorial Army officer Patrick Gerald Heathcoat-Amory of Tiverton as its candidate. He was thought to be assured of a sizeable agricultural vote, half of the electorate lived in rural areas at this time.[2]

Vernon Bartlett was a journalist and broadcaster with extensive experience of foreign affairs. He was approached by Richard Acland, Liberal MP for Barnstaple, a seat bordering Bridgwater, about standing as an anti-appeasement candidate in the by-election.[3] Bartlett agreed to do so providing he had the support of the Liberal and Labour parties. The Bridgwater Liberal Party unanimously backed Bartlett's candidature.[4]

Before the by-election vacancy was known, the local Labour Party had already re-adopted Arthur Loveys their previous candidate, to contest a General Election expected to occur in 1939. Loveys withdrew and Labour generally supported Bartlett, although many in the Labour Party were unenthusiastic about co-operation with the Liberals.[5]

Campaign

[edit]

The campaign was intense and focused almost entirely on foreign affairs. Heathcoat-Amory supported Chamberlain's appeasement policy.[6] Bartlett opposed appeasement and was a very persuasive speaker on the subject.[7] His voice was already well known due to his radio broadcasts. His experience of foreign affairs and erudite speeches were very effective at a time when public meetings were a vital part of electioneering.

Many Liberal personalities came to support Bartlett, including Megan Lloyd George, Lady Violet Bonham Carter and Sir Charles Hobhouse. Some Labour voters were reluctant to support Bartlett, believing he was really a Liberal candidate.[8] However, he did receive a letter of support from 39 Labour MPs just before polling day.

Result

[edit]

The intensive campaign caused turnout to increase from 72.7% at the last election to 82.3%. Bartlett won the seat with a majority of 2,332 or 6.3%. He hailed the result as a defeat for Chamberlain, saying that it showed people understood the dangers of the Government's foreign policy.[9]

Bridgwater by-election, 17th November 1938[10] Electorate 44,653
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Independent Progressive Vernon Bartlett 19,540 53.2 New
Conservative Patrick Heathcoat-Amory 17,208 46.8 –10.1
Majority 2,332 6.4 N/A
Turnout 36,748 82.3 +9.6
Independent Progressive gain from Conservative Swing N/A

Aftermath

[edit]

At the following General Election, Bartlett, retaining support from the Liberals, but now opposed by the Labour party, managed to hang onto the seat;

General election 1945: Bridgwater Electorate: 53,896
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Independent Progressive Vernon Bartlett 17,937 45.8 –7.4
Conservative Gerald Wills 15,625 39.9 –6.9
Labour N Corkhill 5,613 14.3 New
Majority 2,312 5.9 –0.4
Turnout 39,175 72.7 –9.6
Independent Progressive hold Swing –0.2
[edit]

A Monty Python skit called "The North Minehead By-Election" was influenced by this event, whereby Minehead, another town in Somerset, is having a by-election. One of the candidates, played by John Cleese, is an Adolf Hitler looking man who calls himself "Mr Hilter" and who espouses a philosophy called "National Bocialism".[11]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ The Times 4 October 1938
  2. ^ Estimate based on 1931 Census
  3. ^ Spartacus Educational Archived 9 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ The Times 26 October 1938
  5. ^ The Times 9 November 1938
  6. ^ The Times 9 November 1938
  7. ^ The Times 19 November 1938
  8. ^ The Times 17 November 1938
  9. ^ The Times 19 November 1938
  10. ^ F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1918–1949; Political Reference Publications, Glasgow 1949
  11. ^ Larsen, Darl (2008). Monty Python's Flying Circus: An Utterly Complete, Thoroughly Unillustrated, Absolutely Unauthorized Guide to Possibly All the References. Scarecrow Press. p. 172. ISBN 9781461669708.
[edit]