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{{short description|American architect}}

{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| pre-nominals =
| pre-nominals =
| name = Merrell Vories Hitotsuyanagi
| name = Merrell Vories Hitotsuyanagi
| post-nominals =
| post-nominals =
| image = William Merrell Vories Portrait.jpg
| image = William Merrell Vories Portrait.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| alt =
| caption = William Merrell Vories (circa 1905)
| caption = Vories (circa 1905)
| native_name = 一柳米 来留
| native_name = 一柳 米来留
| native_name_lang = ja
| native_name_lang = ja
| pronunciation =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = William Merrell Vories
| birth_name = William Merrell Vories
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1880|10|28}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1880|10|28}}
| birth_place = [[Leavenworth, Kansas]], [[United States]]
| birth_place = [[Leavenworth, Kansas]], United States
| baptised = <!-- will not display if birth_date is entered -->
| baptised = <!-- will not display if birth_date is entered -->
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1964|05|07|1880|10|02}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1964|05|07|1880|10|02}}
| death_place = [[Ōmihachiman]], [[Shiga Prefecture]], [[Japan]]
| death_place = [[Ōmihachiman]], [[Shiga Prefecture]], Japan
| death_cause = [[Paralysis]]
| body_discovered =
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} -->
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} -->
| burial_place = <!-- may be used instead of resting_place and resting_place_coordinates (displays "Burial place" as label) -->
| burial_place = <!-- may be used instead of resting_place and resting_place_coordinates (displays "Burial place" as label) -->
| burial_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} -->
| burial_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} -->
| monuments = [[Vories Commemorative Museum]]
| monuments = [[Vories Commemorative Museum]]
| residence = [[Ōmihachiman]], [[Shiga Prefecture]], [[Japan]]
| nationality = [[American people|American]] (former)
| nationality = [[American people|American]] (former)
| other_names = Mereru Hitotsuyanagi
| other_names = Mereru Hitotsuyanagi
| citizenship = [[Japanese citizenship|Japanese]]
| citizenship = [[Japanese citizenship|Japanese]] (from 1941)
| education =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Colorado College]]
| alma_mater = [[Colorado College]]
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| employer = Vories & Co. (founder) <br> Omi Sales Company (founder)
| employer = Vories & Co. (founder) <br> Omi Sales Company (founder)
| organization = Omi Brotherhood (founder)
| organization = Omi Brotherhood (founder)
| agent = <!-- Discouraged in most cases, specifically when promotional, and requiring a reliable source -->
| agent = <!-- Discouraged in most cases, specifically when promotional, and requiring a reliable source -->
| known_for = founder of the Omi Mission in Japan
| known_for = founder of the Omi Mission in Japan
| notable_works = ''College Memories and Other Rimes, Much of Which Has Appeared Before in the Colorado College Tiger'' (1903) <br> ''A mustard seed in Japan'' (1911) <br> ''Poems of the East and West'' (1960)
| notable_works = ''College Memories and Other Rimes, Much of Which Has Appeared Before in the Colorado College Tiger'' (1903) <br> ''A mustard seed in Japan'' (1911) <br> ''Poems of the East and West'' (1960)
| style =
| style =
⚫
| net_worth = <!-- Net worth should be supported with a citation from a reliable source -->
| home_town =
⚫
| height = <!-- "X cm", "X m" or "X ft Y in" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) -->
| salary =
⚫
| spouse = {{marriage|Makiko Hitotsuyanagi|1919<!--|May 7, 1964-->}}
⚫
| net_worth = <!-- Net worth should be supported with a citation from a reliable source -->
| height = <!-- "X cm", "X m" or "X ft Y in" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) -->
| partner = <!-- (unmarried long-term partner) -->
⚫
| weight = <!-- "X kg", "X lb" or "X st Y lb" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) -->
⚫
| spouse = {{marriage|Makiko Hitotsuyanagi|1919|May 7, 1964}}
| partner = <!-- (unmarried long-term partner) -->
| children =
| children =
| parents = <!-- overrides mother and father parameters -->
| parents = <!-- overrides mother and father parameters -->
| mother = Julia Eugenia Merrell
| father = John Vories
| relatives =
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| awards =
| awards =
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
| module =
| module =
| module2 =
| module2 =
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}}
}}


