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{{Infobox Weapon
{{Infobox weapon
|name=SNORA
|name=SNORA
|image=
| image= SNORA MISSILE.JPG
| image_size = 300
|caption=
|caption=SNORA at Museum Full
|origin={{flagcountry|Switzerland}}
|origin=Switzerland
|type=Unguided air-to-surface and surface-to-surface rocket
|type=Unguided air-to-surface and surface-to-surface rocket
<!-- Type selection -->
<!-- Type selection -->
|is_ranged=yes
|is_ranged=yes
<!-- Service history -->
<!-- Service history -->
|service=1980's
|service=1980s
|used_by=[[Swiss Air Force]]
|used_by=[[Swiss Air Force]]
|wars=
|wars=
<!-- Production history -->
<!-- Production history -->
|designer=
|designer=
Line 18: Line 19:
|production_date=
|production_date=
|number=
|number=
|variants=High-explosive fragmentation and hollow-charge
|variants=High-explosive fragmentation and hollow-charge
<!-- General specifications -->
<!-- General specifications -->
|spec_label=
|spec_label=
|weight=See table
|weight=See table
|length=Varies by model
|length=Varies by model
|part_length=
|part_length=
|width=
|width=
|height=
|height=
|diameter=
|diameter=
|crew=
|crew=
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
|cartridge=
|cartridge=
|caliber= 81-mm warhead
|caliber= 81-mm warhead
|barrels=
|barrels=
|action=
|action=
|rate=
|rate=
|velocity=See table
|velocity=See table
|range=
|range=
|max_range= 10 kilometers
|max_range= 10 kilometers
|feed=
|feed=
|sights=
|sights=
}}
}}
{{Infobox Weapon
{{Infobox weapon
|name=SURA-D
|name=SURA-D
|image=
| image= SURA MISSILE.JPG
| image_size = 300
|caption=
|caption=SURA at Museum Full
|origin={{flagcountry|Switzerland}}
|origin=Switzerland
|type=Unguided air-to-surface rocket
|type=Unguided air-to-surface rocket
<!-- Type selection -->
<!-- Type selection -->
|is_ranged=yes
|is_ranged=yes
<!-- Service history -->
<!-- Service history -->
|service=1980's - present
|service=1970s - present
|used_by=[[Swiss Air Force]]
|used_by=[[Swiss Air Force]]<br>[[Chilean Air Force]]
|wars=
|wars=
<!-- Production history -->
<!-- Production history -->
|designer=[[SNIA S.p.A.|SNIA]]/[[Oerlikon-Buhrle]]
|designer=
|design_date=
|design_date=
|manufacturer=[[OC Oerlikon|Oerlikon-Bührle]]
|manufacturer=[[OC Oerlikon|Oerlikon-Bührle]]
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|production_date=
|production_date=
|number=
|number=
|variants=High-explosive fragmentation, hollow-charge, incendiary, marker, and training
|variants=High-explosive fragmentation, hollow-charge, incendiary, marker, and training
<!-- General specifications -->
<!-- General specifications -->
|spec_label=
|spec_label=
|weight=See table
|weight=See table
|length=Varies by model
|length=Varies by model
|part_length=
|part_length=
|width=
|width=
|height=
|height=
|diameter=
|diameter=
|crew=
|crew=
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
|cartridge=
|cartridge=
|caliber= 80-mm warhead
|caliber= 80-mm warhead
|barrels=
|barrels=
|action=
|action=
|rate=
|rate=
|velocity=See table
|velocity=See table
|range=
|range=
|max_range=2.5 kilometers
|max_range=2.5 kilometers
|feed=
|feed=
|sights=
|sights=
}}
}}


The [[OC Oerlikon|Oerlikon-Bührle]] '''SNORA''' and '''SURA-D''' are 81-mm and 80-mm [[Rocket|rockets]] developed in [[Switzerland]] in the late 1970's and fielded in the 1980's. The SNORA could be used in both air-to-surface and surface-to-surface ([[rocket artillery]]) roles, while the SURA-D is an air-to-surface rocket. The SNORA was developed as a cooperative endeavor with the Italian firm [[SNIA S.p.A.|SNIA-Viscosa]] (later SNIA-[[Bombrini-Parodi-Delfino|BPD]]).
The [[OC Oerlikon|Oerlikon-Bührle]] '''SNORA''' and '''SURA-D''' are 81-mm and 80-mm [[rocket]]s developed in Switzerland in the late 1970s and fielded in the 1980s. The SNORA could be used in both air-to-surface and surface-to-surface [[rocket artillery]] roles, while the SURA-D is an air-to-surface rocket. The SNORA was developed as a cooperative endeavor with the Italian firm [[SNIA S.p.A.|SNIA-Viscosa]] (later SNIA-[[Bombrini-Parodi-Delfino|BPD]]).


