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{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| name = Red lory
| name = Red lory
| image = Eos bornea -Taronga Zoo, Sydney, Australia-8a (1).jpg
| image = Eos bornea -Taronga Zoo, Sydney, Australia-8a (1).jpg
| image_caption = At [[Taronga Zoo]], Sydney, Australia
| image_caption = At [[Taronga Zoo]], Sydney, Australia
| image_width =
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{IUCN|id=22684509|title=''Eos bornea''|assessor=BirdLife International|assessor-link=BirdLife International|version=2013.2|year=2012|accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Eos bornea'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22684509A131914146 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22684509A131914146.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| genus = Eos
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| species = bornea
⚫
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| classis = [[Aves]]
⚫
| synonyms = *''Eos goodfellowi'' {{small|Ogilvie-Grant,&nbsp;1907}}
| ordo = [[parrot|Psittaciformes]]
*''Psittacus borneus'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}}
| superfamilia = [[true parrots|Psittacoidea]]
| familia = [[Psittaculidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Loriinae]]
| tribus = [[Loriini]]
| genus = ''[[Eos (genus)|Eos]]''
| species = ''E. bornea''
| binomial = ''Eos bornea''
⚫
| binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
⚫
| synonyms = *''Eos goodfellowi''
}}
}}


The '''red lory''' (''Eos bornea'') is a species of [[parrot]] in the family [[Psittaculidae]]. It is the second most commonly kept lory in captivity, after the [[rainbow lorikeet]].
The '''red lory''' ('''''Eos bornea''''') is a species of [[parrot]] in the family [[Psittaculidae]]. It is the second-most commonly kept lory in captivity, after the [[rainbow lorikeet]].

==Taxonomy==
In 1751 the English naturalist [[George Edwards (naturalist)|George Edwards]] included an illustration and a description of the red lory in the fourth volume of his ''A Natural History of Uncommon Birds''. He used the English name "The long-tailed scarlet lory". Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a stuffed specimen that he had purchased from a toyshop in London. He was uncertain of its origin. Edward gave his specimen to the collector [[Hans Sloane]] and subsequently a visitor to Sloane's house suggested that the bird may have come from [[Borneo]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Edwards | first=George | author-link=George Edwards (naturalist) | year=1751 | title=A Natural History of Uncommon Birds | place=London | publisher=Printed for the author at the College of Physicians | volume=Part 4 | page=173, Plate 173 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50196411 }}</ref> When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] updated his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' for the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]], he placed the red lory with the other parrots in the [[genus]] ''[[Psittacus]]''. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the [[binomial name]] ''Psittacus borneus'' and cited Edwards' work.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=97 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=la | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727004 }}</ref> The red lory is now one of six species placed in the genus ''[[Eos (bird)|Eos]]'' that was introduced by the German naturalist [[Johann Georg Wagler]] in 1832.<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Wagler | first=Johann Georg | author-link=Johann Georg Wagler | year=1832 | title=Monographia Psittacorum | journal=Abhandlungen der mathematisch-physikalischen Classe, Königlich-Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften | volume=1 | pages=463–750 [494] | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11355754 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2021 | title=Parrots, cockatoos | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=1 November 2021 }}</ref> The genus name is from the [[Ancient Greek]] ''eōs'' meaning "dawn". The specific epithet ''borneus'', ''bornea'' is a toponym from [[Borneo]]. This is an error as the species does not occur on the island.<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n147 147], [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n075 75] }}</ref>

There is some uncertainty as to whether Edwards' plate actually depicts a red lory and the binomial name ''Eos rubra'' ([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1788) has sometimes been used for this species.<ref name=ioc/><ref>{{ cite journal | last=Walters | first=Michael | year=1998 | title=What is ''Psittacus borneus'' Linnaeus? | journal=Forktail | volume=13 | pages=124–125 | url=https://www.orientalbirdclub.org/s/Walters-Psittacus.pdf }}</ref>

