Betula populifolia: Difference between revisions
Oreste1959 (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
m Merging Category:Trees of the Southeastern United States to Category:Trees of Northern America per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2023 November 20#Category:Trees of Subarctic America |
||
| (38 intermediate revisions by 15 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Species of birch}} |
|||
{{Redirect|Grey birch|the moth|Aethalura punctulata}} |
{{Redirect|Grey birch|the moth|Aethalura punctulata}} |
||
{{italic title}} |
{{italic title}} |
||
{{Speciesbox |
{{Speciesbox |
||
|name = Gray birch |
| name = Gray birch |
||
|image = Gray birch against gray sky.jpg |
| image = Gray birch against gray sky.jpg |
||
|image_caption = Gray birches in winter |
| image_caption = Gray birches in winter |
||
|genus = Betula |
| genus = Betula |
||
|parent = Betula subg. Betula |
| parent = Betula subg. Betula |
||
|species = populifolia |
| species = populifolia |
||
| status = LC |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| status_ref = Stritch, L. 2014. Betula populifolia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T194635A2354478. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194635A2354478.en. Accessed on 17 November 2023. |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
}} |
}} |
||
'''''Betula populifolia''','' known as the '''gray''' (or '''grey) birch,''' is a [[deciduous]] [[tree]] in the family [[Betulaceae]]. It is native to eastern [[North America]] and is most commonly found in the northeast [[United States]] as well as southern [[Quebec]], [[New Brunswick]], and [[Nova Scotia]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Lavoie |first=Martin |last2=Pellerin |first2=Stéphanie |date=9 September 2015 |title=The palaeoecological record of gray birch (Betula populifolia) in eastern North America |url=https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2015-0140 |journal=Botany |volume=93 |issue=12 |pages=801–808}}</ref> The tree is a [[pioneer species]] that is commonly found in sites following disturbance, such as fire or logging.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=Betula populifolia |url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/betpop/all.html |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=www.fs.usda.gov}}</ref> Gray birches don't have as much economic value as other birch species but are still commonly used as ornamental trees.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last=Peronto |first=Marjories |last2=Manley |first2=Reeser C. |date=2008 |title=Bulletin #2567, Native Trees and Shrubs for Maine Landscapes: Gray Birch (Betula populifolia) |url=https://extension.umaine.edu/publications/2567e/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=UMaine Extension}}</ref> |
|||
'''''Betula populifolia''''' ('''gray''' or '''grey birch''') is a [[deciduous]] [[tree]] native to eastern [[North America]]. |
|||
== |
== Description == |
||
''Betula populifolia'' is a small tree that reaches heights of 20 to 30 feet (6 to 9 m) with a [[diameter at breast height]] (DBH) of 4 to 8 inches (10 to 20 cm). The tree is often found with multiple stems. The [[Crown (botany)|crown]] is pyramidal with somewhat drooping branches.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://www.maine.gov/dacf/mfs/publications/handbooks_guides/forest_trees/pdf/Forest_Trees_of_Maine.pdf |title=Forest Trees of Maine |publisher=Maine Forest Service |year=2008 |isbn=9781882190614 |edition=14th |pages=92–93}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Virginia Tech Dendrology Fact Sheet |url=https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=16 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=dendro.cnre.vt.edu}}</ref> |
|||
It ranges from southeastern [[Ontario]] east to [[Nova Scotia]], and south to [[Pennsylvania]] and [[New Jersey]], with disjunct populations in [[Indiana]], [[Virginia]], and [[North Carolina]]. It prefers poor, dry upland soils, but is also found in moist mixed woodlands. Living only about 30 years, it is a common [[pioneer species]] on abandoned fields and burned areas. |
|||
The [[Bark (botany)|bark]] is smooth, a grayish-white or chalky color with visible [[lenticel]]s and black triangular patches located at the base of branches.<ref name=":23" /> It is commonly confused for paper birch (''[[Betula papyrifera]]'') by means of its bark, but it is differentiable as gray birch bark does not exfoliate (peel) as readily as paper birch. It is also occasionally confused for quaking aspen (''[[Populus tremuloides]]''), which has similar bark, but different leaves and buds.<ref name=":0" /> |
|||
==Characteristics== |
|||