'''Merrell Vories Hitotsuyanagi''' ({{nihongo|Mereru Hitotsuyanagi|一柳米 来留|Hitotsuyanagi Mereru}}; October 28, 1880 - May 7, 1964), born '''William Merrell Vories''', was an [[educator]], [[architect]], [[entrepreneur]], Christian lay [[missionary]], and founder of the Omi Mission. Born in the [[United States]], he later became a naturalized Japanese citizen.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Larking|first1=Matthew|title=The time before the starchitects|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2008/02/28/arts/the-time-before-the-starchitects/#.VI2Nj2IaySM|accessdate=14 December 2014|publisher=Japan Times|date=February 28, 2008}}</ref>
'''Merrell Vories Hitotsuyanagi''' ({{nihongo|'''Mereru Hitotsuyanagi'''|一柳 米来留|Hitotsuyanagi Mereru}}; born '''William Merrell Vories'''; October 28, 1880 – May 7, 1964) was an [[educator]], [[architect]], [[entrepreneur]], Christian lay [[missionary]], and founder of the Omi Mission. Born in the [[United States]], he later became a naturalized Japanese citizen.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Larking|first1=Matthew|title=The time before the starchitects|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2008/02/28/arts/the-time-before-the-starchitects/#.VI2Nj2IaySM|access-date=14 December 2014|publisher=Japan Times|date=February 28, 2008}}</ref>


Merrell lived and worked mainly in [[Shiga prefecture]] in [[Japan]]. With only limited formal training as an architect, he founded an architectural office in Shiga which employed over thirty professional staff and was responsible for the design of well over 1000 residential, commercial, and church structures in Japan and occupied Korea, prior to the Second World War.
Merrell lived and worked mainly in [[Shiga Prefecture]] in [[Japan]]. With only limited formal training as an architect, he founded an architectural office in Shiga which employed over thirty professional staff and was responsible for the design of well over 1000 residential, commercial, and church structures in Japan and occupied Korea, prior to the Second World War.