The word "lory" comes from the [[Malay language|Malay]] ''lūri'', a name used for a number of species of colourful parrots.<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=231 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n231/mode/1up }}</ref> The name was used by the Dutch writer [[Johan Nieuhof]] in 1682 in a book describing his travels in the [[East Indies]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Nieuhof | first=Johan | author-link=Johan Nieuhof | date= | title=Zee en lant-reize, door verscheide gewesten van Oostindien : behelzende veele zeltzaame en wonderlijke voorvallen en geschiedenissen. Beneffens een beschrijving van lantschappen, steden, dieren, gewassen, draghten, zeden en godsdienst der inwoonders en inzonderheit een wijtloopig verhael der stad Batavia | language=Dutch | location=Amsterdam | publisher=Jacob van Meurs | page=287 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SEZnAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA287 }}</ref> The spelling "laurey" was used by English naturalist [[Eleazar Albin]] in 1731 for a species of parrot from Brazil,<ref>{{ cite book | last1=Albin | first1=Eleazar | author1-link=Eleazar Albin | last2=Derham | first2=William | author2-link=William Derham | year=1731 | title=A Natural History of Birds : Illustrated with a Hundred and One Copper Plates, Curiously Engraven from the Life | volume=1 | page=13, Plate 13| location=London | publisher=Printed for the author and sold by William Innys | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41130217 }}</ref> and then in 1751 Edwards used the spelling "lory" for five species of parrot from the East Indies. Edwards credited Nieuhof for the name.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Edwards | first=George | author-link=George Edwards (naturalist) | year=1751 | title=A Natural History of Uncommon Birds | place=London | publisher=Printed for the author at the College of Physicians | volume=Part 4 | pages=170–174 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50196404 }}</ref>

Two [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/>
* ''E. b. cyanonotha'' ([[Louis Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]], 1818) – [[Buru]] (central [[Maluku Islands]])
* ''E. b. bornea'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758) – south Maluku Islands and [[Kai Islands]]


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Eos bornea.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Type illustration]] of ''Eos bornea'']]
[[File:Eos bornea.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Type illustration]] of ''Eos bornea'']]
The red lory is about {{convert|31|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. They weigh 30-300 grams.<ref name = "Prettybird">{{cite web|title=Red Lory|url=http://www.prettybird.com/birds/redlor.htm|publisher=Pretty Bird International Inc.|accessdate=December 11, 2012}}</ref> It is mostly red and the plumage of the upper body is all red. There are red, blue, and black markings on the back and wings, and the tail is red-brown with blue under-tail coverts. The beak is orange and the legs are grey. The irises are red except in ''E. b. bernsteini'', which has brown irises. There is no bare skin at the base of the lower mandible. The male and female have identical external appearance. Juveniles are duller and have brown irises and a brownish beak.<ref name="Forshaw (2006). plate 9.">Forshaw (2006). plate 9.</ref> Their bills are narrow and less powerful than other types of parrots and their gizzards are generally thin-walled and weak. A defining characteristic of a Lory is their brush tongues with papillae at the tips to help them feed on pollen and nectar.<ref name = "Parrots">Parrots, lories and cocatoos. (2003). In C. Perrins (Ed.), The new encyclopedia
The red lory is about {{convert|31|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. They weigh 30-300 grams.<ref name="Prettybird">{{cite web|title=Red Lory|url=http://www.prettybird.com/birds/redlor.htm|publisher=Pretty Bird International Inc.|access-date=December 11, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306161823/http://prettybird.com/birds/redlor.htm|archive-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref> It is mostly red and all the plumage of the upper body is red. There are red, blue, and black marks on the back and wings, and the tail is reddish-brown with blue under-tail coverts. The beak is orange and the legs are grey. The irises are red except in ''E. b. bernsteini'', which has brown irises. There is no bare skin at the base of the lower mandible. The male and female have identical external appearance. Juveniles are duller and have brown irises and a brownish beak.<ref name="Forshaw (2006). plate 9.">Forshaw (2006). plate 9.</ref> Their bills are narrower and less powerful than other types of parrots and their gizzards are generally thin-walled and weak. A defining characteristic of a Lory is their brush tongues with papillae at the tips to help them feed on pollen and nectar.<ref name = "Parrots">Parrots, lories and cocatoos. (2003). In C. Perrins (Ed.), The new encyclopedia
of birds (1 rev ed.). Oxford University Press.</ref>
of birds (1 rev ed.). Oxford University Press.</ref>


==Distribution and habitat==
==Distribution and habitat==
Lories and Lorikeets live in Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia and the Pacific.<ref name="Parrots"/> The red lory in particular is [[endemic]] to the [[Maluku Islands|Moluccas]] and surrounding islands in [[Indonesia]]. Its natural [[habitat]]s are tropical moist lowland [[forest]]s and tropical [[mangrove]] forests.
Lories and lorikeets live in Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia and the Pacific.<ref name="Parrots"/> The red lory in particular is [[endemic]] to the [[Maluku Islands|Moluccas]] and surrounding islands in [[Indonesia]]. Its natural [[habitat]]s are tropical moist lowland [[forest]]s and tropical [[mangrove]] forests.
It also was introduced to [[Taiwan]].
It also was introduced to Maldives and released by hotel owners to enrich poor local terrestrial avifauna (which includes only few common Indian land birds such as common myna, Asian koel and House crow) and began to establish there.