Gray birch grows quickly to 20 to 30 feet tall and 15 inch trunk diameter, with an irregular open crown of slender branches. The tree often has multiple trunks branching off an old stump. The [[leaf|leaves]] are 5-7.5 cm long by 4–6 cm wide, alternately arranged, ovate, and tapering to an elongated tip. They are dark green and glabrous above and paler below, with a coarsely serrated margin.<ref name="refname1"/> The [[Bark (botany)|bark]] is chalky to grayish white with black triangular patches where branch meets trunk. It is most easily confused for the paper birch (''[[Betula papyrifera]]'') by means of its bark; it is smooth and thin but does not readily exfoliate like paper birch does. The [[flower]]s are wind-pollinated [[catkin]]s 5–8 cm long, the male catkins pendulous and the female catkins erect. The [[fruit]], maturing in autumn, is composed of many tiny winged seeds packed between the catkin bracts. |
|||
Twigs are slender, wiry, hairless, dull gray or brown in color, and have a warty or rough texture. [[Bud]]s are pointed, green-brown in color, shiny, and have a gummy coating.<ref name=":0" /> ''Betula populifolia'' lacks terminal buds. |
|||
The [[wood]] is medium hard and is used for high grade plywood, furniture, drum shells, spools and firewood. |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
The [[Leaf|leaves]] are 2.5 to 3 inches (5 to 7 cm) in length, alternate, simple, pinnately-veined, and taper to an elongated tip. They are dark green and glabrous above and paler below, with doubly serrate margins.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Leopold |first=Donald J. |title=Harlow and Harrar's Textbook of Dendrology |last2=Hardin |first2=James W. |last3=White |first3=Fred M. |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |year=2000 |isbn=9780073661711 |edition=9th}}</ref> Like other members of the [[Betula]] genus, leaves turn yellow in autumn. |
|||
[[File:Betula populifolia bark.jpg|thumb|''Betula populifolia'' bark, with its signature black chevron patches.]] |
|||
The [[flower]]s are wind-pollinated [[catkin]]s 2 to 3 inches (5 to 8 cm) long, the male catkins pendulous and the female catkins erect. The [[fruit]], maturing in autumn, is composed of many tiny winged seeds packed between the catkin bracts.<ref name=":1" /> |
|||
=== Etymology === |
|||
Like other North American birches, gray birch is highly resistant to the [[bronze birch borer]] (''Agrilus anxius'').<ref name="refname2"/> The leaves of the gray birch serve as food for various [[Lepidoptera]], such as the [[leaf miner]] moth ''[[Cameraria betulivora]]''. Between about 1930 and 1950, many gray birch trees, along with paper birch and [[Betula alleghaniensis|yellow birch]] (''Betula alleghaniensis''), were affected and killed by [[Birch dieback|birch dieback disease]].<ref name=Ciesla>{{cite book|author1=Ciesla, William M. |author2=Donaubauer, Edwin|title=Decline and Dieback of Trees and Forests: A Global Overview |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FDgYfi1G8L0C&pg=PA18 |year=1994 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103502-3 |pages=18, 698}}</ref> |
|||
''Betula populifolia'' means "birch with poplar-like leaves" when translated from Latin to English, and is derived from the behavior of gray birch leaves, which flutter similarly to poplar leaves in the wind.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2017-12-05 |title=Gray Birch |url=https://www.bates.edu/canopy/species/gray-birch/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Bates Canopy |language=en}}</ref> |
|||
== Distribution and habitat == |
|||
Gray birch has been commonly planted as a landscaping tree in southern Pennsylvania and New Jersey as it tolerates heat and humidity better than paper birch and is more resistant to [[bronze birch borer]]s and [[leaf miner]]s. |
|||
Gray birch can be found in the northeast [[United States]] and small portions of [[Canada]]. It ranges from southeastern [[Quebec]] along the [[St. Lawrence River]] east to parts of [[New Brunswick]] and [[Nova Scotia]], south through [[New England]] and upstate [[New York (state)|New York]] to [[Pennsylvania]] and [[New Jersey]].<ref name=":2" /> There are also disjunct populations in [[Ohio]], western Pennsylvania, [[Virginia]], and [[North Carolina]].<ref name=":23" /> Gray birch has been listed as extinct in [[Delaware]], extirpated in [[Illinois]], and rare in Maryland.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Wennerberg |first=Sarah |date=May 31, 2006 |title=Plant Guide: Gray Birch |url=https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_bepo.pdf |website=USDA Plants Database}}</ref> |
|||