==Biography==
==Biography==
Vories was born in [[Leavenworth, Kansas]] in 1880. He graduated from [[Colorado College]] in 1904. At first he hoped to be an architect, although he came to Japan in 1905 as an English-language teacher, with an intention to engage in Christian missionary work. While working as a teacher in [[Omihachiman, Shiga|Omihachiman]], [[Shiga prefecture]], in 1908 he was dismissed from teaching job because his Bible Classes had attracted over one third of his class among others who were aligned with local Buddhist temples.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vories.ac.jp/SeniorHigh/introduction/|title=「ヴォーリズ学園」～創立者の志を引き継ぐ～理事長 |last=Ikeda|first=Takeo|trans-title=Vories Gakuen – to keep the legacy of the founder of our school|publisher=Omi Brotherhood High School, Vories Gakuen|access-date=2017-01-12}}</ref>
Vories was born in [[Leavenworth, Kansas]] in 1880. He graduated from [[Colorado College]] in 1904. At first, he hoped to be an architect, although he came to Japan in 1905 as an English-language teacher, with an intention to engage in Christian missionary work. While working as a teacher in [[Omihachiman, Shiga|Omihachiman]], [[Shiga Prefecture]], in 1908 he was dismissed from teaching job because his Bible Classes had attracted over one third of his class among others who were aligned with local Buddhist temples.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vories.ac.jp/SeniorHigh/introduction/|title=「ヴォーリズ学園」～創立者の志を引き継ぐ～理事長 |last=Ikeda|first=Takeo|trans-title=Vories Gakuen – to keep the legacy of the founder of our school|publisher=Omi Brotherhood High School, Vories Gakuen|access-date=2017-01-12}}</ref>
Vories had been asked to inspect the construction of an Omihachiman [[YMCA]] office building in 1907,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vories.com/english/chronology/|title=William Merell Vories Library – Chronology of Vories : Birth 1880 – Visit to Japan|publisher=Omi Brotherhood Group|access-date=2017-01-12}} A picture is archived at the William Merrell Vories Library titled "Former Hachiman YMCA designed and built by Mr. Vories Feb. 10, 1907", financed by his savings and donations from his friends in America."</ref> which became his first work as an architect in Japan.{{refn|group=notes|name=handrews|The Hachiman YMCA {{nihongo|Hachiman Christian Youth Hall|八幡キリスト教青年会館|Hachiman kirisutokyō seinen kaikan}} building<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://repo.lib.hosei.ac.jp/bitstream/10114/11631/1/nkr_16_1_hasegawa.pdf|title=StewardshipとProtestantismを基軸とする価値共創経営 －ウィリアム・メレル・ヴォーリズと近江兄弟社|trans-title=Willam Merrell Vories and Omi Kyodaisha – Management created on shared value |last=Hasegawa|first=Naoya|work=Hosei University Repository|page=10|date=|publisher=|language=ja|access-date=2017-01-12}}</ref> was relocated and renewed in another address in Omihaachiman in 1935 with sponsorship granted by Harbert Andrews, called Memorial Herbert Andrews Y.M.C.A. designated as {{nihongo|Registered Tangible Cultural Properties (Structures)|[[:ja:登録有形文化財(建造物)|登録有形文化財(建造物)]]|Tōroku yūkei bunkazai (kenzōbutsu) }} of Japan among other Vories' architecture in September 2009.<ref name=chronology>{{cite web|url=http://vories.com/english/chronology/02.php|title=William Merell Vories Library – Chronology of Vories : 1906 – 1964: YMCA – Passing away|publisher=Omi Brotherhood Group|access-date=2017-01-12}}</ref>}} He opened his office for architectural design in 1908 and in the following year, he founded "Vories & Co." along with Lester Chapin, an architect, and Etsuzō Yoshida, his English class student. They held it initially in [[Kyoto]] and moved to [[Ōmihachiman]] to accommodate for their success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vories.com/chronology/02.php|title=W.M.ヴォーリズライブラリ – 年表で見るヴォーリズ : 誕生 – 来日|trans-title=William Merrell Vories Library : – Chronology of Vories : Birth 1880 – Visit to Japan|publisher=Omi Brotherhood Group|language=ja|access-date=2017-01-12}}</ref><ref>"Vories & Co." established in 1909 later called "W.M.Vories & Company Architects Ichiryusha" since 1961 as succeeding Vories and his friends' work.{{cite web|url=http://vories.com/english/|title=William Merrell Vories Library : Works of successors of W.M.Vories and his comrads|publisher=Omi Brotherhood Group|access-date=2017-01-12}}</ref>
Vories had been asked to inspect the construction of an Omihachiman [[YMCA]] office building in 1907,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vories.com/english/chronology/|title=William Merell Vories Library – Chronology of Vories : Birth 1880 – Visit to Japan|publisher=Omi Brotherhood Group|access-date=2017-01-12}} A picture is archived at the William Merrell Vories Library titled "Former Hachiman YMCA designed and built by Mr. Vories Feb. 10, 1907", financed by his savings and donations from his friends in America."</ref> which became his first work as an architect in Japan.{{refn|group=notes|name=handrews|The Hachiman YMCA {{nihongo|Hachiman Christian Youth Hall|八幡キリスト教青年会館|Hachiman kirisutokyō seinen kaikan}} building<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://repo.lib.hosei.ac.jp/bitstream/10114/11631/1/nkr_16_1_hasegawa.pdf|title=StewardshipとProtestantismを基軸とする価値共創経営 －ウィリアム・メレル・ヴォーリズと近江兄弟社|trans-title=Willam Merrell Vories and Omi Kyodaisha – Management created on shared value |last=Hasegawa|first=Naoya|journal=Hosei University Repository|page=10|language=ja|access-date=2017-01-12}}</ref> was relocated and renewed in another address in Omihaachiman in 1935 with sponsorship granted by Harbert Andrews, called Memorial Herbert Andrews Y.M.C.A. designated as {{nihongo|Registered Tangible Cultural Properties (Structures)|[[:ja:登録有形文化財(建造物)|登録有形文化財(建造物)]]|Tōroku yūkei bunkazai (kenzōbutsu) }} of Japan among other Vories' architecture in September 2009.<ref name=chronology>{{cite web|url=http://vories.com/english/chronology/02.php|title=William Merell Vories Library – Chronology of Vories : 1906 – 1964: YMCA – Passing away|publisher=Omi Brotherhood Group|access-date=2017-01-12}}</ref>}} He opened his office for architectural design in 1908 and in the following year, he founded "Vories & Co." along with Lester Chapin, an architect, and Etsuzō Yoshida, his English class student. They held it initially in [[Kyoto]] and moved to [[Ōmihachiman]] to accommodate for their success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vories.com/chronology/02.php|title=W.M.ヴォーリズライブラリ – 年表で見るヴォーリズ : 誕生 – 来日|trans-title=William Merrell Vories Library : – Chronology of Vories : Birth 1880 – Visit to Japan|publisher=Omi Brotherhood Group|language=ja|access-date=2017-01-12}}</ref><ref>"Vories & Co." established in 1909 later called "W.M.Vories & Company Architects Ichiryusha" since 1961 as succeeding Vories and his friends' work.{{cite web|url=http://vories.com/english/|title=William Merrell Vories Library : Works of successors of W.M.Vories and his comrads|publisher=Omi Brotherhood Group|access-date=2017-01-12}}</ref>