==Aviculture==
==Aviculture==
This intelligent bird has a playful personality and a colourful appearance. They're often described as flamboyant, theatrical and pugnacious birds.<ref name="Parrots"/> The subspecies, Buru red lory (''Eos bornea cyanonothus'') is darker, more maroon in colour, and is often confused in captivity with the nominate. Inadvertent interbreeding between the two subspecies has made a clear identification difficult for pet owners as hybrids can be found. The other two subspecies are not as common, Rothschild's red lory (''Eos bornea rothschildi'') and Bernstein's red lory (''Eos bornea bernsteini''). Lories are very intelligent, trainable, affectionate, playful and curious and they can display some interesting behaviors. For example, some lories have wrapped themselves in a washcloth for sleeping or some sleep on their backs with their feet up in the air. When kept as a pet, they should be given toys (ropes, bells, balls, swings), chewing items and branches. They require lots of attention and care. They should be bathed frequently in a bird bath, bowl or shower, and they can be dried by the sun or by a blow drier. A moderate amount of their feathers should be clipped to prevent them from flying. Young birds must be socialized and exposed to new people and new things (new cages, toys, vet visits, wing and nail clippings). Outdoor housing is preferred, but if housed in cages, the cages must be large and cleaned often. They may be kept alone or with others, as long as they're closely monitored for signs of aggression. Mated pairs defend their territories forcefully.<ref name = "Prettybird" /><ref name = "Peteducation">Foster, & Smith. (n.d.). Red Lory. Retrieved December 11, 2012, from Pet
This intelligent bird has a playful personality and a colourful appearance. They are often described as flamboyant, theatrical and pugnacious birds.<ref name="Parrots"/> The subspecies, Buru red lory (''Eos bornea cyanonothus'') is darker, more maroon in colour, and is often confused in captivity with the nominate. Inadvertent interbreeding between the two subspecies has made a clear identification difficult for pet owners as hybrids can be found. The other two subspecies are not as common, Rothschild's red lory (''Eos bornea rothschildi'') and Bernstein's red lory (''Eos bornea bernsteini''). Lories are very intelligent, trainable, affectionate, playful and curious and they can display interesting behaviors. For example, some lories have wrapped themselves in a washcloth for sleeping or some sleep on their backs with their feet up in the air. When kept as a pet, they should be given toys (ropes, bells, balls, swings), chewing items and branches. They require much attention and care. They should be bathed frequently in a bird bath, bowl or shower, and they can be dried by the sun or by a blow drier. A moderate amount of their feathers should be clipped to prevent them from flying{{dubious|date=May 2021}}. Young birds must be socialized and exposed to new people and new things (new cages, toys, vet visits, wing and nail clippings). Outdoor housing is preferred, but if housed in cages, the cages must be large and cleaned often. They may be kept alone or with others, as long as they are closely monitored for signs of aggression. Mated pairs defend their territories forcefully.<ref name = "Prettybird" /><ref name = "Peteducation">Foster, & Smith. (n.d.). Red Lory. Retrieved December 11, 2012, from Pet
Education website: http://www.peteducation.com/
Education website: http://www.peteducation.com/
article.cfm?c=15+1840&aid=2306</ref>
article.cfm?c=15+1840&aid=2306</ref>


==Diet==
==Diet==
In the wild, lories eat nectar, pollen, fruits, and occasional insects. As pets they should be fed a good formulated diet. Smaller lories should be fed fresh nectar (commercial or home-made) daily. Larger birds can be fed pellets from a bird food company, or fruits and vegetables such as apples, pomegranates, papaya, grapes, cantaloupe, pineapple, figs, kiwi, and corn-on-the-cob. Lories can be given treats to reward positive behavior. Fresh, clean water should be provided daily.<ref name = "Prettybird" /><ref name = "Peteducation" />
In the wild, lories eat nectar, pollen, fruits, and occasional insects. As pets they should be fed a good formulated diet. Smaller lories should be fed fresh nectar (commercial or home-made) daily. Larger birds can be fed pellets from a [[bird food]] company, or fruits and vegetables such as apples, pomegranates, papaya, grapes, cantaloupe, pineapple, figs, kiwi, and corn-on-the-cob. Lories can be given treats to reward positive behavior. Fresh, clean water should be provided daily.<ref name = "Prettybird" /><ref name = "Peteducation" />