The tree prefers well-drained, loamy soils, but can also grow in dryer, gravelly soils.<ref name=":4" /> They are tolerant of poor soils with low nutrient densities, which allows them to establish in a wide variety of habitats.<ref name=":52" /> They are known as [[pioneer species]] since they are often one of the first trees to populate a disturbed area, such as fields, burn sites, and abandoned mines.<ref name=":23" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Betula populifolia Grey Birch PFAF Plant Database |url=https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Betula+populifolia |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=pfaf.org}}</ref> They thrive in sunlight since they are a [[Shade tolerance|shade intolerant]] species, but eventually give way to longer lived, more shade tolerant species. In regenerative stands, ''Betula populifolia'' are commonly found along other early successional species such as paper birch, quaking aspen, and bigtooth aspen (''[[Populus grandidentata]]'').<ref name=":52" /> In other mixed stands, gray birches are commonly associated with beech-birch-maple communities.<ref name=":23" /> |
|||
==Gallery== |
|||
<gallery widths="230" heights="230" perrow="3"> |
|||
=== Ecology === |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
Gray birches play a role in the habitat of many different species of wildlife. A number of [[songbird]]s such as blue jays (''[[Blue jay|Cyanocitta cristata]]''), chickadees ''[[Black-capped chickadee|(Poecile atricapillus]]''), juncos (''[[Dark-eyed junco|Junco hyemalis]]''), and many others consume gray birch seeds.<ref name=":52" /> Moose ([[Moose|''Alces alces'']]), white-tailed deer (''[[White-tailed deer|Odocoileus virginianus]]''), and snowshoe hare (''[[Snowshoe hare|Lepus americanus]]'') use the twigs as browse, and although it's not their preferred feed, beavers (''[[North American beaver|Castor canadensis]]'') will chew the bark.<ref name=":4" /> |
|||
File:Betula populifolia bark.jpg|''Betula populifolia'' bark, Vermont, US. Although the grey birch exhibits a smooth, thin white bark which can easily be confused with that of the paper birch (''Betula papyrifera),'' it does not readily exfoliate. |
|||
</gallery> |
|||
Like other North American birches, gray birch is highly resistant to the bronze birch borer (''[[Agrilus anxius]]'').<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nielsen |first=David G. |last2=Muilenburg |first2=Vanessa L. |last3=Herms |first3=Daniel A. |date=2011-06-01 |title=Interspecific Variation in Resistance of Asian, European, and North American Birches ( Betula spp.) to Bronze Birch Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) |url=https://academic.oup.com/ee/article-lookup/doi/10.1603/EN10227 |journal=Environmental Entomology |language=en |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=648–653 |doi=10.1603/EN10227 |issn=0046-225X|doi-access=free }}</ref> This is due to birches in North America sharing a coevolutionary relationship with the borer, allowing it to develop resistance to the bug. Despite this, the borers can still damage the trees if they are weakened by other means. Between about 1930 and 1950, many gray birch trees, along with paper birch and [[Betula alleghaniensis|yellow birch]] (''Betula alleghaniensis''), were weakened by [[Birch dieback|birch dieback disease]], which allowed for the bronze birch borer to attack and kill the trees.<ref name="Ciesla">{{cite book |author1=Ciesla, William M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FDgYfi1G8L0C&pg=PA18 |title=Decline and Dieback of Trees and Forests: A Global Overview |author2=Donaubauer, Edwin |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |year=1994 |isbn=978-92-5-103502-3 |pages=18, 698}}</ref> |
|||
== Uses == |
|||
=== Wood Products === |
|||
Gray birch wood is soft and easily turned, so it is often made into spools, clothespins, and other turned woodenware. It is most commonly used as firewood. The wood is less sought after than paper birch due to its short lifespan, smaller size, and less common distribution. It also has tendencies to quickly deteriorate when exposed to excess moisture, meaning it has little commercial value beyond turned items and fuel.<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":6" /> |
|||
=== Landscape Use === |
|||
Gray birches are a commonly used landscape/ornamental tree. It is widely used due to its soil tolerance levels, resistance to bark borers, smaller stature, as well as the bark coloration. Whitespire is a common ornamental cultivar and has whiter bark than the natural form of the tree.<ref name=":52" /> Gray birch also can serve as a nurse tree for smaller, more economically valuable pines that require some form of protection to become established.<ref name=":4" /> |
|||
=== Medicinal Use === |
|||
Prior to the European colonists' arrival to North America, the indigenous [[Iroquois]] and [[Mi'kmaq]] peoples used the inner bark of gray birch trees to treat infected cuts and wounds.<ref name=":6" /> |
|||
==References== |
==References== |
||
{{Reflist|refs= |
{{Reflist|refs= |
||
<!-- |
|||
