Cangin languages: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Group of Senegambian languages spoken in Senegal}} |
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{{no footnotes|date=March 2013}} |
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{{Infobox language family |
{{Infobox language family |
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|name=Cangin |
|name=Cangin |
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|familycolor=Niger-Congo |
|familycolor=Niger-Congo |
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|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]] |
|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]] |
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|fam3=[[ |
|fam3=([[Senegambian languages|Senegambian]]) |
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|fam4=[[Senegambian languages|Senegambian]] |
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|fam5=Fula–Tenda |
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|glotto=cang1245 |
|glotto=cang1245 |
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|glottorefname=Cangin |
|glottorefname=Cangin |
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|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
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|1=[[Palor language|Palor]], the language of the [[Palor people]], spoken in a small area between [[Rufisque]] and [[Thies]]. |
|1=[[Palor language|Palor]], the language of the [[Palor people]], spoken in a small area between [[Rufisque]] and [[Thiès|Thies]]. |
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|2=[[Ndut language|Ndut]], the language of the [[Serer-Ndut people]], spoken in the Mont-Roland, an area northwest of [[Thies]] and in the [[Biffeche|Kingdom of Biffeche]] on the [[Senegal River]]. |
|2=[[Ndut language|Ndut]], the language of the [[Serer-Ndut people]], spoken in the Mont-Roland, an area northwest of [[Thiès|Thies]] and in the [[Biffeche|Kingdom of Biffeche]] on the [[Senegal River]]. |
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Lehar and Noon are particularly close, as are Ndut and Palor, though not quite to the point of easy intelligibility. Safen is transparently closer to Lehar–Noon than to Palor–Ndut. |
Lehar and Noon are particularly close, as are Ndut and Palor, though not quite to the point of easy intelligibility. Safen is transparently closer to Lehar–Noon than to Palor–Ndut. |
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==Reconstruction== |
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Merrill (2018: 451) reconstructs Proto-Cangin as follows.<ref>Merrill, John Thomas Mayfield. 2018. ''[https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1qn4m0bh The Historical Origin of Consonant Mutation in the Atlantic Languages]''. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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! gloss !! Proto-Cangin !! Noon !! Lehar !! Safen !! Ndut !! Palor |
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| eye || *ɣi̟d/ɣad || has || kuu-koas || has || i̟l || ’i̟l |
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| tongue || *pe-ɗem || peɗim p- || pi̟ri̟m || peɗem || pereem || pereem |
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| eat || *ñam || ñam || ñam || ñaam || ñam || ñam |
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| breast || *ɓi̟iɓ || ɓi̟iɓ || ɓi̟iɓ || (w)ɓip || ɓi̟iɓ || ɓi̟iɓ |
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| four || *nixiid || nikiis || || nikis || iniil || iniil |
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| dog || *ɓuh || || ɓu̟u || ɓuh f- || ɓuh f- || ɓux f- |
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| intestine || *loox || look || look || rook || loo || loo |
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| wing || *paɓ || paɓ || || paɓ || (d)pab || pap |
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| cow || *-noɣ || enoh f- || enoh || ’inoh || fana f- || fana’ f- |
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| blow = nose || *ñii̟nd || ñii̟d-uk || ñii̟d-uk || || || ñii̟d~ñii̟n |
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| pound || *hoɗ || oɗ || oɗ || ’oɗ || || xoɗ |
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| jaw || *kaɓaɓ ? || || kaaɓ ‘cheek’ || kaɓaɓ k- || || kabaap |
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| new || *has || as || as || ’as || has || xas |
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| see || *ɣot || hot || hot || hot || ot~ol- || od~ol- |
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| swallow || *hon || on || on || ’on || (d)hon || xon |
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| bury || *hac || ac || ac || ’ac || hac || xac |
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| bear child || *li̟m || li̟m || li̟m || (w)rim || || li̟m |
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| dance || *ɣam || ham || ham || || || |
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| hold in teeth || *ŋaɓ || ŋaaɓ || ŋaɓ || ŋaɓ || ŋaɓ || |
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| year || *kV-(h)id̟ || kii̟s k- || kii̟s || kiis k- || kii̟l || kii̟l |
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| tree || *ki-rik || kedik k- || kedek || kiɗig k- || kilik || kilik k- |
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| bird || *sel || sel || sel || sel || || |
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| bury || *hu̟umb || u̟ub~u̟um || || uumb || || |
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| be able || *mi̟n || mi̟n || || min || mi̟n || min |
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| resemble || *mand || mad~man || man || || mad~man || mad~man |