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery perrow =3>
<gallery widths="240" heights="180">
File:Red Lory (Eos bornea) Jurong Bird Park2-3c.jpg
File:Red Lory (Eos bornea) Jurong Bird Park2-3c.jpg
File:Eos bornea at Jurong Bird Park 3.JPG
File:Eos bornea at Jurong Bird Park 3.JPG
File:Eos bornea-20051118.jpg| [[Jurong BirdPark]], Singapore
File:Eos bornea-20051118.jpg| [[Jurong BirdPark]], Singapore, Jurong
File: Eos bornea - Red lory.webm| [[Jurong BirdPark]]. Video clip
</gallery>
</gallery>


==References==<!-- Forktail13:124. -->
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite web| publisher =BirdLife International (2008) |url = http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1341&m=0 |title = Species factsheet: ''Eos bornea'' |accessdate = 20 March 2009 }}
*{{cite web| publisher =BirdLife International (2008) |url = http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1341&m=0 |title = Species factsheet: ''Eos bornea'' |access-date = 20 March 2009 }}
* [[Rosemary Low]]. ''Encyclopedia of Lories'' (1998)
* [[Rosemary Low]]. ''Encyclopedia of Lories'' (1998)


==Cited texts==
==Cited texts==
* {{Cite book |first=Joseph M. |last=Forshaw | authorlink=Joseph Forshaw |title=Parrots of the World; an Identification Guide|others =Illustrated by [[Frank Knight (artist)|Frank Knight]]|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=0-691-09251-6 |page= |nopp = yes| year=2006 }}
* {{Cite book |first=Joseph M. |last=Forshaw |author-link=Joseph Forshaw |title=Parrots of the World; an Identification Guide |others=Illustrated by [[Frank Knight (artist)|Frank Knight]] |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=0-691-09251-6 |year=2006 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/parrotsofworldid0000fors }}


==External links==
==External links==
⚫
{{Commons|Eos bornea}}
*[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/red-lory-eos-bornea Red Lory (Eos bornea)] videos and photos at Internet Bird Collection
*[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/red-lory-eos-bornea Red Lory (Eos bornea)] videos and photos at Internet Bird Collection

⚫
{{Commons|Eos bornea}}


{{Lories and lorikeets}}
{{Lories and lorikeets}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q850931}}


[[Category:Eos (bird)|red lory]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:lory, red}}
[[Category:Eos (genus)|red lory]]
[[Category:Birds of Maluku]]
[[Category:Birds of the Maluku Islands]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758|red lory]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758|red lory]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|red lory]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Endemic birds of Indonesia]]

Latest revision as of 22:31, 21 December 2023

Red lory
At Taronga Zoo, Sydney, Australia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittaculidae
Genus: Eos
Species:
E. bornea
Binomial name
Eos bornea
Synonyms
  • Eos goodfellowi Ogilvie-Grant, 1907
  • Psittacus borneus Linnaeus, 1758

The red lory (Eos bornea) is a species of parrot in the family Psittaculidae. It is the second-most commonly kept lory in captivity, after the rainbow lorikeet.

Taxonomy

[edit]

In 1751 the English naturalist George Edwards included an illustration and a description of the red lory in the fourth volume of his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. He used the English name "The long-tailed scarlet lory". Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a stuffed specimen that he had purchased from a toyshop in London. He was uncertain of its origin. Edward gave his specimen to the collector Hans Sloane and subsequently a visitor to Sloane's house suggested that the bird may have come from Borneo.[2] When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition, he placed the red lory with the other parrots in the genus Psittacus. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Psittacus borneus and cited Edwards' work.[3] The red lory is now one of six species placed in the genus Eos that was introduced by the German naturalist Johann Georg Wagler in 1832.[4][5] The genus name is from the Ancient Greek eōs meaning "dawn". The specific epithet borneus, bornea is a toponym from Borneo. This is an error as the species does not occur on the island.[6]

There is some uncertainty as to whether Edwards' plate actually depicts a red lory and the binomial name Eos rubra (Gmelin, 1788) has sometimes been used for this species.[5][7]

The word "lory" comes from the Malay lūri, a name used for a number of species of colourful parrots.[8] The name was used by the Dutch writer Johan Nieuhof in 1682 in a book describing his travels in the East Indies.[9] The spelling "laurey" was used by English naturalist Eleazar Albin in 1731 for a species of parrot from Brazil,[10] and then in 1751 Edwards used the spelling "lory" for five species of parrot from the East Indies. Edwards credited Nieuhof for the name.[11]

Two subspecies are recognised:[5]