Through YMCA activities in Japan, Vories became acquainted with many American and Japanese people, and received numerous commissions to design houses, churches, schools, hospitals, and YMCA facilities near and far. As many as 1,600 buildings can be credited to Vories' designs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vories-academy.org/?p=312|title=建築家としてのヴォーリズ|trans-title=Vories as an architect|author=W.M.Vories Academy|language=ja|publisher=Omi Brotherhood Group|access-date=2016-01-12}}</ref>
Through YMCA activities in Japan, Vories became acquainted with many American and Japanese people, and received numerous commissions to design houses, churches, schools, hospitals, and YMCA facilities near and far. As many as 1,600 buildings can be credited to Vories' designs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vories-academy.org/?p=312|title=建築家としてのヴォーリズ|trans-title=Vories as an architect|author=W.M.Vories Academy|language=ja|publisher=Omi Brotherhood Group|access-date=2016-01-12}}</ref>


In 1918, he founded the Omi Mission, and devoted his efforts to Christian missionary work and education.
In 1918, he founded the Omi Mission, and devoted his efforts to Christian missionary work and education.


In 1919, Vories married the daughter of [[viscount]] Suenori Hitotsuyanagi, {{nihongo|Makiko Hitotsuyanagi|一柳満喜子|Hitotsuyanagi Makiko|extra=1884-1969}}.
In 1919, Vories married the daughter of [[viscount]] Suenori Hitotsuyanagi, {{nihongo|Makiko Hitotsuyanagi|一柳満喜子|Hitotsuyanagi Makiko|extra=1884-1969}}.


He established Omi Sales Company in 1920, to promote an ointment called [[Mentholatum]] to earn funds to support his missionary work.
He established Omi Sales Company in 1920, to promote an ointment called [[Mentholatum]] to earn funds to support his missionary work.


In 1934, the Omi Mission was renamed to {{nihongo|Omi Brotherhood|[[:ja:近江兄弟社|近江兄弟社]]|Ōmi Kyōdaisha}}.
In 1934, the Omi Mission was renamed to {{nihongo|Omi Brotherhood|[[:ja:近江兄弟社|近江兄弟社]]|Ōmi Kyōdaisha}}.
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In 1941, just before the attack on [[Pearl Harbor]], Vories was naturalized as a Japanese citizen and took the name of Mereru Hitotsuyanagi as required by the Japanese law, pledged his allegiance to the nation of Japan and to the Emperor [[Hirohito]].<ref>[http://www.coloradocollege.edu/library/SpecialCollections/ColoradoCollege/InfoFile.html Colorado College Tutt Library: Special Collections<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
In 1941, just before the attack on [[Pearl Harbor]], Vories was naturalized as a Japanese citizen and took the name of Mereru Hitotsuyanagi as required by the Japanese law, pledged his allegiance to the nation of Japan and to the Emperor [[Hirohito]].<ref>[http://www.coloradocollege.edu/library/SpecialCollections/ColoradoCollege/InfoFile.html Colorado College Tutt Library: Special Collections<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


In September 1945, the former Prime Minister [[Fumimaro Konoe]] asked Vories to convey a message to [[Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers|SCAP]] on the Emperor's behalf. Vories also shared the idea of the Emperor renouncing claims of divinity and declaring his humanity. He would later went on to meet the Emperor four times.
In September 1945, the former Prime Minister [[Fumimaro Konoe]] asked Vories to convey a message to the [[Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers|SCAP]] on the Emperor's behalf. Vories also shared the idea of the Emperor renouncing claims of divinity and declaring his humanity. He would later go on to meet the Emperor four times.


