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{{Short description|Species of lemur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| name = Common brown lemur
| name = Common brown lemur
| image = Common brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus) male.jpg
| image = Common brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus) male.jpg
| image_caption = male
| image_caption = Male
| image2 = Common brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus) female with juvenile.jpg
| image2 = Common brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus) female with juvenile.jpg
| image2_caption = female with juvenile<br>both in Peyrieras, Madagascar
| image2_caption = Female with juvenile<br>both in Peyrieras, Madagascar
| status = VU
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |authors= Irwin, M. & King, T.|title= ''Eulemur fulvus'' |year= 2020|page= e.T8207A115562499 |accessdate= 10 July 2020}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Irwin, M. |author2=King, T. |date=2020 |title=''Eulemur fulvus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T8207A115562499 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T8207A115562499.en}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url = http://checklist.cites.org/#/en/search/scientific_name=Eulemur | title = Checklist of CITES Species | website = CITES | publisher = UNEP-WCMC | accessdate = 18 March 2015}}</ref>
| status2_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url = http://checklist.cites.org/#/en/search/scientific_name=Eulemur | title = Checklist of CITES Species | website = CITES | publisher = UNEP-WCMC | access-date = 18 March 2015}}</ref>
| taxon = Eulemur fulvus
| taxon = Eulemur fulvus
| authority = [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]], 1796<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves | pages = 115| id=12100040}}</ref>
| authority = [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]], 1796<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves | pages = 115| id=12100040}}</ref>
Line 18: Line 19:
*''mayottensis'' <small>Schlegel, 1866</small>}}
*''mayottensis'' <small>Schlegel, 1866</small>}}
| range_map = Eulemur fulvus range map.svg
| range_map = Eulemur fulvus range map.svg
| range_map_caption = Distribution of ''E. fulvus'':<ref name=iucn/>{{Clear}}'''{{color|#e41a1c|red}}''' = native, '''{{color|#4daf4a|green}}''' = introduced
| range_map_caption = Distribution of ''E. fulvus'':<ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021" />{{Clear}}'''{{color|#e41a1c|red}}''' = native, '''{{color|#4daf4a|green}}''' = introduced
}}
}}


The '''common brown lemur''' (''Eulemur fulvus'') is a species of [[lemur]] in the family [[Lemuridae]]. It is found in [[Madagascar]] and [[Mayotte]].<ref name=iucn/>
The '''common brown lemur''' ('''''Eulemur fulvus''''') is a species of [[lemur]] in the family [[Lemuridae]]. It is found in [[Madagascar]] and has been introduced to [[Mayotte]].<ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021" />


==Range==
==Taxonomy==
The common brown lemur lives in western Madagascar north of the [[Betsiboka River]] and eastern Madagascar between the [[Mangoro River]] and [[Tsaratanana]], as well as in inland Madagascar connecting the eastern and western ranges.<ref name=mitt>{{cite book|title=Lemurs of Madagascar|edition=2nd|author=Russell Mittermeier|pages=272–274|year=2006|isbn=1-881173-88-7|display-authors=etal}}</ref> They also live on the island of Mayotte, although this population is believed to have been [[introduced species|introduced]] there by man.<ref name=mitt/>
Five additional currently recognized species of lemur were until 2001 considered subspecies of ''E. fulvus''.<ref name=mitt3>{{cite book|title=Lemurs of Madagascar|edition=2nd|author=Russell Mittermeier|year=2006|isbn=1-881173-88-7|display-authors=etal}}</ref>{{rp|251}} These are:

⚫
*[[White-fronted brown lemur]], ''E. albifrons''
⚫
*[[Gray-headed lemur]], ''E. cinereiceps''
⚫
*[[Collared brown lemur]], ''E. collaris''
⚫
*[[Red-fronted brown lemur]], ''E. rufus''
⚫
*[[Sanford's brown lemur]], ''E. sanfordi''

⚫
However, a number of zoologists believe that ''E. albifrons'' and ''E. rufus'' should continue to be considered subspecies of ''E. fulvus''.<ref name=mitt3/>{{rp|251}}


