Electroacupuncture: Difference between revisions
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Cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors contribute to antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of electroacupuncture |
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{{Short description|Form of acupuncture}} |
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{{More citations needed|date=March 2018}} |
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{{Infobox interventions |
{{Infobox interventions |
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| Name = Electroacupuncture |
| Name = Electroacupuncture |
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| OtherCodes = |
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According to some acupuncturists, this practice augments the use of regular acupuncture, can restore [[health]] and well-being, and is particularly good for treating [[pain]]. There is evidence for some efficacy (when used in addition to [[antiemetics]]) in treating moderate post-[[chemotherapy]] [[vomiting]], but not for acute vomiting or delayed nausea severity.<ref name="cochrane.org">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ezzo JM, Richardson MA, Vickers A |editor1-last=Ezzo |editor1-first=Jeanette |title=Acupuncture-point stimulation for chemotherapy-induced nausea or vomiting |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=2 |pages=CD002285 |year=2006 |pmid=16625560 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002285.pub2 |url=http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab002285.html|display-authors=etal}}</ref> |
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==Use by acupuncturists== |
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| ⚫ | The [[Cochrane Collaboration]], a group of [[evidence-based medicine]] (EBM) reviewers, reviewed acupuncture and electroacupuncture for the treatment of [[rheumatoid arthritis]]. Because of the small number and poor quality of studies, they found no evidence to recommend its use for this condition. The reviewers concluded: |
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According to ''Acupuncture Today'', a [[trade journal]] for acupuncturists: |
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| ⚫ | :"Although the results of the study on electroacupuncture show that electroacupuncture may be beneficial to reduce symptomatic knee pain in patients with RA 24 hours and 4 months post treatment, the reviewers concluded that the poor quality of the trial, including the small sample size preclude its recommendation. The reviewers further conclude that acupuncture has no effect on ESR, CRP, pain, patient's global assessment, number of swollen joints, number of tender joints, general health, disease activity and reduction of analgesics. These conclusions are limited by methodological considerations such as the type of acupuncture (acupuncture vs electroacupuncture), the site of intervention, the low number of clinical trials and the small sample size of the included studies."<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Casimiro L, Barnsley L, Brosseau L |editor1-last=Casimiro |editor1-first=Lynn |title=Acupuncture and electroacupuncture for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=4 |pages=CD003788 |year=2005 |volume=2010 |pmid=16235342 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003788.pub2 |pmc=8729824 |url=http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab003788.html|display-authors=etal}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | A 2016 systematic review and meta-analysis found inconclusive evidence that electroacupuncture was effective for nausea and vomiting and [[hyperemesis gravidarum]] during pregnancy.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Van den Heuvel|first1=E|last2=Goossens|first2=M|last3=Vanderhaegen|first3=H|last4=Sun|first4=HX|last5=Buntinx|first5=F|title=Effect of acustimulation on nausea and vomiting and on hyperemesis in pregnancy: a systematic review of Western and Chinese literature.|journal=BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine|date=13 January 2016|volume=16|pages=13|doi=10.1186/s12906-016-0985-4|pmid=26758211|pmc=4711053|doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[American Cancer Society]] has concluded that the evidence does not support the use of EAV "as a method that can diagnose, cure, or otherwise help people with cancer" or "as a reliable aid in diagnosis or treatment of ... other illness".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/manualhealingandphysicaltouch/electrodermal-screening | title=Electrodermal Screening | work=ACS | access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref> |
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:"Electroacupuncture is quite similar to traditional acupuncture in that the same points are stimulated during treatment. As with traditional acupuncture, needles are inserted on specific points along the body. The needles are then attached to a device that generates continuous electric pulses using small clips. These devices are used to adjust the frequency and intensity of the impulse being delivered, depending on the condition being treated. Electroacupuncture uses two needles at time so that the impulses can pass from one needle to the other. Several pairs of needles can be stimulated simultaneously, usually for no more than 30 minutes at a time."<ref name="acupuncturetoday.com">{{cite web |
