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Meta-ethnicity is a relatively recent term (or neologism) occasionally used in academic literature or public discourse on ethnic studies. It describes a level of commonality that is wider ("meta-") and more general (i.e., might differ on specifics) than ethnicity, but does not necessarily correspond to (and may actually transcend) nation or nationality. In colloquial discourse, it usually signifies a larger in-group of distinct ethnic groups who identify more closely with each other than they would with out-group ethnic groups. The groups within the in-group may be genetically and culturally related which reinforces the grouping.

An early use—possibly the first published in English—was an article in a 1984 USSR Academy of Sciences publication discussing identity in Asia and Africa.^[1]

Examples of use

Some other examples:

Gurharpal Singh, Ethnic Conflict in India: A Case-Study of Punjab (New York: Palgrave, 2000).
Gurharpal Singh, "Against this dominant view of the nature of the Indian state, Singh argues that India should be seen as an 'ethnic democracy' in which Hinduism works as a meta-ethnicity and in which hegemonic control is exercised over ethnic minorities, particularly those living in the peripheral regions" in Christopher Shackle, Gurharpal Singh and Arvind-Pal Mandair eds., Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity (Curson: 2001), p.155.
"L. Byzov, however, believes that 'there has taken place within the Russian national consciousness one of the most radical changes ever: from a meta-ethnic sense of identity to a strictly ethnic identity' (Byzov 1996, 45)."^[2]
"Geoffrey Fox, on the other hand, argues that 'Hispanic', with its emphasis on Spanish-language heritage as the foundation of meta-ethnicity, has no implied racial or class agendas and is simply preferred by most immigrants from Latin America." ... "Furthermore, these split-level processes of identity formation—the forging of ethnicity and meta-ethnicity—take place in regional contexts of unequal ethnic control over media and symbol systems."^[3]
Peter Turchin introduces the concept "metaethnic frontier theory" in his 2003 book, Historical Dynamics: Why States Rise and Fall^[4]
According to Hussain, Imtiaz, "At the beginning of the new century, Chinese people are living the construction of a metaethnicity of multiple identities."^[5]

References

^ Brook, Solomon, and Nikolai Cheboksarov. 1984. "Metaethnic Identities in Asia and Africa." In Ethnocultural Development of African Countries. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences. Pp. 49-73.
^ Agadjanian, Alexander. 2001. "Religious pluralism and national identity in Russia." MOST Journal on Multicultural Societies, Vol. 2, No. 2 (note 19)
^ Davis, Mike. 1999. "Magical Urbanism: Latinos Reinvent the US Big City." New Left Review I/234, March-April 1999
^ Turchin, Peter (2003). Historical Dynamics: Why States Rise and Fall. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691116693.
^ Hussain, Imtiaz (2004). Tyranny of Soft Touches: Interculturalism, Multiculturalism, and 21st Century International Relations. Universidad Iberoamericana. ISBN 9789688595381.

External links

Discussion of "Meta-ethnicity" on H-Africa

[1] Brook, Solomon, and Nikolai Cheboksarov. 1984. "Metaethnic Identities in Asia and Africa." In Ethnocultural Development of African Countries. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences. Pp. 49-73.

[2] Agadjanian, Alexander. 2001. "Religious pluralism and national identity in Russia." MOST Journal on Multicultural Societies, Vol. 2, No. 2 (note 19)

[3] Davis, Mike. 1999. "Magical Urbanism: Latinos Reinvent the US Big City." New Left Review I/234, March-April 1999

[4] Turchin, Peter (2003). Historical Dynamics: Why States Rise and Fall. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691116693.