==History==
==History==
The original version of the SURA rocket, the SURA 80R, was developed by [[Hispano-Suiza]] in the 1960's.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1962/1962%20-%201803.html flightglobal.com ad]</ref> In 1971 Oerlikon-Buhrle took over the military division of Hispano-Suiza and redesignated the SURA 80R, the SURA-FL, and further developed the SURA-FL which is the current SURA-D.<ref>The term "SURA" refers to the method of hanging the rockets in a vertical array on an aircraft.</ref> The SNORA rockets can be fired from either a supersonic or subsonic aircraft. The SURA-D though, is limited to subsonic aircraft.
The original version of the SURA rocket, the SURA 80R, was developed by [[Hispano-Suiza]] in the 1960s.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1962/1962%20-%201803.html flightglobal.com ad]</ref> In 1971 Oerlikon-Buhrle took over the military division of Hispano-Suiza and redesignated the SURA 80R, the SURA-FL, and further developed the SURA-FL which is the current SURA-D.<ref group="note">"SURA" refers to the method of hanging the rockets in a vertical array on an aircraft.</ref> The SNORA rockets can be fired from either a supersonic or subsonic aircraft. The SURA-D though, is limited to subsonic aircraft.


Oerlikon also developed the RWK 014, a surface-to-surface launcher for the type SNORA rockets. The RWK 014 has dual launchers of 15 tubes each and has been mounted on the [[MOWAG]] Tornado APC as well as the [[M113 armored personnel carrier]]. The RWK 014 can fire 10 rounds per second and has a reload time of six minutes.<ref>Jane's Infantry Weapons 1984-85, p. 660.</ref>
Oerlikon also developed the RWK 014, a surface-to-surface launcher for the type SNORA rockets. The RWK 014 has dual launchers of 15 tubes each and has been mounted on the [[MOWAG]] [[Mowag Tornado infantry fighting vehicle|Tornado]] APC as well as the [[M113 armored personnel carrier]]. The RWK 014 can fire 10 rounds per second and has a reload time of six minutes.<ref>Jane's Infantry Weapons 1984-85, p. 660.</ref>


The SNORA rocket was still in service as late as 1998<ref>Jane's Air-Launched Weapons Issue 35, p. 692.</ref> and the SURA-D is still in operational use. SNORA rockets are launched from a variety of pods housing from either six or twelve rockets,<ref>Jane's Weapons Systems 1988-89, p. 750.</ref> while SURA-D rockets are mounted as a vertical array with only the top-most rocket attached to an aircraft [[hardpoint]]. In this system, rockets are fired individually from the bottom of the tier to the top. The unique sliding fixed fin arrangement of the SURA-D acts as the forward hanger for the rocket below it. As the rocket is fired, the four fixed fins mounted on a ring slide down the body till they are stopped at the expansion area of the rocket motor nozzle and are locked in place. The SURA-D increased its accuracy by the addition of flutes inside the nozzle rear to give a low rotation rate in addition to the stabilization effected by four fixed fins which take effect shortly after launch.
The SNORA rocket was still in service as late as 1998<ref>Jane's Air-Launched Weapons Issue 35, p. 692.</ref> and the SURA-D is still in operational use. SNORA rockets are launched from a variety of pods housing from either six or twelve rockets,<ref>Jane's Weapons Systems 1988-89, p. 750.</ref> while SURA-D rockets are mounted as a vertical array with only the top-most rocket attached to an aircraft [[hardpoint]]. In this system, rockets are fired individually from the bottom of the tier to the top. The unique sliding fixed fin arrangement of the SURA-D acts as the forward hanger for the rocket below it. As the rocket is fired, the four fixed fins mounted on a ring slide down the body till they are stopped at the expansion area of the rocket motor nozzle and are locked in place. The SURA-D increased its accuracy by the addition of flutes inside the nozzle rear to give a low rotation rate in addition to the stabilization effected by four fixed fins which take effect shortly after launch.
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The 80-mm hollow-charge warhead on the SURA-D has been demonstrated by Oerlikon to penetrate {{convert|33|cm|in|abbr=on}} of armor. The SNORA rocket can mount one of two hollow-charge warheads, either the RAK 026 which can penetrate {{convert|35|cm|in|abbr=on}} of armor, or the RAK 054, capable of penetrating {{convert|45|cm|in|abbr=on}} of armor.<ref>Jane's Air-Launched Weapons Issue 35, p. 691.</ref><ref>The RAK 026 is most likely a dual purpose warhead that has both a light/medium antiarmor ability and a fragmentation ability against personnel and unarmored vehicles.</ref>
The 80-mm hollow-charge warhead on the SURA-D has been demonstrated by Oerlikon to penetrate {{convert|33|cm|in|abbr=on}} of armor. The SNORA rocket can mount one of two hollow-charge warheads, either the RAK 026 which can penetrate {{convert|35|cm|in|abbr=on}} of armor, or the RAK 054, capable of penetrating {{convert|45|cm|in|abbr=on}} of armor.<ref>Jane's Air-Launched Weapons Issue 35, p. 691.</ref><ref>The RAK 026 is most likely a dual purpose warhead that has both a light/medium antiarmor ability and a fragmentation ability against personnel and unarmored vehicles.</ref>


