Juliusz Schauder: Difference between revisions

Juliusz Schauder
Juliusz Schauder
	Schauder at a topological conference in Moscow, 1935
Born	21 September 1899; Lemberg, Austria-Hungary
Died	September 1943 (aged 43–44); Lwów, Occupied Poland
Alma mater	Jan Kazimierz University
Known for	Schauder basis; Schauder fixed-point theorem; Schauder estimates; Banach–Schauder theorem; Faber-Schauder system; Leray-Schauder principle; Lviv School of Mathematics
	Scientific career
Fields	Mathematics
Institutions	Jan Kazimierz University

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Juliusz Paweł Schauder ([ˈjulʲjuʂ ˈpavɛw ˈʂau̯dɛr]; 21 September 1899 – September 1943) was a Polish mathematician known for his work in functional analysis, partial differential equations and mathematical physics.

Life and career

Born on 21 September 1899 in Lwów to a lawyer father of Jewish descent, he was drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army right after his graduation from school and saw action on the Italian front.^[1] He was captured and imprisoned in Italy. He entered the university in Lwów in 1919 and received his doctorate in 1923. He got no appointment at the university and continued his research while working as teacher at a secondary school. Due to his outstanding results, he obtained a scholarship in 1932 that allowed him to spend several years in Leipzig and, especially, Paris. In Paris he started a very successful collaboration with Jean Leray. Around 1935 Schauder obtained the position of a senior assistant in the University of Lwów. Schauder, along with Stanisław Mazur, was an Invited Speaker of the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1936 in Oslo.^[2]

Schauder was Jewish, and after the invasion of German troops in Lwów 1941 it was impossible for him to continue his work. Even before the Lwów ghetto was established he wrote to Ludwig Bieberbach pleading for his support. Instead, Bieberbach passed his letter to the Gestapo and Schauder was arrested. In his letters to Swiss mathematicians, he wrote that he had important new results, but no paper to write them down. He was executed by the Gestapo, probably in October 1943.^[3]

Most of his mathematical work is in the field of functional analysis, being part of a large Polish group of mathematicians, i.e. the Lwów School of Mathematics. They were pioneers in this area with wide applications in all parts of modern analysis. Schauder is best known for the Schauder fixed-point theorem, which is a major tool to prove the existence of solutions in various problems, the Schauder bases (a generalization of an orthonormal basis from Hilbert spaces to Banach spaces), and the Leray−Schauder principle, a way to establish solutions of partial differential equations from a priori estimates.

In memoriam

The Schauder Medal^[4] is awarded by the J.P. Schauder Center for Nonlinear Studies at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland, to individuals for their significant achievements related to topological methods in nonlinear analysis.

References

^ Kuratowski, Kazimierz (1980). A Half Century of Polish Mathematics : Remembrances and Reflections. Pergamon Press. p. 86. ISBN 0-08-023046-6.
^ Mazur, S.; Schauder, J. (1937). "Über ein Prinzip in der Variationsrechnung". Comptes rendus du Congrès international des mathématiciens: Oslo, 1936. Vol. 2. p. 65.
^ Czyż, Janusz (1994). Paradoxes of measures and dimensions originating in Felix Hausdorff's ideas. World Scientific. p. 34. ISBN 978-981-02-0189-0. Juliusz Schauder died.
^ "CBN". Archived from the original on 8 September 2014.

External links

O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Juliusz Schauder", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
Ingarden, Roman (1993), "Juliusz Schauder - personal reminiscences", Topological Methods in Nonlinear Analysis, 2 (1): 1–14, doi:10.12775/TMNA.1993.026, Zbl 0795.01027
Schaerf, H. M. (1993), "My memories of Juliusz Schauder", Topological Methods in Nonlinear Analysis, 2 (1): 15–19, doi:10.12775/TMNA.1993.027, Zbl 0795.01028
Juliusz P. Schauder Center for Nonlinear Studies

[1] Kuratowski, Kazimierz (1980). A Half Century of Polish Mathematics : Remembrances and Reflections. Pergamon Press. p. 86. ISBN 0-08-023046-6.

[2] Mazur, S.; Schauder, J. (1937). "Über ein Prinzip in der Variationsrechnung". Comptes rendus du Congrès international des mathématiciens: Oslo, 1936. Vol. 2. p. 65.

[Czyż-3] Czyż, Janusz (1994). Paradoxes of measures and dimensions originating in Felix Hausdorff's ideas. World Scientific. p. 34. ISBN 978-981-02-0189-0. Juliusz Schauder died.