<ref name="refname1">Hardin, James W., Donald Joseph Leopold, and Fred M. White. Harlow & Harrar's Textbook of Dendrology. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2001. Print.</ref> |
<ref name="refname1">Hardin, James W., Donald Joseph Leopold, and Fred M. White. Harlow & Harrar's Textbook of Dendrology. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2001. Print.</ref> |
||
<ref name="refname2">Nielsen, David G., Vanessa L. Muilenburg, and Daniel A. Herms. "Interspecific Variation in Resistance of Asian, European, and North American Birches (Betula Spp.) to Bronze Birch Borer." Environmental Entomology 40.3 (2011): 648-53. BioOne. Web. 25 Sept. 2013.</ref> |
<ref name="refname2">Nielsen, David G., Vanessa L. Muilenburg, and Daniel A. Herms. "Interspecific Variation in Resistance of Asian, European, and North American Birches (Betula Spp.) to Bronze Birch Borer." Environmental Entomology 40.3 (2011): 648-53. BioOne. Web. 25 Sept. 2013.</ref> |
||
--> |
|||
}} |
|||
}}{{Commons}} |
|||
==External links== |
|||
{{Commons|Betula populifolia}} |
|||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060210235711/http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/b/betpop/betpop1.html University of Connecticut Plant Database] |
|||
* [http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/BETPOPA.pdf University of Florida Environmental Horticulture] |
|||
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500261 Flora of North America, profile and map: ''B. populifolia''] |
|||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060206124930/http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=16 VT Dendrology] |
|||
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1543680}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1543680}} |
||
[[Category:Betula|populifolia]] |
[[Category:Betula|populifolia]] |
||
[[Category:Trees of |
[[Category:Trees of Northern America]] |
||
[[Category:Trees of Canada]] |
|||
[[Category:Trees of Eastern Canada]] |
|||
[[Category:Trees of the Northeastern United States]] |
|||
[[Category:Trees of the North-Central United States]] |
|||
[[Category:Flora of Massachusetts]] |
[[Category:Flora of Massachusetts]] |
||
[[Category:Trees of humid continental climate]] |
[[Category:Trees of humid continental climate]] |
||
[[Category: |
[[Category:Flora of Northern America]] |
||
[[Category:Trees of the Southeastern United States]] |
|||
[[Category:Flora of North America]] |
|||
[[Category:Trees of the Great Lakes region (North America)]] |
|||
Latest revision as of 13:30, 23 December 2023
| Gray birch | |
|---|---|
| |
| Gray birches in winter | |
 Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)Stritch, L. 2014. Betula populifolia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T194635A2354478. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194635A2354478.en. Accessed on 17 November 2023. | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fagales |
| Family: | Betulaceae |
| Genus: | Betula |
| Subgenus: | Betula subg. Betula |
| Species: | B. populifolia
|
| Binomial name | |
| Betula populifolia | |
| |
| Natural range of Betula populifolia | |
Betula populifolia, known as the gray (or grey) birch, is a deciduous tree in the family Betulaceae. It is native to eastern North America and is most commonly found in the northeast United States as well as southern Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia.[1] The tree is a pioneer species that is commonly found in sites following disturbance, such as fire or logging.[2] Gray birches don't have as much economic value as other birch species but are still commonly used as ornamental trees.[3]
Description
[edit]Betula populifolia is a small tree that reaches heights of 20 to 30 feet (6 to 9 m) with a diameter at breast height (DBH) of 4 to 8 inches (10 to 20 cm). The tree is often found with multiple stems. The crown is pyramidal with somewhat drooping branches.[4][5]
The bark is smooth, a grayish-white or chalky color with visible lenticels and black triangular patches located at the base of branches.[2] It is commonly confused for paper birch (Betula papyrifera) by means of its bark, but it is differentiable as gray birch bark does not exfoliate (peel) as readily as paper birch. It is also occasionally confused for quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), which has similar bark, but different leaves and buds.[4]
Twigs are slender, wiry, hairless, dull gray or brown in color, and have a warty or rough texture. Buds are pointed, green-brown in color, shiny, and have a gummy coating.[4] Betula populifolia lacks terminal buds.
The leaves are 2.5 to 3 inches (5 to 7 cm) in length, alternate, simple, pinnately-veined, and taper to an elongated tip. They are dark green and glabrous above and paler below, with doubly serrate margins.[5][6] Like other members of the Betula genus, leaves turn yellow in autumn.