==Physical description==
==Physical description==
The common brown lemur has a total length of {{convert|84|to|101|cm|in|abbr=on}}, including {{convert|41|to|51|cm|in|abbr=on}} of tail.<ref name=mad>{{cite book|title=Mammals of Madagascar|url=https://archive.org/details/mammalsmadagasca00garb_046|url-access=limited|author=Nick Garbutt|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mammalsmadagasca00garb_046/page/n151 155]–156|year=2007|isbn=978-0-300-12550-4}}</ref> Weight ranges from {{convert|2|to|3|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=mad/> The short, dense [[fur]] is primarily brown or grey-brown.<ref name=mad/> The face, muzzle and crown are dark grey or black with paler eyebrow patches, and the eyes are orange-red.<ref name=mad/>
The common brown lemur has a total length of {{convert|84|to|101|cm|in|abbr=on}}, including {{convert|41|to|51|cm|in|abbr=on}} of tail.<ref name=mad>{{cite book|title=Mammals of Madagascar|url=https://archive.org/details/mammalsmadagasca00garb_046|url-access=limited|author=Nick Garbutt|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mammalsmadagasca00garb_046/page/n151 155]–156|year=2007|isbn=978-0-300-12550-4}}</ref> Weight ranges from {{convert|2|to|3|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=mad/> Common brown lemurs are unique amongst ''Eulemur'' in that they exhibit little-to-no sexual dichromatism: in both males and females, the face, muzzle and crown are dark gray or black, with white or tan "cheeks" of varying thickness. Some individuals may have pale-colored eyebrow patches, and the eyes are almost always a deep orange-red. The short, dense fur of the body is primarily brown or gray-brown, with a lighter gray or tan underside. The fur on the back of their hands is often a medium orange or reddish color, and their long, bushy tail may either be similar in color to the dorsal pelage or, more commonly, a darker shade of gray, black, or brown.<ref name=mad/>


Due to the species' history of containing all fellow brown lemurs as subspecies, they are very commonly misidentified in images and texts, and often confused with other species (such as [[red-fronted lemur]]s and [[gray-headed lemur]]s) or with various other unrelated hybrids.
⚫
Similar lemur species within their range include the [[mongoose lemur]], ''E. mongoz'', in the west and the [[red-bellied lemur]], ''E. rubriventer'', in the east.<ref name=mad/> They can be distinguished from these species by the fact that ''E. mongoz'' is more of a grey color and ''E. rubriventer'' is more reddish. There is also some overlap with the [[black lemur]] in northeast Madagascar in the Galoko, Manongarivo and Tsaratanana Massifs.<ref name=mitt4>{{cite book|title=Lemurs of Madagascar|edition=2nd|author=Russell Mittermeier|page=288|year=2006|isbn=1-881173-88-7|display-authors=etal}}</ref> There is also overlap and [[hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] with the [[white-fronted brown lemur]], ''E. albifrons'', in the northeast portion of the common brown lemur's range.<ref name=mitt2>{{cite book|title=Lemurs of Madagascar|edition=2nd|author=Russell Mittermeier|page=282|year=2006|isbn=1-881173-88-7|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