[4] "CBN". Archived from the original on 8 September 2014.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Polish mathematician (1899–1943)}}
 {{distinguish|text=the Polish mathematician [[Józef Schreier]]}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
+{{Infobox scientist
-[[File:SchauderJuliusz Moscow1935.tif|thumb|Juliusz Schauder on a topological conference in Moscow, 1935]]
+|name = Juliusz Schauder
-'''Juliusz Paweł Schauder''' ({{IPAc-pl|'|j|u|l|J|j|u|sz|-|'|p|a|w|e|ł|-|'|sz|a|U|d|e|r}}; 21 September 1899, [[Lwów]], [[Austria-Hungary]]  – September 1943, Lwów, [[Occupied Poland]]) was a [[Poland|Polish]] [[List of mathematicians|mathematician]] of [[Jewish]] origin, known for his work in [[functional analysis]], [[partial differential equations]] and [[mathematical physics]].
+|image = SchauderJuliusz Moscow1935.tif
+|image_size =
+|caption = Schauder at a topological conference in Moscow, 1935
+|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1899|9|21}}
+|birth_place = [[Lviv|Lemberg]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
+|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1943|9||1899|9|21}}
+|death_place = [[Lviv|Lwów]], [[Occupied Poland]]
+|field = [[Mathematics]]
+|work_institutions = [[University of Lviv|Jan Kazimierz University]]
+|alma_mater = [[University of Lviv|Jan Kazimierz University]]
+|doctoral_advisors =
+|doctoral_students =
+|notable_students =
+|known_for = [[Schauder basis]]<br />[[Schauder fixed-point theorem]]<br />[[Schauder estimates]]<br />[[Open mapping theorem (functional analysis)|Banach–Schauder theorem]]<br />[[Haar wavelet#Haar system on the unit interval and related systems|Faber-Schauder system]]<br /> Leray-Schauder principle<br />[[Lviv School of Mathematics]]
+|author_abbrev_bot =
+|author_abbrev_zoo =
+|influences =
+|influenced =
+|prizes =
+|religion =
+|footnotes =
+|signature =
+}}
+'''Juliusz Paweł Schauder''' ({{IPAc-pl|'|j|u|l|J|j|u|sz|-|'|p|a|w|e|ł|-|'|sz|a|U|d|e|r}}; 21 September 1899  – September 1943) was a Polish [[List of mathematicians|mathematician]] known for his work in [[functional analysis]], [[partial differential equations]] and [[mathematical physics]].
 ==Life and career==
-Born on 21 September 1899 in Lwów, he had to fight in [[World War I]] right after his graduation from school. He was captured and imprisoned in [[Italy]]. He entered the university in Lwów in 1919 and received his doctorate in 1923. He got no appointment at the university and continued his research while working as teacher at a secondary school. Due to his outstanding results, he obtained a scholarship in 1932 that allowed him to spend several years in Leipzig and, especially, Paris. In Paris he started a very successful collaboration with [[Jean Leray]].  Around 1935 Schauder obtained the position of a senior assistant in the [[University of Lwów]]. Schauder, along with [[Stanisław Mazur]], was an Invited Speaker of the [[International Congress of Mathematicians|ICM]] in 1936 in Oslo.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mazur, S.|author2=Schauder, J.|chapter=Über ein Prinzip in der Variationsrechnung|title=Comptes rendus du Congrès international des mathématiciens: Oslo, 1936|volume=vol. 2|page=65|year=1937}}</ref>
+Born on 21 September 1899 in Lwów to a lawyer father of Jewish descent, he was drafted into the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]] right after his graduation from school and saw action on the [[Italian front (World War I)|Italian front]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Kazimierz |last=Kuratowski |authorlink = Kazimierz Kuratowski|title=A Half Century of Polish Mathematics : Remembrances and Reflections |location= |publisher=Pergamon Press |year=1980 |isbn=0-08-023046-6 |page=86 }}</ref> He was captured and imprisoned in [[Italy]]. He entered the university in Lwów in 1919 and received his doctorate in 1923. He got no appointment at the university and continued his research while working as teacher at a secondary school. Due to his outstanding results, he obtained a scholarship in 1932 that allowed him to spend several years in [[Leipzig]] and, especially, Paris. In Paris he started a very successful collaboration with [[Jean Leray]].  Around 1935 Schauder obtained the position of a senior assistant in the [[University of Lwów]]. Schauder, along with [[Stanisław Mazur]], was an Invited Speaker of the [[International Congress of Mathematicians]] in 1936 in Oslo.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mazur, S.|author2=Schauder, J.|chapter=Über ein Prinzip in der Variationsrechnung|title=Comptes rendus du Congrès international des mathématiciens: Oslo, 1936|volume=2|page=65|year=1937}}</ref>
-Schauder was [[Jewish]], and after the [[Operation Barbarossa|invasion of German troops]] in Lwów 1941 it was impossible for him to continue his work. In his letters to Swiss mathematicians, he wrote that he had important new results, but no paper to write them down. He was executed by the [[Gestapo]], probably in October 1943.<ref name=" Czyż">{{cite book|last= Czyż|first=Janusz|title=Paradoxes of measures and dimensions originating in Felix Hausdorff's ideas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKGz7SiCVpEC&pg=PA34&dq=%22Juliusz+Schauder%22+died#v=onepage&q=%22Juliusz%20Schauder%22%20died&f=false|year=1994|publisher=[[World Scientific]]|isbn=978-981-02-0189-0|page=34}}</ref>