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| title = Acupuncture Today: Electroacupuncture |
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| date = 2004-02-01 |
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| url = http://www.acupuncturetoday.com/abc/electroacupuncture.php |
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| accessdate = 2006-08-09 }}</ref> |
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That article adds: |
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:"According to the principles of traditional Chinese medicine, illness is caused when chi does not flow properly throughout the body. Acupuncturists determine whether chi is weak, stagnant or otherwise out of balance, which indicates the points to be stimulated. Electroacupuncture is considered to be especially useful for conditions in which there is an accumulation of chi, such as in chronic pain syndromes, or in cases where the chi is difficult to stimulate."<ref name="acupuncturetoday.com"/> |
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Electroacupuncture is also variously termed EA, electro-acupuncture or incorporated under the generic term [[electrotherapy]]. |
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''Electroacupuncture according to Voll'' (EAV) claims to measure "energy" in acupuncture points and to diagnose ailments. Some devices are registered in FDA as galvanic skin response measuring devices; they may not be used in diagnosis and treatment. Units reportedly sell for around $15,000 and are promoted for diagnosis of conditions including "parasites, food and environmental sensitivities, candida, nutritional deficiencies and much more."<ref name="ScienceBasedmedicine">[http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/?p=141 Science Based Medicine]</ref> It is promoted for diagnosis of allergies. |
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==Scientific research== |
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The [[Cochrane Collaboration]], a group of [[evidence-based medicine]] (EBM) reviewers, reviewed eleven [[randomized controlled trials]] on the use of electroacupuncture at the P6 [[acupuncture point]] to control [[chemotherapy]]-induced [[nausea]] or [[vomiting]]. The reviewers found that electroacupuncture applied along with anti-vomiting drugs reduced first-day vomiting after chemotherapy more effectively than anti-vomiting drugs alone. However, the drugs given were not the most modern drugs available, so the reviewers stated that further research with state-of-the-art drugs was needed to determine clinical relevance. The reviewers concluded: |
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:"This review complements data on post-operative nausea and vomiting suggesting a biologic effect of acupuncture-point stimulation. Electroacupuncture has demonstrated benefit for chemotherapy-induced acute vomiting, but studies combining electroacupuncture with state-of-the-art antiemetics and in patients with refractory symptoms are needed to determine clinical relevance. Self-administered acupressure appears to have a protective effect for acute nausea and can readily be taught to patients though studies did not involve placebo control. |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | :"Although the results of the study on electroacupuncture show that electroacupuncture may be beneficial to reduce symptomatic knee pain in patients with RA 24 hours and 4 months post treatment, the reviewers concluded that the poor quality of the trial, including the small sample size preclude its recommendation. The reviewers further conclude that acupuncture has no effect on ESR, CRP, pain, patient's global assessment, number of swollen joints, number of tender joints, general health, disease activity and reduction of analgesics. These conclusions are limited by methodological considerations such as the type of acupuncture (acupuncture vs electroacupuncture), the site of intervention, the low number of clinical trials and the small sample size of the included studies."<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Casimiro L, Barnsley L, Brosseau L |editor1-last=Casimiro |editor1-first=Lynn |title=Acupuncture and electroacupuncture for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |
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| ⚫ | A 2016 systematic review and meta-analysis found inconclusive evidence that electroacupuncture was effective for nausea and vomiting and [[hyperemesis gravidarum]] during pregnancy.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Van den Heuvel|first1=E|last2=Goossens|first2=M|last3=Vanderhaegen|first3=H|last4=Sun|first4=HX|last5=Buntinx|first5=F|title=Effect of acustimulation on nausea and vomiting and on hyperemesis in pregnancy: a systematic review of Western and Chinese literature.|journal=BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine|date=13 January 2016|volume=16|pages=13|doi=10.1186/s12906-016-0985-4|pmid=26758211|pmc=4711053}}</ref> |