[5] Hussain, Imtiaz (2004). Tyranny of Soft Touches: Interculturalism, Multiculturalism, and 21st Century International Relations. Universidad Iberoamericana. ISBN 9789688595381.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Large group of related ethnic groups who identify with each other}}
-'''Meta-ethnicity''' is a relatively recent term (or [[neologism]]) that arises occasionally in academic literature or public discourse, and when it does, seems to be an attempt to describe a level of commonality that is wider and more general (i.e., might differ on specifics) than [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]], but does not necessarily correspond to (and may actually transcend) [[nation]] or [[nationality]].
+'''Meta-ethnicity''' is a relatively recent term (or [[neologism]]) occasionally used in academic literature or public discourse on [[ethnic studies]]. It describes a level of commonality that is wider ("[[Meta (prefix)|meta-]]") and more general (i.e., might differ on specifics) than [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]], but does not necessarily correspond to (and may actually transcend) [[nation]] or [[nationality]]. In colloquial discourse, it usually signifies a larger [[In-group and out-group|in-group]] of distinct [[ethnic group]]s who identify more closely with each other than they would with [[In-group and out-group|out-group]] ethnic groups. The groups within the in-group may be genetically and culturally related which reinforces the grouping.
+An early use—possibly the first published in English—was an article in a 1984 [[USSR Academy of Sciences]] publication discussing identity in [[Asia]] and [[Africa]].<ref>Brook, Solomon, and Nikolai Cheboksarov. 1984. "Metaethnic Identities in Asia and Africa."  In ''Ethnocultural Development of African Countries''. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences. Pp. 49-73.</ref>
-Some examples:
-*"Against this dominant view of the nature of the Indian state, Singh argues that [[India]] should be seen as an '[[ethnic democracy]]' in which [[Hinduism]] works as a meta-ethnicity and in which hegemonic control is exercised over ethnic [[Minority group|minorities]], particularly those living in the peripheral regions." (Jodhka 2001)
-*"We also know that demographically by the year [[2050]] less than one in two [[United States|Americans]] will be a white [[European American|Euro-American]]. There has even been talk of a kind of meta-ethnicity or post-ethnicity. That is to say that [[intermarriage]], mix, [[Birth rate|birth-rate]], etc. will lead to not one, nor two or even three ethnicities feeding into people’s make-up, but many more." (Lee in interview with Williams n.d.)
-*"L. Byzov, however, believes that 'there has taken place within the [[Russia]]n national consciousness one of the most radical changes ever: from a meta-ethnic sense of [[Identity (social science)|identity]] to a strictly ethnic identity' (Byzov 1996, 45)."  (Agadjanian 2001, note 19)
-*"Geoffrey Fox, on the other hand, argues that '[[Hispanic]]', with its emphasis on [[Spanish language|Spanish-language]] [[Cultural heritage|heritage]] as the foundation of meta-ethnicity, has no implied [[Race|racial]] or [[Social class|class]] agendas and is simply preferred by most [[immigrants]] from [[Latin America]]." ... "Furthermore, these split-level processes of identity formation--the forging of ethnicity and meta-ethnicity--take place in regional contexts of unequal ethnic control over media and [[Symbolic system|symbol systems]]." (Davis 1999)
+==Examples of use==
-There is also some use of the term online by groups professing [[racialist]] ideas.
+Some other examples:
+* Gurharpal Singh, ''Ethnic Conflict in India: A Case-Study of Punjab'' (New York: Palgrave, 2000).
-==References==
+* Gurharpal Singh, "Against this dominant view of the nature of the Indian state, Singh argues that [[India]] should be seen as an '[[ethnic democracy]]' in which [[Hinduism]] works as a meta-ethnicity and in which [[hegemonic]] control is exercised over ethnic [[Minority group|minorities]], particularly those living in the peripheral regions" in Christopher Shackle, Gurharpal Singh and Arvind-Pal Mandair eds., ''Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity'' (Curson: 2001), p.155.
+* "L. Byzov, however, believes that 'there has taken place within the [[Russia]]n national consciousness one of the most radical changes ever: from a meta-ethnic sense of [[Identity (social science)|identity]] to a strictly ethnic identity' (Byzov 1996, 45)."<ref>[http://www.molokane.org/molokan/Religion/Agadjanian_paper.htm Agadjanian, Alexander. 2001. "Religious pluralism and national identity in Russia." ''MOST Journal on Multicultural Societies'', Vol. 2, No. 2 (note 19)]</ref>
+* "Geoffrey Fox, on the other hand, argues that '[[Hispanic]]', with its emphasis on [[Spanish language|Spanish-language]] [[Cultural heritage|heritage]] as the foundation of meta-ethnicity, has no implied [[Race (classification of human beings)|racial]] or [[Social class|class]] agendas and is simply preferred by most [[immigrants]] from [[Latin America]]." ... "Furthermore, these split-level processes of [[identity formation]]—the forging of ethnicity and meta-ethnicity—take place in regional contexts of unequal ethnic control over media and [[Symbolic system|symbol systems]]."<ref>[http://newleftreview.org/?view=1983 Davis, Mike. 1999. "Magical Urbanism: Latinos Reinvent the US Big City." ''New Left Review'' I/234, March-April 1999]</ref>
+* [[Peter Turchin]] introduces the concept "metaethnic frontier theory" in his 2003 book, ''Historical Dynamics: Why States Rise and Fall''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUoCrTUo-eEC|title=Historical Dynamics: Why States Rise and Fall|last=Turchin|first=Peter|date=2003|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691116693|language=en}}</ref>
+* According to Hussain, Imtiaz, "At the beginning of the new century, [[Chinese people]] are living the construction of a metaethnicity of multiple identities."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X5iyRiC91nYC&q=Muslims+meta-ethnicity&pg=PA88|title=Tyranny of Soft Touches: Interculturalism, Multiculturalism, and 21st Century International Relations|last=Hussain|first=Imtiaz|date=2004|publisher=Universidad Iberoamericana|isbn=9789688595381|language=en}}</ref>
-===Articles===
+==See also==
+*[[Multiethnic society]]
-*[http://www.molokane.org/molokan/Religion/Agadjanian_paper.htm Agadjanian, Alexander. 2001. "Religious pluralism and national identity in Russia." ''MOST Journal on Multicultural Societies'', Vol. 2, No. 2]
+*[[Panethnicity]]
-*Brook, Solomon, and Nikolai Cheboksarov. 1984. "Metaethnic Identities in Asia and Africa."  In ''Ethnocultural Development of African Countries''. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences. Pp. 49-73.
-*[http://newleftreview.org/?view=1983 Davis, Mike. 1999. "Magical Urbanism: Latinos Reinvent the US Big City." ''New Left Review'' I/234, March-April 1999]
-*[http://www.sikhtimes.com/books_093001a.html Jodhka, Surinder S. 2001. "New Perspectives on Sikh Studies: A review of ''Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity'' edited by Christopher Shackle, Gurharpal Singh, and Arvind-Pal Mandair (Curzon Press; December 15, 2000)" ''The Tribune'' Sep. 30, 2001]
-*[http://www.kuixing.panopticonasia.com/leeinterview.html Williams, Nicholas. n.d. "Talking Multiculture: An Interview with A. Robert Lee."]
-===Other===
+==References==
+{{reflist}}
+==External links==
 *[http://www.h-net.org/logsearch/index.cgi?type=keyword&order=relevance&list=All+lists&hitlimit=25&smonth=00&syear=1989&emonth=11&eyear=2004&phrase=meta-ethnicity Discussion of "Meta-ethnicity" on ''H-Africa'']
+{{Ethnicity}}
-==See also==
-*[[Multilingual ethnic group]]
-*[[Multiethnic society]]
 [[Category:Ethnicity]]
 [[Category:Ethnicity in politics]]
+[[Category:1980s neologisms]]
-{{ethno-stub}}