+Schauder was [[Jewish]], and after the [[Operation Barbarossa|invasion of German troops]] in Lwów 1941 it was impossible for him to continue his work. Even before the Lwów ghetto was established he wrote to [[Ludwig Bieberbach]] pleading for his support. Instead, Bieberbach passed his letter to the [[Gestapo]] and Schauder was arrested. In his letters to Swiss mathematicians, he wrote that he had important new results, but no paper to write them down.  He was executed by the [[Gestapo]], probably in October 1943.<ref name=" Czyż">{{cite book|last= Czyż|first=Janusz|title=Paradoxes of measures and dimensions originating in Felix Hausdorff's ideas|url=https://archive.org/details/paradoxesofmeasu0000czyz|url-access= registration|quote= Juliusz Schauder died.|year=1994|publisher=[[World Scientific]]|isbn=978-981-02-0189-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/paradoxesofmeasu0000czyz/page/34 34]}}</ref>
-Most of his mathematical work belongs to the field of [[functional analysis]], being part of a large Polish group of mathematicians, i.e. [[Lwów School of Mathematics]]. They were pioneers in this area with wide applications in all parts of modern analysis. Schauder is best known for the [[Schauder fixed point theorem]] which is a major tool to prove the existence of solutions in various problems, the [[Schauder basis|Schauder bases]] (a generalization of an [[orthonormal basis]] from [[Hilbert space]]s to [[Banach space]]s), and the [[Leray−Schauder principle]], a way to establish solutions of [[partial differential equation]]s from [[Schauder estimates|a priori estimates]].
+Most of his mathematical work is in the field of [[functional analysis]], being part of a large Polish group of mathematicians, i.e. the [[Lwów School of Mathematics]]. They were pioneers in this area with wide applications in all parts of modern [[mathematical analysis|analysis]]. Schauder is best known for the [[Schauder fixed-point theorem]], which is a major tool to prove the existence of solutions in various problems, the [[Schauder basis|Schauder bases]] (a generalization of an [[orthonormal basis]] from [[Hilbert space]]s to [[Banach space]]s), and the [[Leray−Schauder principle]], a way to establish solutions of [[partial differential equation]]s from [[Schauder estimates|a priori estimates]].
 ==In memoriam==
-The Schauder Medal<ref>http://www.cbn.umk.pl/en/activities/medal/</ref> is awarded by the J.P. Schauder Center for Nonlinear Studies at the [[Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń]], Poland, to individuals for their significant achievements related to [[topology|topological]] methods in [[nonlinear analysis]].
+The Schauder Medal<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbn.umk.pl/en/activities/medal/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908081726/http://www.cbn.umk.pl/en/activities/medal/ |archive-date=8 September 2014 |title=CBN}}</ref> is awarded by the J.P. Schauder Center for Nonlinear Studies at the [[Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń]], Poland, to individuals for their significant achievements related to [[topology|topological]] methods in [[nonlinear analysis]].
+==See also==
+*[[Open mapping theorem (functional analysis)|Banach–Schauder theorem]]
+*[[Schauder basis]]
+*[[Schauder estimates]]
+*[[Schauder fixed point theorem]]
+*[[List of Polish mathematicians]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 21: / Line 53: @@
 * {{Citation
   | last = Ingarden
   | first = Roman
   | author-link = Roman Stanisław Ingarden
   | title = Juliusz Schauder - personal reminiscences
   | journal = [[Topological Methods in Nonlinear Analysis]]
@@ Line 28: / Line 60: @@
   | issue = 1
   | pages = 1–14
-  | date= 1993
+  | date = 1993
   | language =
+  | doi = 10.12775/TMNA.1993.026
-  | url = http://www.cbn.umk.pl/en/memories/ingarden/
-  | doi =
   | id =
   | mr =
   | zbl = 0795.01027
+  | doi-access = free
-}}
+  }}
 * {{Citation
   | last = Schaerf
   | first = H. M.
   | author-link =
   | title = My memories of Juliusz Schauder
   | journal = [[Topological Methods in Nonlinear Analysis]]
@@ Line 45: / Line 77: @@
   | issue = 1
   | pages = 15–19
-  | date= 1993
+  | date = 1993
   | language =
+  | doi = 10.12775/TMNA.1993.027
-  | url = http://www.cbn.umk.pl/en/memories/schaerf/
-  | doi =
   | id =
   | mr =
   | zbl = 0795.01028
+  | doi-access = free
-}}
+  }}
 * [http://www.cbn.umk.pl/en/ Juliusz P. Schauder Center for Nonlinear Studies]
@@ Line 60: / Line 92: @@
 [[Category:1899 births]]
 [[Category:1943 deaths]]
-[[Category:People from Lviv]]
-[[Category:Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe)]]
-[[Category:20th-century mathematicians]]
 [[Category:Polish mathematicians]]
+[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Lviv]]
+[[Category:Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe)]]
+[[Category:Lwów School of Mathematics]]
 [[Category:Blue Army (Poland) personnel]]
-[[Category:Polish Jewish people who died in the Holocaust]]
+[[Category:Polish Jews who died in the Holocaust]]
 [[Category:PDE theorists]]
+[[Category:Functional analysts]]

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