Description

[edit]
Type illustration of Eos bornea

The red lory is about 31 cm (12 in) long. They weigh 30-300 grams.[12] It is mostly red and all the plumage of the upper body is red. There are red, blue, and black marks on the back and wings, and the tail is reddish-brown with blue under-tail coverts. The beak is orange and the legs are grey. The irises are red except in E. b. bernsteini, which has brown irises. There is no bare skin at the base of the lower mandible. The male and female have identical external appearance. Juveniles are duller and have brown irises and a brownish beak.[13] Their bills are narrower and less powerful than other types of parrots and their gizzards are generally thin-walled and weak. A defining characteristic of a Lory is their brush tongues with papillae at the tips to help them feed on pollen and nectar.[14]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

Lories and lorikeets live in Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia and the Pacific.[14] The red lory in particular is endemic to the Moluccas and surrounding islands in Indonesia. Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland forests and tropical mangrove forests. It also was introduced to Taiwan.

Aviculture

[edit]

This intelligent bird has a playful personality and a colourful appearance. They are often described as flamboyant, theatrical and pugnacious birds.[14] The subspecies, Buru red lory (Eos bornea cyanonothus) is darker, more maroon in colour, and is often confused in captivity with the nominate. Inadvertent interbreeding between the two subspecies has made a clear identification difficult for pet owners as hybrids can be found. The other two subspecies are not as common, Rothschild's red lory (Eos bornea rothschildi) and Bernstein's red lory (Eos bornea bernsteini). Lories are very intelligent, trainable, affectionate, playful and curious and they can display interesting behaviors. For example, some lories have wrapped themselves in a washcloth for sleeping or some sleep on their backs with their feet up in the air. When kept as a pet, they should be given toys (ropes, bells, balls, swings), chewing items and branches. They require much attention and care. They should be bathed frequently in a bird bath, bowl or shower, and they can be dried by the sun or by a blow drier. A moderate amount of their feathers should be clipped to prevent them from flying[dubious – discuss]. Young birds must be socialized and exposed to new people and new things (new cages, toys, vet visits, wing and nail clippings). Outdoor housing is preferred, but if housed in cages, the cages must be large and cleaned often. They may be kept alone or with others, as long as they are closely monitored for signs of aggression. Mated pairs defend their territories forcefully.[12][15]

Diet

[edit]

In the wild, lories eat nectar, pollen, fruits, and occasional insects. As pets they should be fed a good formulated diet. Smaller lories should be fed fresh nectar (commercial or home-made) daily. Larger birds can be fed pellets from a bird food company, or fruits and vegetables such as apples, pomegranates, papaya, grapes, cantaloupe, pineapple, figs, kiwi, and corn-on-the-cob. Lories can be given treats to reward positive behavior. Fresh, clean water should be provided daily.[12][15]

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Eos bornea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22684509A131914146. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22684509A131914146.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Edwards, George (1751). A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. Vol. Part 4. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. p. 173, Plate 173.
  3. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 97.
  4. ^ Wagler, Johann Georg (1832). "Monographia Psittacorum". Abhandlungen der mathematisch-physikalischen Classe, Königlich-Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1: 463–750 [494].
  5. ^ a b c Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  6. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 147, 75. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  7. ^ Walters, Michael (1998). "What is Psittacus borneus Linnaeus?" (PDF). Forktail. 13: 124–125.
  8. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 231. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  9. ^ Nieuhof, Johan. Zee en lant-reize, door verscheide gewesten van Oostindien : behelzende veele zeltzaame en wonderlijke voorvallen en geschiedenissen. Beneffens een beschrijving van lantschappen, steden, dieren, gewassen, draghten, zeden en godsdienst der inwoonders en inzonderheit een wijtloopig verhael der stad Batavia (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Jacob van Meurs. p. 287.
  10. ^ Albin, Eleazar; Derham, William (1731). A Natural History of Birds : Illustrated with a Hundred and One Copper Plates, Curiously Engraven from the Life. Vol. 1. London: Printed for the author and sold by William Innys. p. 13, Plate 13.
  11. ^ Edwards, George (1751). A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. Vol. Part 4. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. pp. 170–174.
  12. ^ a b c "Red Lory". Pretty Bird International Inc. Archived from the original on March 6, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
  13. ^ Forshaw (2006). plate 9.
  14. ^ a b c Parrots, lories and cocatoos. (2003). In C. Perrins (Ed.), The new encyclopedia of birds (1 rev ed.). Oxford University Press.
  15. ^ a b Foster, & Smith. (n.d.). Red Lory. Retrieved December 11, 2012, from Pet Education website: http://www.peteducation.com/ article.cfm?c=15+1840&aid=2306

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