Euphorbia peplus: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of plant}} |
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{{Distinguish|text=[[Euphorbia peplis]], Purple spurge, a relatively rare plant of coastal sand and shingle}} |
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{{short description|Species of plant}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
{{Speciesbox |
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|image = E_peplus.jpg |
|image = E_peplus.jpg |
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|genus = Euphorbia |
|genus = Euphorbia |
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|species = peplus |
|species = peplus |
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|authority |
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] |
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}} |
}} |
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'''''Euphorbia peplus''''' ('''petty spurge''',<ref name=grin/><ref name=Eterracina>{{cite web|url=http://www.environmentalweedsactionnetwork.org.au/images/pdf/EterracinaWorkshopText.pdf|author=Hazel Dempster|author2=Bronwen Keighery|author3=Greg Keighery|author4=Rod Randall|author5=Bob Dixon|author6=Bill Betts|author7=Margo O'Byrne|author8=Diane Matthews|title=''Euphorbia terracina'' Workshop Proceedings 2000|url-status=dead| |
'''''Euphorbia peplus''''' ('''petty spurge''',<ref name=grin/><ref name=Eterracina>{{cite web|url=http://www.environmentalweedsactionnetwork.org.au/images/pdf/EterracinaWorkshopText.pdf|author=Hazel Dempster|author2=Bronwen Keighery|author3=Greg Keighery|author4=Rod Randall|author5=Bob Dixon|author6=Bill Betts|author7=Margo O'Byrne|author8=Diane Matthews|title=''Euphorbia terracina'' Workshop Proceedings 2000|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025072653/http://www.environmentalweedsactionnetwork.org.au/images/pdf/EterracinaWorkshopText.pdf|archive-date=2009-10-25}}</ref> '''radium weed''',<ref name=Eterracina/> '''cancer weed''',<ref name=Eterracina/> or '''milkweed'''),<ref name=Eterracina/> is a species of ''[[Euphorbia]]'', native to most of [[Europe]], northern [[Africa]] and western [[Asia]], where it typically grows in cultivated [[arable land]], [[garden]]s and other disturbed land.<ref name=grin>{{GRIN | access-date = 2 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=flora>''Flora Europaea'': [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Euphorbia+&SPECIES_XREF=peplus&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= ''Euphorbia peplus'']</ref><ref name="blamey">Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). ''Flora of Britain and Northern Europe''. {{ISBN|0-340-40170-2}}</ref> |
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Outside of its native range it is very widely [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalised]] and often [[invasive species|invasive]], including in [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[North America]] |
Outside of its native range it is very widely [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalised]] and often [[invasive species|invasive]], including in [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[North America]] and other countries in temperate and sub-tropical regions.<ref name=grin/> |
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== Description == |
== Description == |
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It is an [[annual plant]] growing to {{convert|5–30|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tall (most plants growing as weeds of cultivation tend towards the smaller end), with smooth hairless stems. The [[leaf|leaves]] are oval-acute, {{convert|1–3|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long, with |
It is an [[annual plant]] growing to {{convert|5–30|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tall (most plants growing as weeds of cultivation tend towards the smaller end), with smooth hairless stems. The [[leaf|leaves]] are stalked, oval-acute, {{convert|1–3|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long, with untoothed margin. It has green flowers in three-rayed umbels. The glands typically of Euphorbia are kidney-shaped, and have long thin horns.<ref name="blamey"/> |
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var. minima has stems low, ascending, branchy, leaves roundish, seeds |
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smaller 1-1.4 mm (vs. 1.3-1.6 mm of var. peplus),<ref name="FoT">{{cite book |title=Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, vol. 7 |author=Davis}}</ref> predominantly countries on the north edge of the Mediterranean ([https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77189735-1 PoWo Map]) |
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[[File:Euphorbia peplus cyathium.jpg|thumb|''Euphorbia peplus'' cyathium]] |
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== Medicinal uses == |
== Medicinal uses == |
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The plant's sap is toxic to rapidly replicating human tissue, and has long been used as a traditional remedy for common skin lesions.<ref name=Siller/> The active ingredient in the sap is a diterpene ester called [[ingenol mebutate]]. |
The plant's sap is toxic to rapidly replicating human tissue, and has long been used as a traditional remedy for common skin lesions.<ref name=Siller/> The active ingredient in the sap is a diterpene ester called [[ingenol mebutate]]. |