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| be short || *luH- || looƴ (lohoƴ) || looƴ || (s)rohoƴ || (d)luh || lux |
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| leaf/bark || *huɓ || to̟oɓ t-, oɓ || po̟o || (w)’op || huɓ || |
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| sun || *noɣ || noh || noh || noh || (d)na’ || na’ |
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| ear || *nuf || nof || nof || (w)noef || nuf || nuf |
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| head || *ɣaf || haf || haf || haf || ’af || ’af |
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| liver || *keeñ || keeñ || keeñ || keeñ k- || (d)keeñ || |
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| star || *Hul || hol || ol || hor || hul || xul |
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| rain || *toɓ || toɓ || toɓ || toɓ || tooɓ || |
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| pestle || *kuɗ || koɗ k- || koɗ || || kuɗ k- || kuɗ k- |
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| goat || *pe || pe’ f- || peɗ || peh f- || pe f- || pe f- |
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| cloth/rag || *lii̟l || lii̟l || lii̟l || || lii̟l || lii̟l |
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| baobab || *ɓoɣ || ɓoh || ɓoh || ɓoh || ɓa || ɓa’ |
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| finger || *kun || jokun j- || jokon || ndukun || kun || kun |
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| sneeze || *ti̟s || tes || ti̟s || (s)tisoh || (d)ti̟s || ti̟s |
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| ant || *ñii̟ñ || ñii̟ñ || ñii̟ñ || ñiñoh f- || (d)ñii̟ñ f- || ñii̟n f- |
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| rear/raise || *koɗ || koɗ || || koɗ || koɗ || kod |
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| honey || *kV-(C)u̟m || ku̟um k- || ku̟um || || (d)ku̟um k- || ku̟um k- |
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| horse || *panis̟ || pen̟is̟ f- || pan̟is̟ || panis || pan̟is̟ f- || |
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| causative || *-iɗ̟ || -iɗ̟ || -iɗ̟ || -iɗ || -iɗ̟ || -iɗ̟ |
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| anticausative || *-ox || -uk || -ok || -uk || -oh || -ox |
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| reversive || *-i̟s || -i̟s || -i̟s || -is || -i̟s || -i̟s |
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| negative || *-ɗii || -ɗii || || -ɗi || || |
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|} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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==References== |
==References== |
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*Walter Pichl, ''The Cangin Group: A Language Group in Northern Senegal'', Pittsburgh, PA : Institute of African Affairs, Duquesne University, Coll. African Reprint Series, 1966, vol. 20 |
*Walter Pichl, ''The Cangin Group: A Language Group in Northern Senegal'', Pittsburgh, PA : Institute of African Affairs, Duquesne University, Coll. African Reprint Series, 1966, vol. 20 |
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*Guillaume Segerer & Florian Lionnet 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331180907/http://25images.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/player/player.php?id=72&id_sequence=431 "'Isolates' in 'Atlantic'"]. ''Language Isolates in Africa'' workshop, Lyon, Dec. 4 |
*[[Guillaume Segerer]] & Florian Lionnet 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331180907/http://25images.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/player/player.php?id=72&id_sequence=431 "'Isolates' in 'Atlantic'"]. ''Language Isolates in Africa'' workshop, Lyon, Dec. 4 |
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{{Languages of the Gambia}} |
{{Languages of the Gambia}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Cangin Languages}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cangin Languages}} |
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[[Category:Cangin languages| ]] |
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[[Category:Languages of Senegal]] |
[[Category:Languages of Senegal]] |
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[[Category:Languages of the Gambia]] |
[[Category:Languages of the Gambia]] |
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[[Category:Languages of Mauritania]] |
[[Category:Languages of Mauritania]] |
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[[Category:Cangin languages|*]] |
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{{atlantic-lang-stub}} |
Latest revision as of 18:06, 3 December 2023
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (March 2013) |
Cangin | |
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Geographic distribution | Senegal, the Gambia |
Ethnicity | Serer |
Linguistic classification | Niger–Congo?
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Subdivisions |
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Language codes | |
Glottolog | cang1245 |
The Cangin languages [ˈtʃaŋin] are spoken by 200,000 people (as of 2007) in a small area east of Dakar, Senegal. They are the languages spoken by the Serer people who do not speak the Serer language (Serer-Sine). Because the people are ethnically Serer, the Cangin languages are commonly thought to be dialects of the Serer language. However, they are not closely related; Serer is closer to Fulani than it is to Cangin.
Languages
[edit]The Cangin languages are:
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Lehar and Noon are particularly close, as are Ndut and Palor, though not quite to the point of easy intelligibility. Safen is transparently closer to Lehar–Noon than to Palor–Ndut.