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Regarding EAV devices, "results are not reproducible when subject to rigorous testing and do not correlate with clinical evidence of allergy".<ref name="Wuethrich"/> There is no credible evidence of diagnostic capability.<ref name="Wuethrich">{{cite journal |author=Wüthrich B |title=Unproven techniques in allergy diagnosis |journal=J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=86–90 |year=2005 |pmid=16047707 |doi= |url=http://www.jiaci.org/issues/vol15issue02/1.pdf}}</ref> The [[American Cancer Society]] has concluded that the evidence does not support the use of EAV "as a method that can diagnose, cure, or otherwise help people with cancer" or "as a reliable aid in diagnosis or treatment of .. other illness"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/manualhealingandphysicaltouch/electrodermal-screening | title=Electrodermal Screening | work=ACS | accessdate=16 November 2014}}</ref> In double-blind trials, "A wide variability of the measurements was found in most patients irrespective of their allergy status and of the substance tested. Allergic patients showed more negative skin electrical response at the second trial, compared to normal controls, independent of the tested substance. No significant difference in skin electrical response between allergens and negative controls could be detected."<ref name="CEA">{{cite journal |vauthors=Semizzi M, Senna G, Crivellaro M |title=A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the diagnostic accuracy of an electrodermal test in allergic subjects |journal=Clin. Exp. Allergy |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=928–32 |date=June 2002 |pmid=12047441 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2222.2002.01398.x|url=|display-authors=etal}}</ref> |
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It is found that the [[cannabinoid]] [[Cannabinoid receptor type 1|CB1]] and [[Cannabinoid receptor type 2|CB2]] [[Cannabinoid receptor|receptors]] contribute to [[antinociceptive]] and [[anti-inflammatory]] effects of electroacupuncture on experimental [[arthritis]] in [[Rat|rats]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gondim|first=Delane Viana|last2=Araújo|first2=Joana Cláudia Bezerra|last3=Cavalcante|first3=André Luiz Cunha|last4=Havt|first4=Alexandre|last5=Quetz|first5=Josiane da Siva|last6=Brito|first6=Gerly Anne de Castro|last7=Ribeiro|first7=Ronaldo de Albuquerque|last8=Lima Vale|first8=Mariana|date=2012-11-01|title=CB1 and CB2 contribute to antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of electroacupuncture on experimental arthritis of the rat temporomandibular joint|url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/y2012-130|journal=Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology|volume=90|issue=11|pages=1479–1489|doi=10.1139/y2012-130|issn=0008-4212}}</ref> Electroacupuncture increases the [[Cannabinoid#Endocannabinoids|endocannabinoid]] [[anandamide]] (AEA) level in inflammatory [[skin]] tissues, and CB2 receptors contribute to the [[analgesic]] effect of electroacupuncture in a rat model of inflammatory [[pain]], improves understanding of the mechanisms involved in the analgesic effect of [[acupuncture]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Lin|last2=Zhang|first2=Jing|last3=Li|first3=Fan|last4=Qiu|first4=Yue|last5=Wang|first5=Lu|last6=Li|first6=Ying-hua|last7=Shi|first7=Jing|last8=Pan|first8=Hui-Lin|last9=Li|first9=Man|date=2009-07-01|title=Endogenous Anandamide and Cannabinoid Receptor-2 Contribute to Electroacupuncture Analgesia in Rats|url=http://www.jpain.org/article/S1526-5900(09)00014-5/fulltext|journal=The Journal of Pain|language=English|volume=10|issue=7|pages=732–739|doi=10.1016/j.jpain.2008.12.012|issn=1526-5900|pmid=19409856}}</ref> |
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==Safety== |
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Researchers at the [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) Center for Devices and Radiological Health (Rockville, Maryland) evaluated three representative devices intended for electrostimulation of acupuncture needles. The abstract at [[PubMed]] summarizes their findings: |
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:"Three representative electrostimulators were evaluated to determine whether they meet the manufacturers' labeled nominal output parameters and how the measured parameters compare with a safety standard written for implanted peripheral nerve stimulators. The pulsed outputs (pulse width, frequency, and voltage) of three devices were measured with an oscilloscope across a 500-ohm resistance, meant to simulate subdermal tissue stimulated during electroacupuncture. For each device, at least two measured parameters were not within 25% of the manufacturer's claimed values. The measured values were compared with the American National Standard ANSI/AAMI NS15 safety standard for implantable peripheral nerve stimulators. Although for two stimulators the pulse voltage at maximum intensity was above that specified by the standard, short-term clinical use may still be safe because the standard was written for long-term stimulation. Similarly, the net unbalanced DC current, which could lead to tissue damage, electrolysis, and electrolytic degradation of the acupuncture needle, was within the limits of the standard at 30 pulses per second, but not at higher frequencies. The primary conclusions are (1) that the outputs of electrostimulators must be calibrated and (2) that practitioners must be adequately trained to use these electrostimulators safely."