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A pharmaceutical-grade ingenol mebutate gel has approval from the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] for treatment of [[actinic keratosis]].<ref name=Siller>{{cite journal | journal = Australasian Journal of Dermatology | year = 2009 | volume = 50 | issue = 1 | pages = 16–22 | title = PEP005 (ingenol mebutate) gel, a novel agent for the treatment of actinic keratosis: results of a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, multicentre, phase IIa study | vauthors = Siller G, Gebauer K, Welburn P, Katsamas J, Ogbourne SM | pmid = 19178487 | doi = 10.1111/j.1440-0960.2008.00497.x| s2cid = 19308099 }}</ref><ref>Lebwohl, M, et al. "Ingenol Mebutate Gel for Actinic Keratosis." ''N Engl J Med 366'';11, March 15, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = FDA Approves Picato® (ingenol mebutate) Gel, the First and Only Topical Actinic Keratosis (AK) Therapy With 2 or 3 Consecutive Days of Once-Daily Dosing | work = eMedicine | publisher = Yahoo! Finance | date = January 25, 2012 | url = https://finance.yahoo.com/news/fda-approves-picato-ingenol-mebutate-130200825.html | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120210161651/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/fda-approves-picato-ingenol-mebutate-130200825.html | archive-date = February 10, 2012 }}</ref> |
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In Germany, recent studies have linked ''Euphorbia peplus'' with the virtual elimination of [[ |
In Germany, recent studies have linked ''Euphorbia peplus'' with the virtual elimination of [[squamous cell skin cancer]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Braun|first1=S.A.|last2=Homey|first2=B.|last3=Gerber|first3=P.A.|date=October 2014|title=Erfolgreiche Behandlung eines Morbus Bowen mit Ingenolmebutat|journal=Der Hautarzt|language=de|volume=65|issue=10|pages=848–850|doi=10.1007/s00105-014-3509-5|pmid=25217087|issn=0017-8470}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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{{ |
{{Commons category|Euphorbia peplus}} |
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* {{CalPhotos|Euphorbia|peplus}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q148924}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q148924}} |
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[[Category:Flora of Europe]] |
[[Category:Flora of Europe]] |
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[[Category:Flora of Lebanon]] |
[[Category:Flora of Lebanon]] |
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[[Category:Poisonous plants]] |
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[[Category:Medicinal plants of Africa]] |
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Africa]] |
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[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]] |
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]] |
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Latest revision as of 17:26, 30 December 2023
| Euphorbia peplus | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Euphorbiaceae |
| Genus: | Euphorbia |
| Species: | E. peplus
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| Binomial name | |
| Euphorbia peplus | |
Euphorbia peplus (petty spurge,[1][2] radium weed,[2] cancer weed,[2] or milkweed),[2] is a species of Euphorbia, native to most of Europe, northern Africa and western Asia, where it typically grows in cultivated arable land, gardens and other disturbed land.[1][3][4]
Outside of its native range it is very widely naturalised and often invasive, including in Australia, New Zealand, North America and other countries in temperate and sub-tropical regions.[1]
Description
[edit]It is an annual plant growing to 5–30 cm (2–12 in) tall (most plants growing as weeds of cultivation tend towards the smaller end), with smooth hairless stems. The leaves are stalked, oval-acute, 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) long, with untoothed margin. It has green flowers in three-rayed umbels. The glands typically of Euphorbia are kidney-shaped, and have long thin horns.[4]
var. minima has stems low, ascending, branchy, leaves roundish, seeds smaller 1-1.4 mm (vs. 1.3-1.6 mm of var. peplus),[5] predominantly countries on the north edge of the Mediterranean (PoWo Map)
Medicinal uses
[edit]The plant's sap is toxic to rapidly replicating human tissue, and has long been used as a traditional remedy for common skin lesions.[6] The active ingredient in the sap is a diterpene ester called ingenol mebutate.
A pharmaceutical-grade ingenol mebutate gel has approval from the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of actinic keratosis.[6][7][8]
In Germany, recent studies have linked Euphorbia peplus with the virtual elimination of squamous cell skin cancer.[9]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c "Euphorbia peplus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
- ^ a b c d Hazel Dempster; Bronwen Keighery; Greg Keighery; Rod Randall; Bob Dixon; Bill Betts; Margo O'Byrne; Diane Matthews. "Euphorbia terracina Workshop Proceedings 2000" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-25.
- ^ Flora Europaea: Euphorbia peplus
- ^ a b Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN 0-340-40170-2
- ^ Davis. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, vol. 7.
- ^ a b Siller G, Gebauer K, Welburn P, Katsamas J, Ogbourne SM (2009). "PEP005 (ingenol mebutate) gel, a novel agent for the treatment of actinic keratosis: results of a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, multicentre, phase IIa study". Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 50 (1): 16–22. doi:10.1111/j.1440-0960.2008.00497.x. PMID 19178487. S2CID 19308099.
- ^ Lebwohl, M, et al. "Ingenol Mebutate Gel for Actinic Keratosis." N Engl J Med 366;11, March 15, 2012.
- ^ "FDA Approves Picato® (ingenol mebutate) Gel, the First and Only Topical Actinic Keratosis (AK) Therapy With 2 or 3 Consecutive Days of Once-Daily Dosing". eMedicine. Yahoo! Finance. January 25, 2012. Archived from the original on February 10, 2012.
- ^ Braun, S.A.; Homey, B.; Gerber, P.A. (October 2014). "Erfolgreiche Behandlung eines Morbus Bowen mit Ingenolmebutat". Der Hautarzt (in German). 65 (10): 848–850. doi:10.1007/s00105-014-3509-5. ISSN 0017-8470. PMID 25217087.
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Euphorbia peplus.
- Euphorbia peplus in the CalPhotos photo database, University of California, Berkeley