The flowers are wind-pollinated catkins 2 to 3 inches (5 to 8 cm) long, the male catkins pendulous and the female catkins erect. The fruit, maturing in autumn, is composed of many tiny winged seeds packed between the catkin bracts.[5]
Etymology
[edit]Betula populifolia means "birch with poplar-like leaves" when translated from Latin to English, and is derived from the behavior of gray birch leaves, which flutter similarly to poplar leaves in the wind.[4][7]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Gray birch can be found in the northeast United States and small portions of Canada. It ranges from southeastern Quebec along the St. Lawrence River east to parts of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, south through New England and upstate New York to Pennsylvania and New Jersey.[1] There are also disjunct populations in Ohio, western Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina.[2] Gray birch has been listed as extinct in Delaware, extirpated in Illinois, and rare in Maryland.[8]
The tree prefers well-drained, loamy soils, but can also grow in dryer, gravelly soils.[8] They are tolerant of poor soils with low nutrient densities, which allows them to establish in a wide variety of habitats.[3] They are known as pioneer species since they are often one of the first trees to populate a disturbed area, such as fields, burn sites, and abandoned mines.[2][9] They thrive in sunlight since they are a shade intolerant species, but eventually give way to longer lived, more shade tolerant species. In regenerative stands, Betula populifolia are commonly found along other early successional species such as paper birch, quaking aspen, and bigtooth aspen (Populus grandidentata).[3] In other mixed stands, gray birches are commonly associated with beech-birch-maple communities.[2]
Ecology
[edit]Gray birches play a role in the habitat of many different species of wildlife. A number of songbirds such as blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata), chickadees (Poecile atricapillus), juncos (Junco hyemalis), and many others consume gray birch seeds.[3] Moose (Alces alces), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) use the twigs as browse, and although it's not their preferred feed, beavers (Castor canadensis) will chew the bark.[8]
Like other North American birches, gray birch is highly resistant to the bronze birch borer (Agrilus anxius).[10] This is due to birches in North America sharing a coevolutionary relationship with the borer, allowing it to develop resistance to the bug. Despite this, the borers can still damage the trees if they are weakened by other means. Between about 1930 and 1950, many gray birch trees, along with paper birch and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), were weakened by birch dieback disease, which allowed for the bronze birch borer to attack and kill the trees.[11]
Uses
[edit]Wood Products
[edit]Gray birch wood is soft and easily turned, so it is often made into spools, clothespins, and other turned woodenware. It is most commonly used as firewood. The wood is less sought after than paper birch due to its short lifespan, smaller size, and less common distribution. It also has tendencies to quickly deteriorate when exposed to excess moisture, meaning it has little commercial value beyond turned items and fuel.[2][7]
Landscape Use
[edit]Gray birches are a commonly used landscape/ornamental tree. It is widely used due to its soil tolerance levels, resistance to bark borers, smaller stature, as well as the bark coloration. Whitespire is a common ornamental cultivar and has whiter bark than the natural form of the tree.[3] Gray birch also can serve as a nurse tree for smaller, more economically valuable pines that require some form of protection to become established.[8]
Medicinal Use
[edit]Prior to the European colonists' arrival to North America, the indigenous Iroquois and Mi'kmaq peoples used the inner bark of gray birch trees to treat infected cuts and wounds.[7]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Lavoie, Martin; Pellerin, Stéphanie (9 September 2015). "The palaeoecological record of gray birch (Betula populifolia) in eastern North America". Botany. 93 (12): 801–808.
- ^ a b c d e f "Betula populifolia". www.fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
- ^ a b c d e Peronto, Marjories; Manley, Reeser C. (2008). "Bulletin #2567, Native Trees and Shrubs for Maine Landscapes: Gray Birch (Betula populifolia)". UMaine Extension. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
- ^ a b c d Forest Trees of Maine (PDF) (14th ed.). Maine Forest Service. 2008. pp. 92–93. ISBN 9781882190614.
- ^ a b c "Virginia Tech Dendrology Fact Sheet". dendro.cnre.vt.edu. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
- ^ Leopold, Donald J.; Hardin, James W.; White, Fred M. (2000). Harlow and Harrar's Textbook of Dendrology (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 9780073661711.
- ^ a b c "Gray Birch". Bates Canopy. 2017-12-05. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
- ^ a b c d Wennerberg, Sarah (May 31, 2006). "Plant Guide: Gray Birch" (PDF). USDA Plants Database.
- ^ "Betula populifolia Grey Birch PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
- ^ Nielsen, David G.; Muilenburg, Vanessa L.; Herms, Daniel A. (2011-06-01). "Interspecific Variation in Resistance of Asian, European, and North American Birches ( Betula spp.) to Bronze Birch Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)". Environmental Entomology. 40 (3): 648–653. doi:10.1603/EN10227. ISSN 0046-225X.
- ^ Ciesla, William M.; Donaubauer, Edwin (1994). Decline and Dieback of Trees and Forests: A Global Overview. Food & Agriculture Org. pp. 18, 698. ISBN 978-92-5-103502-3.