Reconstruction
[edit]Merrill (2018: 451) reconstructs Proto-Cangin as follows.[1]
gloss | Proto-Cangin | Noon | Lehar | Safen | Ndut | Palor |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
eye | *ɣi̟d/ɣad | has | kuu-koas | has | i̟l | ’i̟l |
tongue | *pe-ɗem | peɗim p- | pi̟ri̟m | peɗem | pereem | pereem |
eat | *ñam | ñam | ñam | ñaam | ñam | ñam |
breast | *ɓi̟iɓ | ɓi̟iɓ | ɓi̟iɓ | (w)ɓip | ɓi̟iɓ | ɓi̟iɓ |
four | *nixiid | nikiis | nikis | iniil | iniil | |
dog | *ɓuh | ɓu̟u | ɓuh f- | ɓuh f- | ɓux f- | |
intestine | *loox | look | look | rook | loo | loo |
wing | *paɓ | paɓ | paɓ | (d)pab | pap | |
cow | *-noɣ | enoh f- | enoh | ’inoh | fana f- | fana’ f- |
blow = nose | *ñii̟nd | ñii̟d-uk | ñii̟d-uk | ñii̟d~ñii̟n | ||
pound | *hoɗ | oɗ | oɗ | ’oɗ | xoɗ | |
jaw | *kaɓaɓ ? | kaaɓ ‘cheek’ | kaɓaɓ k- | kabaap | ||
new | *has | as | as | ’as | has | xas |
see | *ɣot | hot | hot | hot | ot~ol- | od~ol- |
swallow | *hon | on | on | ’on | (d)hon | xon |
bury | *hac | ac | ac | ’ac | hac | xac |
bear child | *li̟m | li̟m | li̟m | (w)rim | li̟m | |
dance | *ɣam | ham | ham | |||
hold in teeth | *ŋaɓ | ŋaaɓ | ŋaɓ | ŋaɓ | ŋaɓ | |
year | *kV-(h)id̟ | kii̟s k- | kii̟s | kiis k- | kii̟l | kii̟l |
tree | *ki-rik | kedik k- | kedek | kiɗig k- | kilik | kilik k- |
bird | *sel | sel | sel | sel | ||
bury | *hu̟umb | u̟ub~u̟um | uumb | |||
be able | *mi̟n | mi̟n | min | mi̟n | min | |
resemble | *mand | mad~man | man | mad~man | mad~man | |
be short | *luH- | looƴ (lohoƴ) | looƴ | (s)rohoƴ | (d)luh | lux |
leaf/bark | *huɓ | to̟oɓ t-, oɓ | po̟o | (w)’op | huɓ | |
sun | *noɣ | noh | noh | noh | (d)na’ | na’ |
ear | *nuf | nof | nof | (w)noef | nuf | nuf |
head | *ɣaf | haf | haf | haf | ’af | ’af |
liver | *keeñ | keeñ | keeñ | keeñ k- | (d)keeñ | |
star | *Hul | hol | ol | hor | hul | xul |
rain | *toɓ | toɓ | toɓ | toɓ | tooɓ | |
pestle | *kuɗ | koɗ k- | koɗ | kuɗ k- | kuɗ k- | |
goat | *pe | pe’ f- | peɗ | peh f- | pe f- | pe f- |
cloth/rag | *lii̟l | lii̟l | lii̟l | lii̟l | lii̟l | |
baobab | *ɓoɣ | ɓoh | ɓoh | ɓoh | ɓa | ɓa’ |
finger | *kun | jokun j- | jokon | ndukun | kun | kun |
sneeze | *ti̟s | tes | ti̟s | (s)tisoh | (d)ti̟s | ti̟s |
ant | *ñii̟ñ | ñii̟ñ | ñii̟ñ | ñiñoh f- | (d)ñii̟ñ f- | ñii̟n f- |
rear/raise | *koɗ | koɗ | koɗ | koɗ | kod | |
honey | *kV-(C)u̟m | ku̟um k- | ku̟um | (d)ku̟um k- | ku̟um k- | |
horse | *panis̟ | pen̟is̟ f- | pan̟is̟ | panis | pan̟is̟ f- | |
causative | *-iɗ̟ | -iɗ̟ | -iɗ̟ | -iɗ | -iɗ̟ | -iɗ̟ |
anticausative | *-ox | -uk | -ok | -uk | -oh | -ox |
reversive | *-i̟s | -i̟s | -i̟s | -is | -i̟s | -i̟s |
negative | *-ɗii | -ɗii | -ɗi |
See also
[edit]- Serer language
- List of Proto-Cangin reconstructions (Wiktionary)
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ Merrill, John Thomas Mayfield. 2018. The Historical Origin of Consonant Mutation in the Atlantic Languages. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
References
[edit]- Walter Pichl, The Cangin Group: A Language Group in Northern Senegal, Pittsburgh, PA : Institute of African Affairs, Duquesne University, Coll. African Reprint Series, 1966, vol. 20
- Guillaume Segerer & Florian Lionnet 2010. "'Isolates' in 'Atlantic'". Language Isolates in Africa workshop, Lyon, Dec. 4