<gallery mode = packed heights = 180px>
⚫
Similar lemur species within their range include the [[mongoose lemur]] (''E. mongoz'') in the west and the [[red-bellied lemur]] (''E. rubriventer'') in the east.<ref name=mad/> They can be distinguished from these species by the fact that ''E. mongoz'' is more of a grey color and ''E. rubriventer'' is more reddish. There is also some overlap with the [[black lemur]] in northeast Madagascar in the Galoko, Manongarivo and Tsaratanana Massifs.<ref name=mitt3/>{{rp|288}} There is also overlap and [[hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] with the [[white-fronted brown lemur]], ''E. albifrons'', in the northeast portion of the common brown lemur's range.<ref name=mitt3/>{{rp|282}}
Common brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus) female head.jpg|female
Common brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus) juvenile head.jpg|juvenile
</gallery>
⚫
==Diet==
⚫
The common brown lemur's diet consists primarily of fruits, young leaves, and flowers.<ref name=mitt/> In some locations it eats invertebrates, such as [[cicada]]s,<ref name=mad/> [[spider]]s<ref name=mad/> and [[millipede]]s.<ref name=pic>{{cite book|title=The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates|url=https://archive.org/details/pictorialguideto0000rowe|url-access=registration|author=Noel Rowe|page=[https://archive.org/details/pictorialguideto0000rowe/page/40 40]|year=1996|isbn=0-9648825-0-7}}</ref> It also eats bark, sap, soil and red clay (see [[geophagy]]).<ref name=pic/> It can tolerate greater levels of toxic compounds from plants than other lemurs can.<ref name=mitt/><ref name=pic/>


==Behavior==
==Behavior==
Consistent with its large range, the common brown lemur occupies a variety of forest types, including lowland [[rainforest]]s, [[montane]] rainforests, moist [[evergreen forest]]s and dry [[deciduous forest]]s.<ref name=mad/> They spend about 95% of their time in upper layers of the forest and less than 2% of their time on the ground.<ref name=pic/>
Consistent with its large range, the common brown lemur occupies a variety of forest types, including lowland [[rainforest]]s, [[montane]] rainforests, moist [[evergreen forest]]s and dry [[deciduous forest]]s.<ref name=mad/> They spend about 95% of their time in upper layers of the forest and less than 2% of their time on the ground.<ref name=pic/>


They normally live in groups of 5 to 12, but group size can be larger, especially on Mayotte.<ref name=mad/> Groups occupy home ranges of 1 to 9 [[hectare]]s in the west, but more than 20 hectares in the east.<ref>name=perspective>{{cite book|title=Primates in Perspective | chapter = Lemuriformes |author1=Lisa Gould |author2=Michelle Sauther |editor1=Christina J. Campbell |editor2=Agustin Fuentes |editor2-link=Agustin Fuentes |editor3=Katherine C. MacKinnon |editor4=Melissa Panger |editor5=Simon K. Bearder |year=2007|page=53|isbn=978-0-19-517133-4}}</ref> Groups include members of both sexes, including juveniles, and there are no discernible dominance hierarchies.<ref name=mad/>
They normally live in groups of 5 to 12, but group size can be larger, especially on Mayotte.<ref name=mad/> Groups occupy home ranges of 1 to 9 [[hectare]]s in the west, but more than 20 hectares in the east.<ref name="perspective">{{cite book|title=Primates in Perspective | chapter = Lemuriformes |author1=Lisa Gould |author2=Michelle Sauther |editor1=Christina J. Campbell |editor2=Agustin Fuentes |editor2-link=Agustin Fuentes |editor3=Katherine C. MacKinnon |editor4=Melissa Panger |editor5=Simon K. Bearder |year=2007|page=53|isbn=978-0-19-517133-4}}</ref> Groups include members of both sexes, including juveniles, and there are no discernible dominance hierarchies.<ref name=mad/>


They are primarily active during the day, but can exhibit [[cathemeral]] activity and continue into the night, especially during full moons<ref name=mad/> and during the dry season.<ref name=mitt/><ref name=ecology>{{cite book|title=Primate Ecology and Social Structure Volume 1: Lorises, Lemurs and Tarsiers|author=Robert W. Sussman|pages=[https://archive.org/details/primateecologyso0001suss/page/186 186–187]|year=1999|isbn=0-536-02256-9|url=https://archive.org/details/primateecologyso0001suss/page/186}}</ref>
They are primarily active during the day, but can exhibit [[cathemeral]] activity and continue into the night, especially during full moons<ref name=mad/> and during the dry season.<ref name=mitt3/>{{rp|272–274}}<ref name=ecology>{{cite book|title=Primate Ecology and Social Structure Volume 1: Lorises, Lemurs and Tarsiers|author=Robert W. Sussman|pages=[https://archive.org/details/primateecologyso0001suss/page/186 186–187]|year=1999|isbn=0-536-02256-9|url=https://archive.org/details/primateecologyso0001suss/page/186}}</ref>