==Death==
==Death==
In 1957, Vories suffered a stroke while he was in his summer home in [[Karuizawa]], [[Nagano Prefecture]] and was transported back to Ōmihachiman for medical treatment. He remained bedridden for seven years and passed away on the second floor of his house in May 7, 1964, at the age of 83.
In 1957, Vories suffered a stroke while he was in his summer home in [[Karuizawa]], [[Nagano Prefecture]] and was transported back to Ōmihachiman for medical treatment. He remained bedridden for seven years and died on the second floor of his house on May 7, 1964, at the age of 83.


In 1958, Vories was awarded as the first Honorary Citizen of Omihachiman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.city.omihachiman.shiga.jp/contents_detail.php?frmId=513|title=ウィリアム・メレル・ヴォーリズ – 近江八幡を愛し、まちづくりに貢献|trans-title=He loved Omihachiman and dedicated to the town development plans|publisher=Omihachiman City|date=2009-04-14|language=ja|access-date=2017-01-12}}</ref> He was posthumously honored the [[Order of the Sacred Treasure]], 3rd class, by the Japanese government. His house in Ōmihachiman was currently the "Vories Commemorative Museum".<ref>Vories Commemorative Museum is visited on reservation only, and opened for the public in Spring and Fall.{{cite web|url=http://vories-academy.org/?p=337|title=素顔のヴォーリズ|trans-title=Vories when he is relaxed|publisher=W.M.Vories Academy|language=ja|access-date=2017-01-12}}</ref>
In 1958, Vories was awarded as the first Honorary Citizen of Omihachiman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.city.omihachiman.shiga.jp/contents_detail.php?frmId=513|title=ウィリアム・メレル・ヴォーリズ – 近江八幡を愛し、まちづくりに貢献|trans-title=He loved Omihachiman and dedicated to the town development plans|publisher=Omihachiman City|date=2009-04-14|language=ja|access-date=2017-01-12}}</ref> He was posthumously honored the [[Order of the Sacred Treasure]], 3rd class, by the Japanese government. His house in Ōmihachiman was currently the "Vories Commemorative Museum".<ref>Vories Commemorative Museum is visited on reservation only, and opened for the public in Spring and Fall.{{cite web|url=http://vories-academy.org/?p=337|title=素顔のヴォーリズ|trans-title=Vories when he is relaxed|publisher=W.M.Vories Academy|language=ja|access-date=2017-01-12}}</ref>
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<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Kwansei Gakuin University ja 01.jpg|[[Kwansei Gakuin University]]
Image:Kwansei Gakuin University ja 01.jpg|[[Kwansei Gakuin University]]
Image:Toyosato Elementary School old building. May, 2015.A.JPG|Former Toyosato Elementary School
Image:Muroyatei01.JPG|Murotani house
Image:Muroyatei01.JPG|Murotani house
Image:Uccj osaka church01 2048.jpg|Osaka Church (the United Church of Christ in Japan)
Image:Uccj osaka church01 2048.jpg|Osaka Church (the United Church of Christ in Japan)
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{{reflist|group=notes}}
{{reflist|group=notes}}