v t e Ethnicity
Concepts	Clan Ethnic group Ethnographic group Ethnolinguistic group Ethnonational group Ethnoreligious group Ethnographic realism Diaspora Immigration Hyphenated ethnicity Indigenous peoples In-group and out-groups Meta-ethnicity Metroethnicity Minority group Influence Monoethnicity Nation Nationality Panethnicity Polyethnicity Population Race Supraethnicity Symbolic ethnicity Tribe
Ethnology	Anthropology Ethnic studies Ethnoarchaeology Ethnobiology Ethnobotany Ethnoecology Ethnomycology Ethnozoology Ethnocinema Ethnogeology Ethnography Autoethnography Clinical Critical Institutional Netnography Online Person-centered Salvage Transidioethnography Video Ethnohistory Ethnolinguistics Ethnology Ethnomathematics Ethnostatistics Ethnomedicine Ethnomethodology Ethnomuseology Ethnomusicology Ethnophilosophy Ethnopoetics Ethnopsychopharmacology Ethnoscience Ethnosemiotics Ethnotaxonomy
Groups by region	World Contemporary ethnic groups Countries by ethnic groups Africa Americas Indigenous Canada Greenland Mexico United States Caribbean Central America South America Asia Central Asia East Asia Northern Asia South Asia Southeast Asia West Asia Australia Aboriginal groups Torres Strait Islanders Europe Oceania Indigenous European
Identity and ethnogenesis	Cross-race effect Cultural assimilation Cultural identity Demonym Development Endonym Ethnarch Ethnic flag Ethnic option Ethnic origin Ethnic religion Ethnicity in censuses Ethnofiction Ethnonym Folk religion Historical Imagined community Kinship Legendary progenitor Linguistic homeland Mores Mythomoteur Nation-building Nation state National language National myth Origin myth Pantribal sodality Statistext Tribal name Tribalism Detribalization Neotribalism White ethnic
Multiethnic society	Consociationalism Cultural appropriation Diaspora politics Dominant minority Ethnic democracy Ethnic enclave Ethnic interest group Ethnic majority Ethnic media Ethnic nationalism Ethnic pornography Ethnic theme park Ethnoburb Ethnocracy Ethnographic film Ethnographic village Ethnopluralism Indigenous rights Middleman minority Minority rights Model minority Model minority myth Multinational state
Ideology and ethnic conflict	Allophilia Ethnic bioweapon Ethnic cleansing Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnic party Ethnic penalty Ethnic slurs Ethnic stereotype Ethnic violence Ethnic riots Ethnocentrism Ethnocide Ethnofuturism Ethnosymbolism Indigenism Indigenization Nativism Separatist movements Xenocentrism Xenophilia Xenophobia
Related	Minzu (anthropology)