In the western part of its range, the common brown lemur overlaps that of the [[mongoose lemur]], and the two species sometimes travel together.<ref name=pic/> In the areas of overlap, the two species also adapt their activity patterns to avoid conflict.<ref name=ecology/> For example, the Mongoose Lemur can become primarily [[nocturnal]] during the dry season in the areas of overlap.
In the western part of its range, the common brown lemur overlaps that of the [[mongoose lemur]], and the two species sometimes travel together.<ref name=pic/> In the areas of overlap, the two species also adapt their activity patterns to avoid conflict.<ref name=ecology/> For example, the mongoose lemur can become primarily [[nocturnal]] during the dry season in the areas of overlap.


At Berenty (south Madagascar) there is a population of introduced ''E. fulvus rufus'' x ''collaris''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ringtailed Lemur Biology: Lemur catta in Madagascar| chapter = Berenty Reserve: a research site in southern Madagascar |author1=Alison Jolly |author2=Naoki Koyama |author3=Hantanirina Rasamimanana |author4=Helen Crowley |author5=George Williams | editor = A. Jolly |editor2=R. W. Sussman |editor3=N. Koyama |editor4=H. Rasamimanana| year=2006|pages=32–42|isbn=0-387-32669-3}}</ref> These lemurs show linear hierarchy, adult female dominance, and the presence of conciliatory behavior after aggressions.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Norscia, I. |author2=Palagi, E. | title = Do wild brown lemurs reconcile? Not always |year= 2010| journal = Journal of Ethology| doi = 10.1007/s10164-010-0228-y | volume = 29 | pages = 181–185}}</ref> Additionally, stress levels (measured via self-directed behaviors) decrease at the increase of the hierarchical position of individuals within the social group and reconciliation is able to bring stress down to the baseline levels.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Palagi, E. |author2=Norscia, I. | title = Scratching around stress: hierarchy and reconciliation make the difference in wild brown lemurs ''Eulemur fulvus''|year= 2010| journal = Stress| doi = 10.3109/10253890.2010.505272 | pmid = 20666657 | volume = 14 | pages = 93–7}}</ref>
At Berenty (south Madagascar) there is a population of introduced ''E. fulvus rufus'' x ''collaris''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ringtailed Lemur Biology: Lemur catta in Madagascar| chapter = Berenty Reserve: a research site in southern Madagascar |author1=Alison Jolly |author2=Naoki Koyama |author3=Hantanirina Rasamimanana |author4=Helen Crowley |author5=George Williams | editor = A. Jolly |editor2=R. W. Sussman |editor3=N. Koyama |editor4=H. Rasamimanana| year=2006|pages=32–42|isbn=0-387-32669-3}}</ref> These lemurs show linear hierarchy, adult female dominance, and the presence of conciliatory behavior after aggressions.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Norscia, I. |author2=Palagi, E. | title = Do wild brown lemurs reconcile? Not always |year= 2010| journal = Journal of Ethology| doi = 10.1007/s10164-010-0228-y | volume = 29 | pages = 181–185|s2cid=45324039 }}</ref> Additionally, stress levels (measured via self-directed behaviors) decrease at the increase of the hierarchical position of individuals within the social group and reconciliation is able to bring stress down to the baseline levels.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Palagi, E. |author2=Norscia, I. | title = Scratching around stress: hierarchy and reconciliation make the difference in wild brown lemurs ''Eulemur fulvus''|year= 2010| journal = Stress| doi = 10.3109/10253890.2010.505272 | pmid = 20666657 | volume = 14 |issue=1 | pages = 93–7|s2cid=21758712 | doi-access = free }}</ref>