Both rockets were exported by Switzerland and adopted by other nations, among them Spain, Qatar, and Botswana. Italy later used the motor of the SNORA rocket as the basis for the development of the 81-mm Medusa rocket.<ref>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Earth-moving+add-ons+for+choppers:+scout,+utility+and+transport...-a083045071 Armada International article]</ref>
Both rockets were exported by Switzerland and adopted by other nations, among them Spain, Qatar, Philippines and Botswana. Italy later used the motor of the SNORA rocket as the basis for the development of the 81-mm Medusa rocket.<ref>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Earth-moving+add-ons+for+choppers:+scout,+utility+and+transport...-a083045071 Armada International article]</ref>


==Variants==
==SNORA and SURA-D rocket data==
{{externalimage
{{externalimage
|topic=SNORA and SURA-D rockets
|topic=SNORA and SURA-D rockets
|width=
|width=
|align=right
|float=right
|image1=[http://i16.photobucket.com/albums/b24/hybenamon/AVIATION/MUNITIONS/Missiles%20-%20Air%20to%20Ground/OERLIKON/SONORA-brochure10.jpg SNORA pod Swiss AF MIRAGE IIIS]
|image1=[http://i16.photobucket.com/albums/b24/hybenamon/AVIATION/MUNITIONS/Missiles%20-%20Air%20to%20Ground/OERLIKON/SONORA-brochure10.jpg SNORA pod Swiss AF MIRAGE IIIS]
|image2=[http://i16.photobucket.com/albums/b24/hybenamon/AVIATION/MUNITIONS/Missiles%20-%20Air%20to%20Ground/OERLIKON/SURA-brochure21.jpg SURA-D rockets Swiss AF Hunter]
|image2=[http://i16.photobucket.com/albums/b24/hybenamon/AVIATION/MUNITIONS/Missiles%20-%20Air%20to%20Ground/OERLIKON/SURA-brochure21.jpg SURA-D rockets Swiss AF Hunter]
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{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%; text-align:center;"
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%; text-align:center;"
⚫
! SNORA rocket type || RAK 023 HE FRAG || RAK 024 HE FRAG || RAK 025 HE FRAG || RAK 026/054 HC || RAK 022 TNG<ref>There are also RAK 027, 029, 030, and 031 training rockets with overall weights of 19.7, 13.2, 15.7, and 19.7 Kilograms.</ref>
|-
|-
|+ SNORA rockets
⚫
! Warhead weight
|-
⚫
! || RAK 023 HE FRAG || RAK 024 HE FRAG || RAK 025 HE FRAG || RAK 026/054 HC || RAK 022 TNG<ref>There are also RAK 027, 029, 030, and 031 training rockets with overall weights of 19.7, 13.2, 15.7, and 19.7 Kilograms.</ref>
|-
⚫
! Warhead weight
| {{convert|4.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|4.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
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| {{convert|7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|-
|-
! Explosive
! Explosive
| {{convert|1|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|1|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|1.7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|1.7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|2.8|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|2.8|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|1|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|1|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| none
⚫
| {{convert|0|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|-
|-
! Weight of propulsion unit
! Weight of propulsion unit
| colspan="5" align=center | {{convert|8.7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| colspan="5" align=center | {{convert|8.7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|-
|-
! Complete rocket
! Complete rocket
| {{convert|13.2|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|13.2|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|15.7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|15.7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
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|}
|}
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%; text-align:center;"
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%; text-align:center;"
⚫
! SURA-D rocket type || RAK 053 HE FRAG || RAK 050 HE FRAG || RAK 052 HE-I || RAK 047 HC || RAK 049 MKR || RAK 051 TNG || RAK 048 TNG
|-
|-
|+SURA-D rockets
⚫
! Warhead weight
|-
⚫
! || RAK 053 HE FRAG || RAK 050 HE FRAG || RAK 052 HE-I || RAK 047 HC || RAK 049 MKR || RAK 051 TNG || RAK 048 TNG
|-
⚫
! Warhead weight
| {{convert|3|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|4.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|4.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
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| {{convert|4.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|4.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|-
|-
! Explosive
! Explosive
| {{convert|0.87|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|0.87|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|1.0|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|1.0|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|1.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|1.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
⚫
| {{convert|0.7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| none
| none
| {{convert|0|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|0|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|-
|-
! Weight of propulsion unit
! Weight of propulsion unit
| colspan="7" align=center | {{convert|8.4|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| colspan="7" align=center | {{convert|8.4|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|-
|-
! Complete rocket
! Complete rocket
| {{convert|11.4|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|11.4|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|12.9|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|12.9|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
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| {{convert|12.9|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|12.9|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|-
|-
! Velocity, m/s
! Velocity
| colspan="7" align=center | 530 - 595
| colspan="7" align=center | {{convert|530| -| 595|m/s|abbr=on}}
|}
|}
[[Image:SNORA Supersonic Pod.JPG|thumb|Oerlikon Supersonic Pod for 12 81mm SNORA Rockets Type RWK-020]]
:'''Designation''':
;Designation
⚫
:*'''HE FRAG''': High Explosive Fragmentation
:*'''HE-I''': High Explosive - Incendiary
*HE FRAG: High Explosive Fragmentation
⚫
*HE-I: High Explosive - Incendiary
:*'''HC''': Hollow Charge ([[HEAT]])
*HC: Hollow Charge ([[HEAT]])
:*'''MKR''': Marker
*MKR: Marker
:*'''TNG''': Practice
*TNG: Practice