<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1089/acm.2000.6.37 |vauthors=Lytle CD, Thomas BM, Gordon EA, Krauthamer V |title=Electrostimulators for acupuncture: safety issues |journal=J Altern Complement Med |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=37–44 |date=February 2000 |pmid=10706234 }}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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<references /> |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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* {{cite journal |author=Terr AI |title=Controversial and unproven diagnostic tests for allergic and immunologic diseases |journal=Clin Allergy Immunol |volume=15 |
* {{cite journal |author=Terr AI |title=Controversial and unproven diagnostic tests for allergic and immunologic diseases |journal=Clin Allergy Immunol |volume=15 |pages=307–20 |year=2000 |pmid=10943300 }} |
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* [http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Naturopathy/aanpelectro.html Comments on the AANP Position on Electrodiagnosis] from Quackwatch |
* [http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Naturopathy/aanpelectro.html Comments on the AANP Position on Electrodiagnosis] from Quackwatch |
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{{Acupuncture}} |
{{Acupuncture}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Acupuncture]] |
[[Category:Acupuncture]] |
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Latest revision as of 16:24, 3 December 2023
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2018) |
| Electroacupuncture | |
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| MeSH | D015671 |
Electroacupuncture is a form of acupuncture where a small electric current is passed between pairs of acupuncture needles.
The Cochrane Collaboration, a group of evidence-based medicine (EBM) reviewers, reviewed acupuncture and electroacupuncture for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Because of the small number and poor quality of studies, they found no evidence to recommend its use for this condition. The reviewers concluded:
- "Although the results of the study on electroacupuncture show that electroacupuncture may be beneficial to reduce symptomatic knee pain in patients with RA 24 hours and 4 months post treatment, the reviewers concluded that the poor quality of the trial, including the small sample size preclude its recommendation. The reviewers further conclude that acupuncture has no effect on ESR, CRP, pain, patient's global assessment, number of swollen joints, number of tender joints, general health, disease activity and reduction of analgesics. These conclusions are limited by methodological considerations such as the type of acupuncture (acupuncture vs electroacupuncture), the site of intervention, the low number of clinical trials and the small sample size of the included studies."[1]
A 2016 systematic review and meta-analysis found inconclusive evidence that electroacupuncture was effective for nausea and vomiting and hyperemesis gravidarum during pregnancy.[2] The American Cancer Society has concluded that the evidence does not support the use of EAV "as a method that can diagnose, cure, or otherwise help people with cancer" or "as a reliable aid in diagnosis or treatment of ... other illness".[3]
See also
[edit]- Alternative medicine
- Microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulator
- Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
References
[edit]- ^ Casimiro L, Barnsley L, Brosseau L, et al. (2005). Casimiro L (ed.). "Acupuncture and electroacupuncture for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 (4): CD003788. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003788.pub2. PMC 8729824. PMID 16235342.
- ^ Van den Heuvel, E; Goossens, M; Vanderhaegen, H; Sun, HX; Buntinx, F (13 January 2016). "Effect of acustimulation on nausea and vomiting and on hyperemesis in pregnancy: a systematic review of Western and Chinese literature". BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 16: 13. doi:10.1186/s12906-016-0985-4. PMC 4711053. PMID 26758211.
- ^ "Electrodermal Screening". ACS. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
External links
[edit]- Terr AI (2000). "Controversial and unproven diagnostic tests for allergic and immunologic diseases". Clin Allergy Immunol. 15: 307–20. PMID 10943300.
- Comments on the AANP Position on Electrodiagnosis from Quackwatch
| Authority control databases: National |
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