==Reproduction==
===Reproduction===
The common brown lemur's mating season is May and June.<ref name=mad/> After a [[gestation|gestation period]] of about 120 days, the young are born in September and October.<ref name=mad/> Single births are most common, but twins have been reported.<ref name=mad/> The young are weaned after about 4 to 5 months.<ref name=mad/><ref name=pic/> Sexual maturity occurs at about 18 months,<ref name=mad/> and females give birth to their first young at 2 years old.<ref name=pic/> Life span can be as long as 30+ years.<ref name=pic/>
The common brown lemur's mating season is May and June.<ref name=mad/> After a [[gestation|gestation period]] of about 120 days, the young are born in September and October.<ref name=mad/> Single births are most common, but twins have been reported.<ref name=mad/> The young are weaned after about 4 to 5 months.<ref name=mad/><ref name=pic/> Sexual maturity occurs at about 18 months,<ref name=mad/> and females give birth to their first young at 2 years old.<ref name=pic/> Life span can be as long as 30+ years.<ref name=pic/>


==Taxonomy==
==Ecology==
⚫
===Diet===
Five additional currently recognized species of lemur were until 2001 considered subspecies of ''E. fulvus''.<ref name=mitt3>{{cite book|title=Lemurs of Madagascar|edition=2nd|author=Russell Mittermeier|page=251|year=2006|isbn=1-881173-88-7|display-authors=etal}}</ref> These are:
⚫
The common brown lemur's diet consists primarily of fruits, young leaves, and flowers.<ref name=mitt3/>{{rp|272–274}} In some locations it eats invertebrates, such as [[cicada]]s,<ref name=mad/> [[spider]]s<ref name=mad/> and [[millipede]]s.<ref name=pic>{{cite book|title=The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates|url=https://archive.org/details/pictorialguideto0000rowe|url-access=registration|author=Noel Rowe|page=[https://archive.org/details/pictorialguideto0000rowe/page/40 40]|year=1996|isbn=0-9648825-0-7}}</ref> It also eats bark, sap, soil and red clay (see [[geophagy]]).<ref name=pic/> It can tolerate greater levels of toxic compounds from plants than other lemurs can.<ref name=mitt3/>{{rp|272–274}}<ref name=pic/>


The common brown lemur from a Brazilian zoo was found to be a host of an intestinal [[acanthocephala]]n parasitic worm,''[[Pachysentis dollfusi]]''. It is unknown if the worm originates from Brazil or Madagascar.<ref name="Gomes 2019">{{Cite journal | doi=10.2478/s11686-019-00080-6| title=A New Species of ''Pachysentis'' Meyer, 1931 (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) in the Brown-Nosed Coati ''Nasua nasua'' (Carnivora: Procyonidae) from Brazil, with Notes on the Genus and a Key to Species| year=2019| last1=Gomes| first1=Ana Paula N.| last2=Amin| first2=Omar M.| last3=Olifiers| first3=Natalie| last4=Bianchi| first4=Rita de Cassia| last5=Souza| first5=Joyce G. R.| last6=Barbosa| first6=Helene S.| last7=Maldonado| first7=Arnaldo| journal=Acta Parasitologica| volume=64| issue=3| pages=587–595| pmid=31286360| pmc=6814649}}</ref>
⚫
*[[White-fronted brown lemur]], ''E. albifrons''
⚫
*[[Gray-headed lemur]], ''E. cinereiceps''
⚫
*[[Collared brown lemur]], ''E. collaris''
⚫
*[[Red-fronted brown lemur]], ''E. rufus''
⚫
*[[Sanford's brown lemur]], ''E. sanfordi''


==Distribution==
⚫
However, a number of zoologists believe that ''E. albifrons'' and ''E. rufus'' should continue to be considered subspecies of ''E. fulvus''.<ref name=mitt3/>
The common brown lemur lives in western Madagascar north of the [[Betsiboka River]] and eastern Madagascar between the [[Mangoro River]] and [[Tsaratanana]], as well as in inland Madagascar connecting the eastern and western ranges.<ref name=mitt3/>{{rp|272–274}} They also live on the island of Mayotte, although this population has been [[introduced species|introduced]] there by man.<ref name=mitt3/>{{rp|272–274}}