== References ==
==References==
<references/>
<references/>


== Books ==
==Books==
{{Commons category|William Merrell Vories}}
{{Commons category|William Merrell Vories}}
* "ヴォーリズの建築―ミッション・ユートピアと都市の華" 山形 政昭 1989 {{ISBN|4-422-50123-2}}
* "ヴォーリズの建築―ミッション・ユートピアと都市の華" 山形 政昭 1989 {{ISBN|4-422-50123-2}}
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* "ウィリアム・メレル・ヴォーリズ―写真集 日本人を越えたニホン人" 山田プランニング 1998 {{ISBN|4-939022-99-4}}
* "ウィリアム・メレル・ヴォーリズ―写真集 日本人を越えたニホン人" 山田プランニング 1998 {{ISBN|4-939022-99-4}}
* "ヴォーリズ建築の100年―恵みの居場所をつくる" 2008 {{ISBN|4-422-50124-0}}
* "ヴォーリズ建築の100年―恵みの居場所をつくる" 2008 {{ISBN|4-422-50124-0}}
* "ヴォーリズ評伝―日本で隣人愛を実践したアメリカ人" 奥村直彦 2005 {{ISBN|4-88008-332-1}}
* "ヴォーリズ評伝―日本で隣人愛を実践したアメリカ人" 奥村直彦 2005 {{ISBN|4-88008-332-1}}
* "青い目の近江商人メレル・ヴォーリズ―創業者精神「信仰と商売の両立の実践」を受け継いで" 岩原 侑 1997 {{ISBN|4-88737-045-8}}
* "青い目の近江商人メレル・ヴォーリズ―創業者精神「信仰と商売の両立の実践」を受け継いで" 岩原 侑 1997 {{ISBN|4-88737-045-8}}
* "青い目の近江商人ヴォーリズ外伝―「信仰と事業の両立」を果たした師ゆかりの地を歩いて" 岩原 侑 2002 {{ISBN|4-8355-3879-X}}
* "青い目の近江商人ヴォーリズ外伝―「信仰と事業の両立」を果たした師ゆかりの地を歩いて" 岩原 侑 2002 {{ISBN|4-8355-3879-X}}
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* [http://www.vories.co.jp/vories/ "W.M.Vories & Company Architects Ichiryusha"s official site]
* [http://www.vories.co.jp/vories/ "W.M.Vories & Company Architects Ichiryusha"s official site]
* [http://vories.com/index.html Vories Commemorative Museum home page]
* [http://vories.com/index.html Vories Commemorative Museum home page]
* [http://www.omi8.com/vories/englishversion/eindex.html William Merrell Vories], Omihachiman Tourism Association
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151120222432/http://www.omi8.com/vories/englishversion/eindex.html William Merrell Vories], Omihachiman Tourism Association
* [https://www.vories.ac.jp/Foundation/English/history/ William Merrell Vories (Merrel Hitotsuyanagi)｜Omi Brotherhood Schools]


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Protestant missionaries in Japan]]
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in Japan]]
[[Category:Teachers of English as a second or foreign language]]
[[Category:Teachers of English as a second or foreign language]]
[[Category:Japanese architecture]]
[[Category:Architecture in Japan]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of Japan]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of Japan]]
[[Category:People from Leavenworth, Kansas]]
[[Category:People from Leavenworth, Kansas]]
[[Category:Merrell Hitotsuyanagi buildings|*]]
[[Category:Merrell Hitotsuyanagi buildings|*]]
[[Category:American Protestant missionaries]]
[[Category:American Protestant missionaries]]
[[Category:Japanese Protestants]]
[[Category:Japanese people of American descent]]

Latest revision as of 05:45, 13 December 2023

Merrell Vories Hitotsuyanagi
一柳 米来留
Vories (circa 1905)
Born
William Merrell Vories

(1880-10-28)October 28, 1880
Leavenworth, Kansas, United States
DiedMay 7, 1964(1964-05-07) (aged 83)
Ōmihachiman, Shiga Prefecture, Japan
MonumentsVories Commemorative Museum
NationalityAmerican (former)
Other namesMereru Hitotsuyanagi
CitizenshipJapanese (from 1941)
Alma materColorado College
Occupation(s)educator, architect, entrepreneur, missionary
Employer(s)Vories & Co. (founder)
Omi Sales Company (founder)
OrganizationOmi Brotherhood (founder)
Known forfounder of the Omi Mission in Japan
Notable workCollege Memories and Other Rimes, Much of Which Has Appeared Before in the Colorado College Tiger (1903)
A mustard seed in Japan (1911)
Poems of the East and West (1960)
Spouse
Makiko Hitotsuyanagi
​
​
(m. 1919)​

Merrell Vories Hitotsuyanagi (Mereru Hitotsuyanagi (一柳 米来留, Hitotsuyanagi Mereru); born William Merrell Vories; October 28, 1880 – May 7, 1964) was an educator, architect, entrepreneur, Christian lay missionary, and founder of the Omi Mission. Born in the United States, he later became a naturalized Japanese citizen.[1]

Merrell lived and worked mainly in Shiga Prefecture in Japan. With only limited formal training as an architect, he founded an architectural office in Shiga which employed over thirty professional staff and was responsible for the design of well over 1000 residential, commercial, and church structures in Japan and occupied Korea, prior to the Second World War.