==See also==
*[[Swiss Military Museum]]

⚫
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}


==References==
==References==
⚫
{{reflist|2}}
⚫
;Notes
⚫
{{refs|2}}


[[Category:Air-to-ground rockets]]
[[Category:Air-to-ground rockets]]
[[Category:Artillery of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Artillery of Switzerland]]
[[Category:OC Oerlikon]]
[[Category:Oerlikon-Contraves]]
[[Category:Rocket artillery]]
[[Category:Rocket artillery]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1980s]]

[[es:Hispano SNORA y SURA-D]]

Latest revision as of 01:32, 5 December 2023

SNORA
SNORA at Museum Full
TypeUnguided air-to-surface and surface-to-surface rocket
Place of originSwitzerland
Service history
In service1980s
Used bySwiss Air Force
Production history
ManufacturerOerlikon-Bührle
VariantsHigh-explosive fragmentation and hollow-charge
Specifications
MassSee table
LengthVaries by model
Caliber81-mm warhead
Muzzle velocitySee table
Maximum firing range10 kilometers
SURA-D
SURA at Museum Full
TypeUnguided air-to-surface rocket
Place of originSwitzerland
Service history
In service1970s - present
Used bySwiss Air Force
Chilean Air Force
Production history
DesignerSNIA/Oerlikon-Buhrle
ManufacturerOerlikon-Bührle
VariantsHigh-explosive fragmentation, hollow-charge, incendiary, marker, and training
Specifications
MassSee table
LengthVaries by model
Caliber80-mm warhead
Muzzle velocitySee table
Maximum firing range2.5 kilometers

The Oerlikon-Bührle SNORA and SURA-D are 81-mm and 80-mm rockets developed in Switzerland in the late 1970s and fielded in the 1980s. The SNORA could be used in both air-to-surface and surface-to-surface rocket artillery roles, while the SURA-D is an air-to-surface rocket. The SNORA was developed as a cooperative endeavor with the Italian firm SNIA-Viscosa (later SNIA-BPD).

History

[edit]

The original version of the SURA rocket, the SURA 80R, was developed by Hispano-Suiza in the 1960s.[1] In 1971 Oerlikon-Buhrle took over the military division of Hispano-Suiza and redesignated the SURA 80R, the SURA-FL, and further developed the SURA-FL which is the current SURA-D.[note 1] The SNORA rockets can be fired from either a supersonic or subsonic aircraft. The SURA-D though, is limited to subsonic aircraft.