==References==
==References==
Line 73: Line 76:
[[Category:Mammals described in 1796]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1796]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]]

Latest revision as of 19:38, 17 December 2023

Common brown lemur
Male
Female with juvenile
both in Peyrieras, Madagascar
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Strepsirrhini
Family: Lemuridae
Genus: Eulemur
Species:
E. fulvus
Binomial name
Eulemur fulvus
Distribution of E. fulvus:[1]
red = native, green = introduced
Synonyms
  • bruneus van der Hoeven, 1844
  • mayottensis Schlegel, 1866

The common brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus) is a species of lemur in the family Lemuridae. It is found in Madagascar and has been introduced to Mayotte.[1]

Taxonomy

[edit]

Five additional currently recognized species of lemur were until 2001 considered subspecies of E. fulvus.[4]: 251  These are:

However, a number of zoologists believe that E. albifrons and E. rufus should continue to be considered subspecies of E. fulvus.[4]: 251 

Physical description

[edit]

The common brown lemur has a total length of 84 to 101 cm (33 to 40 in), including 41 to 51 cm (16 to 20 in) of tail.[5] Weight ranges from 2 to 3 kg (4.4 to 6.6 lb).[5] Common brown lemurs are unique amongst Eulemur in that they exhibit little-to-no sexual dichromatism: in both males and females, the face, muzzle and crown are dark gray or black, with white or tan "cheeks" of varying thickness. Some individuals may have pale-colored eyebrow patches, and the eyes are almost always a deep orange-red. The short, dense fur of the body is primarily brown or gray-brown, with a lighter gray or tan underside. The fur on the back of their hands is often a medium orange or reddish color, and their long, bushy tail may either be similar in color to the dorsal pelage or, more commonly, a darker shade of gray, black, or brown.[5]

Due to the species' history of containing all fellow brown lemurs as subspecies, they are very commonly misidentified in images and texts, and often confused with other species (such as red-fronted lemurs and gray-headed lemurs) or with various other unrelated hybrids.

Similar lemur species within their range include the mongoose lemur (E. mongoz) in the west and the red-bellied lemur (E. rubriventer) in the east.[5] They can be distinguished from these species by the fact that E. mongoz is more of a grey color and E. rubriventer is more reddish. There is also some overlap with the black lemur in northeast Madagascar in the Galoko, Manongarivo and Tsaratanana Massifs.[4]: 288  There is also overlap and hybridization with the white-fronted brown lemur, E. albifrons, in the northeast portion of the common brown lemur's range.[4]: 282 

Behavior

[edit]

Consistent with its large range, the common brown lemur occupies a variety of forest types, including lowland rainforests, montane rainforests, moist evergreen forests and dry deciduous forests.[5] They spend about 95% of their time in upper layers of the forest and less than 2% of their time on the ground.[6]

They normally live in groups of 5 to 12, but group size can be larger, especially on Mayotte.[5] Groups occupy home ranges of 1 to 9 hectares in the west, but more than 20 hectares in the east.[7] Groups include members of both sexes, including juveniles, and there are no discernible dominance hierarchies.[5]

They are primarily active during the day, but can exhibit cathemeral activity and continue into the night, especially during full moons[5] and during the dry season.[4]: 272–274 [8]

In the western part of its range, the common brown lemur overlaps that of the mongoose lemur, and the two species sometimes travel together.[6] In the areas of overlap, the two species also adapt their activity patterns to avoid conflict.[8] For example, the mongoose lemur can become primarily nocturnal during the dry season in the areas of overlap.