Biography

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Vories was born in Leavenworth, Kansas in 1880. He graduated from Colorado College in 1904. At first, he hoped to be an architect, although he came to Japan in 1905 as an English-language teacher, with an intention to engage in Christian missionary work. While working as a teacher in Omihachiman, Shiga Prefecture, in 1908 he was dismissed from teaching job because his Bible Classes had attracted over one third of his class among others who were aligned with local Buddhist temples.[2] Vories had been asked to inspect the construction of an Omihachiman YMCA office building in 1907,[3] which became his first work as an architect in Japan.[notes 1] He opened his office for architectural design in 1908 and in the following year, he founded "Vories & Co." along with Lester Chapin, an architect, and Etsuzō Yoshida, his English class student. They held it initially in Kyoto and moved to Ōmihachiman to accommodate for their success.[6][7]

Through YMCA activities in Japan, Vories became acquainted with many American and Japanese people, and received numerous commissions to design houses, churches, schools, hospitals, and YMCA facilities near and far. As many as 1,600 buildings can be credited to Vories' designs.[8]

In 1918, he founded the Omi Mission, and devoted his efforts to Christian missionary work and education.

In 1919, Vories married the daughter of viscount Suenori Hitotsuyanagi, Makiko Hitotsuyanagi (一柳満喜子, Hitotsuyanagi Makiko, 1884-1969).

He established Omi Sales Company in 1920, to promote an ointment called Mentholatum to earn funds to support his missionary work.

In 1934, the Omi Mission was renamed to Omi Brotherhood (近江兄弟社, Ōmi Kyōdaisha).

Vories also loved music, and is credited with introducing the Hammond Organ into Japan.[notes 2] The collective of schools which were founded by the Omi Brotherhood, known as Vories Gakuen, maintain usage of the Hammond organs supplied by Vories.[11]

In 1941, just before the attack on Pearl Harbor, Vories was naturalized as a Japanese citizen and took the name of Mereru Hitotsuyanagi as required by the Japanese law, pledged his allegiance to the nation of Japan and to the Emperor Hirohito.[12]

In September 1945, the former Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe asked Vories to convey a message to the SCAP on the Emperor's behalf. Vories also shared the idea of the Emperor renouncing claims of divinity and declaring his humanity. He would later go on to meet the Emperor four times.

Death

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In 1957, Vories suffered a stroke while he was in his summer home in Karuizawa, Nagano Prefecture and was transported back to Ōmihachiman for medical treatment. He remained bedridden for seven years and died on the second floor of his house on May 7, 1964, at the age of 83.

In 1958, Vories was awarded as the first Honorary Citizen of Omihachiman.[13] He was posthumously honored the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 3rd class, by the Japanese government. His house in Ōmihachiman was currently the "Vories Commemorative Museum".[14]

  • Kwansei Gakuin University
    Kwansei Gakuin University
  • Former Toyosato Elementary School
    Former Toyosato Elementary School
  • Murotani house
    Murotani house
  • Osaka Church (the United Church of Christ in Japan)
    Osaka Church (the United Church of Christ in Japan)
  • Vories memorial house
    Vories memorial house

Notes

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  1. ^ The Hachiman YMCA Hachiman Christian Youth Hall (八幡キリスト教青年会館, Hachiman kirisutokyō seinen kaikan) building[4] was relocated and renewed in another address in Omihaachiman in 1935 with sponsorship granted by Harbert Andrews, called Memorial Herbert Andrews Y.M.C.A. designated as Registered Tangible Cultural Properties (Structures) (登録有形文化財(建造物), Tōroku yūkei bunkazai (kenzōbutsu)) of Japan among other Vories' architecture in September 2009.[5]
  2. ^ Vories came back from the States on Tatsutamaru, and an archived picture documents when he played a hammond organ for his cousin onboard. He took the first two hammond organs to Japan, and Omi Sales imported many for churches and schools.[9] Mr.Yoshiyuki Ōhara who worked at Omi Brothers and maintained the hammond organs in 1940s remembers that Mr.Yoneyama, Vories' secretary, found a hammond organ invented in 1935 on a magazine and asked Vories to purchase one. Vories came back to Japan around 1936 to bring the first hammond organ with him, while he was said to be reluctant to use an electric keyboard before departing on a short visit to the US.[10]