Oerlikon also developed the RWK 014, a surface-to-surface launcher for the type SNORA rockets. The RWK 014 has dual launchers of 15 tubes each and has been mounted on the MOWAG Tornado APC as well as the M113 armored personnel carrier. The RWK 014 can fire 10 rounds per second and has a reload time of six minutes.[2]

The SNORA rocket was still in service as late as 1998[3] and the SURA-D is still in operational use. SNORA rockets are launched from a variety of pods housing from either six or twelve rockets,[4] while SURA-D rockets are mounted as a vertical array with only the top-most rocket attached to an aircraft hardpoint. In this system, rockets are fired individually from the bottom of the tier to the top. The unique sliding fixed fin arrangement of the SURA-D acts as the forward hanger for the rocket below it. As the rocket is fired, the four fixed fins mounted on a ring slide down the body till they are stopped at the expansion area of the rocket motor nozzle and are locked in place. The SURA-D increased its accuracy by the addition of flutes inside the nozzle rear to give a low rotation rate in addition to the stabilization effected by four fixed fins which take effect shortly after launch.

Overview

[edit]

The 80-mm hollow-charge warhead on the SURA-D has been demonstrated by Oerlikon to penetrate 33 cm (13 in) of armor. The SNORA rocket can mount one of two hollow-charge warheads, either the RAK 026 which can penetrate 35 cm (14 in) of armor, or the RAK 054, capable of penetrating 45 cm (18 in) of armor.[5][6]

Both rockets were exported by Switzerland and adopted by other nations, among them Spain, Qatar, Philippines and Botswana. Italy later used the motor of the SNORA rocket as the basis for the development of the 81-mm Medusa rocket.[7]

Variants

[edit]
External images
SNORA and SURA-D rockets
image icon SNORA pod Swiss AF MIRAGE IIIS
image icon SURA-D rockets Swiss AF Hunter
image icon SURA-D rocket showing launch example of fins used for mounting
image icon RWK 014 installed on M113 APC
SNORA rockets
RAK 023 HE FRAG RAK 024 HE FRAG RAK 025 HE FRAG RAK 026/054 HC RAK 022 TNG[8]
Warhead weight 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) 7 kg (15 lb) 11 kg (24 lb) 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) 7 kg (15 lb)
Explosive 1 kg (2.2 lb) 1.7 kg (3.7 lb) 2.8 kg (6.2 lb) 1 kg (2.2 lb) none
Weight of propulsion unit 8.7 kg (19 lb)
Complete rocket 13.2 kg (29 lb) 15.7 kg (35 lb) 19.7 kg (43 lb) 13.2 kg (29 lb) 15.7 kg (35 lb)
Velocity, m/s 820 670 520 820 / 920 670
SURA-D rockets
RAK 053 HE FRAG RAK 050 HE FRAG RAK 052 HE-I RAK 047 HC RAK 049 MKR RAK 051 TNG RAK 048 TNG
Warhead weight 3 kg (6.6 lb) 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) 3 kg (6.6 lb) 3 kg (6.6 lb) 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) 3 kg (6.6 lb) 4.5 kg (9.9 lb)
Explosive 0.87 kg (1.9 lb) 1.0 kg (2.2 lb) 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) 0.7 kg (1.5 lb) n/a none none
Weight of propulsion unit 8.4 kg (19 lb)
Complete rocket 11.4 kg (25 lb) 12.9 kg (28 lb) 11.4 kg (25 lb) 11.4 kg (25 lb) 12.9 kg (28 lb) 11.4 kg (25 lb) 12.9 kg (28 lb)
Velocity 530–595 m/s (1,740–1,950 ft/s)
Oerlikon Supersonic Pod for 12 81mm SNORA Rockets Type RWK-020
Designation
  • HE FRAG: High Explosive Fragmentation
  • HE-I: High Explosive - Incendiary
  • HC: Hollow Charge (HEAT)
  • MKR: Marker
  • TNG: Practice

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "SURA" refers to the method of hanging the rockets in a vertical array on an aircraft.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ flightglobal.com ad
  2. ^ Jane's Infantry Weapons 1984-85, p. 660.
  3. ^ Jane's Air-Launched Weapons Issue 35, p. 692.
  4. ^ Jane's Weapons Systems 1988-89, p. 750.
  5. ^ Jane's Air-Launched Weapons Issue 35, p. 691.
  6. ^ The RAK 026 is most likely a dual purpose warhead that has both a light/medium antiarmor ability and a fragmentation ability against personnel and unarmored vehicles.
  7. ^ Armada International article
  8. ^ There are also RAK 027, 029, 030, and 031 training rockets with overall weights of 19.7, 13.2, 15.7, and 19.7 Kilograms.
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