At Berenty (south Madagascar) there is a population of introduced E. fulvus rufus x collaris.[9] These lemurs show linear hierarchy, adult female dominance, and the presence of conciliatory behavior after aggressions.[10] Additionally, stress levels (measured via self-directed behaviors) decrease at the increase of the hierarchical position of individuals within the social group and reconciliation is able to bring stress down to the baseline levels.[11]

Reproduction

[edit]

The common brown lemur's mating season is May and June.[5] After a gestation period of about 120 days, the young are born in September and October.[5] Single births are most common, but twins have been reported.[5] The young are weaned after about 4 to 5 months.[5][6] Sexual maturity occurs at about 18 months,[5] and females give birth to their first young at 2 years old.[6] Life span can be as long as 30+ years.[6]

Ecology

[edit]

Diet

[edit]

The common brown lemur's diet consists primarily of fruits, young leaves, and flowers.[4]: 272–274  In some locations it eats invertebrates, such as cicadas,[5] spiders[5] and millipedes.[6] It also eats bark, sap, soil and red clay (see geophagy).[6] It can tolerate greater levels of toxic compounds from plants than other lemurs can.[4]: 272–274 [6]

The common brown lemur from a Brazilian zoo was found to be a host of an intestinal acanthocephalan parasitic worm,Pachysentis dollfusi. It is unknown if the worm originates from Brazil or Madagascar.[12]

Distribution

[edit]

The common brown lemur lives in western Madagascar north of the Betsiboka River and eastern Madagascar between the Mangoro River and Tsaratanana, as well as in inland Madagascar connecting the eastern and western ranges.[4]: 272–274  They also live on the island of Mayotte, although this population has been introduced there by man.[4]: 272–274 

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eulemur fulvus.
  1. ^ a b c Irwin, M.; King, T. (2020). "Eulemur fulvus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T8207A115562499. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T8207A115562499.en.
  2. ^ "Checklist of CITES Species". CITES. UNEP-WCMC. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  3. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 115. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Russell Mittermeier; et al. (2006). Lemurs of Madagascar (2nd ed.). ISBN 1-881173-88-7.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Nick Garbutt (2007). Mammals of Madagascar. pp. 155–156. ISBN 978-0-300-12550-4.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Noel Rowe (1996). The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. p. 40. ISBN 0-9648825-0-7.
  7. ^ Lisa Gould; Michelle Sauther (2007). "Lemuriformes". In Christina J. Campbell; Agustin Fuentes; Katherine C. MacKinnon; Melissa Panger; Simon K. Bearder (eds.). Primates in Perspective. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-19-517133-4.
  8. ^ a b Robert W. Sussman (1999). Primate Ecology and Social Structure Volume 1: Lorises, Lemurs and Tarsiers. pp. 186–187. ISBN 0-536-02256-9.
  9. ^ Alison Jolly; Naoki Koyama; Hantanirina Rasamimanana; Helen Crowley; George Williams (2006). "Berenty Reserve: a research site in southern Madagascar". In A. Jolly; R. W. Sussman; N. Koyama; H. Rasamimanana (eds.). Ringtailed Lemur Biology: Lemur catta in Madagascar. pp. 32–42. ISBN 0-387-32669-3.
  10. ^ Norscia, I.; Palagi, E. (2010). "Do wild brown lemurs reconcile? Not always". Journal of Ethology. 29: 181–185. doi:10.1007/s10164-010-0228-y. S2CID 45324039.
  11. ^ Palagi, E.; Norscia, I. (2010). "Scratching around stress: hierarchy and reconciliation make the difference in wild brown lemurs Eulemur fulvus". Stress. 14 (1): 93–7. doi:10.3109/10253890.2010.505272. PMID 20666657. S2CID 21758712.
  12. ^ Gomes, Ana Paula N.; Amin, Omar M.; Olifiers, Natalie; Bianchi, Rita de Cassia; Souza, Joyce G. R.; Barbosa, Helene S.; Maldonado, Arnaldo (2019). "A New Species of Pachysentis Meyer, 1931 (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) in the Brown-Nosed Coati Nasua nasua (Carnivora: Procyonidae) from Brazil, with Notes on the Genus and a Key to Species". Acta Parasitologica. 64 (3): 587–595. doi:10.2478/s11686-019-00080-6. PMC 6814649. PMID 31286360.
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