References

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  1. ^ Larking, Matthew (February 28, 2008). "The time before the starchitects". Japan Times. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  2. ^ Ikeda, Takeo. "「ヴォーリズ学園」～創立者の志を引き継ぐ～理事長" [Vories Gakuen – to keep the legacy of the founder of our school]. Omi Brotherhood High School, Vories Gakuen. Retrieved 2017-01-12.
  3. ^ "William Merell Vories Library – Chronology of Vories : Birth 1880 – Visit to Japan". Omi Brotherhood Group. Retrieved 2017-01-12. A picture is archived at the William Merrell Vories Library titled "Former Hachiman YMCA designed and built by Mr. Vories Feb. 10, 1907", financed by his savings and donations from his friends in America."
  4. ^ Hasegawa, Naoya. "StewardshipとProtestantismを基軸とする価値共創経営 －ウィリアム・メレル・ヴォーリズと近江兄弟社" [Willam Merrell Vories and Omi Kyodaisha – Management created on shared value] (PDF). Hosei University Repository (in Japanese): 10. Retrieved 2017-01-12.
  5. ^ "William Merell Vories Library – Chronology of Vories : 1906 – 1964: YMCA – Passing away". Omi Brotherhood Group. Retrieved 2017-01-12.
  6. ^ "W.M.ヴォーリズライブラリ – 年表で見るヴォーリズ : 誕生 – 来日" [William Merrell Vories Library : – Chronology of Vories : Birth 1880 – Visit to Japan] (in Japanese). Omi Brotherhood Group. Retrieved 2017-01-12.
  7. ^ "Vories & Co." established in 1909 later called "W.M.Vories & Company Architects Ichiryusha" since 1961 as succeeding Vories and his friends' work."William Merrell Vories Library : Works of successors of W.M.Vories and his comrads". Omi Brotherhood Group. Retrieved 2017-01-12.
  8. ^ W.M.Vories Academy. "建築家としてのヴォーリズ" [Vories as an architect] (in Japanese). Omi Brotherhood Group. Retrieved 2016-01-12.
  9. ^ "Ongakuwo aishita Vories" [Vories loved music] (in Japanese). Omi Brotherhood Group. Retrieved 2017-01-12.
  10. ^ "Library of W.M.Vories : Voriesno kataribe" [a storyteller of Vories' legend] (in Japanese). Omi Brotherhood Group. Retrieved 2017-01-12.
  11. ^ "Kyoiku kaikan" [Education Hall] (in Japanese). Vories Gakuen. Retrieved 2017-01-12.
  12. ^ Colorado College Tutt Library: Special Collections
  13. ^ "ウィリアム・メレル・ヴォーリズ – 近江八幡を愛し、まちづくりに貢献" [He loved Omihachiman and dedicated to the town development plans] (in Japanese). Omihachiman City. 2009-04-14. Retrieved 2017-01-12.
  14. ^ Vories Commemorative Museum is visited on reservation only, and opened for the public in Spring and Fall."素顔のヴォーリズ" [Vories when he is relaxed] (in Japanese). W.M.Vories Academy. Retrieved 2017-01-12.

Books

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to William Merrell Vories.
  • "ヴォーリズの建築―ミッション・ユートピアと都市の華" 山形 政昭 1989 ISBN 4-422-50123-2
  • "ヴォーリズの西洋館―日本近代住宅の先駆" 山形 政昭 2002 ISBN 4-473-01890-3
  • "ウィリアム・メレル・ヴォーリズ―写真集 日本人を越えたニホン人" 山田プランニング 1998 ISBN 4-939022-99-4
  • "ヴォーリズ建築の100年―恵みの居場所をつくる" 2008 ISBN 4-422-50124-0
  • "ヴォーリズ評伝―日本で隣人愛を実践したアメリカ人" 奥村直彦 2005 ISBN 4-88008-332-1
  • "青い目の近江商人メレル・ヴォーリズ―創業者精神「信仰と商売の両立の実践」を受け継いで" 岩原 侑 1997 ISBN 4-88737-045-8
  • "青い目の近江商人ヴォーリズ外伝―「信仰と事業の両立」を果たした師ゆかりの地を歩いて" 岩原 侑 2002 ISBN 4-8355-3879-X
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