Forest batis: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of bird}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
{{Speciesbox |
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| name = Forest batis |
| name = Forest batis |
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| status = LC |
| status = LC |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref>{{ |
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Batis mixta'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T103704094A95100039 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103704094A95100039.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> |
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| taxon = Batis mixta |
| taxon = Batis mixta |
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| authority = ([[George Ernest Shelley|Shelley]], 1889) |
| authority = ([[George Ernest Shelley|Shelley]], 1889) |
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| synonyms = }} |
| synonyms = |
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}} |
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The '''forest batis''' or '''short-tailed batis''' (''Batis mixta'') is a [[species]] of [[bird]] in the [[wattle-eye]] family, [[Platysteiridae]] occurring in eastern Africa. |
The '''forest batis''' or '''short-tailed batis''' ('''''Batis mixta''''') is a [[species]] of [[bird]] in the [[wattle-eye]] family, [[Platysteiridae]] occurring in eastern Africa. |
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The forest batis was described by the English ornithologist [[George Ernest Shelley]] in 1889 and given the [[binomial name]] ''Pachypora mixta''.<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Shelley | first=George Ernest | author-link=George Ernest Shelley | year=1889 | title=On the birds collected by Mr. H.C.V. Hunter F.Z.S. in Eastern Africa | journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London | pages=356-372 [359-360], plate 40 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28699004 }}</ref> It is now placed in the [[genus]] ''[[Batis (bird)|Batis]]'' that was introduced by the German zoologist [[Friedrich Boie]] in 1833.<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Boie | first=Friedrich | author-link=Friedrich Boie | year=1833 | title=Fernere Vemertungen über Classification der Vögel | journal=Isis von Oken | volume=26 | at=Col 876-884 [880]| language=German |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13243574 }}</ref> The [[specific name (zoology)|specific epithet]] ''mixta'' is Latin for "mixed" or "mingled".<ref name=hbwkey>{{cite web | last=Jobling | first=J.A. | year=2018 | title= Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | editor4-last=Christie | editor4-first=D.A. | editor5-last=de Juana | editor5-first=E. | work=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | publisher=Lynx Edicions | url=https://www.hbw.com/dictionary/definition/mixta-mixtum-mixtus | accessdate=26 June 2018 }}</ref> [[Reichenow's batis]] (''Batis reichenowi'') was formerly treated as a [[subspecies]]. The forest batis is now treated as [[monotypic]].<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2018 | title=Batises, woodshrikes, bushshrikes, vangas | work=World Bird List Version 8.1 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/batises/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=26 June 2018 }}</ref> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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The adult male has bluish grey upperparts with a black mask across the face, a white spot on the lores and white spots |
The forest batis is a small species measuring {{cvt|9.5|-|10|cm}} in length and weighing {{cvt|10.5|–|14.2|g}}.<ref name = HBW>{{cite web | url = http://www.hbw.com/species/short-tailed-batis-batis-mixta | title = Short-tailed batis (''Batis mixta'') | accessdate = 2016-11-04 | publisher = Lynx Edicions|work = Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive}}</ref> The adult male has bluish grey upperparts with a black mask across the face, a white spot on the lores and white spots on the rump which are revealed when the long feathers are fluffed out. The underparts are white with a black breast band and blackish thighs. The wings are black with a white stripe, the bill and legs are black while the eyes are red. Females are similar in pattern but the upper part colour is more olive in tone, the wings more reddish brown and has a mottled rufous breast band and browner wings. Juveniles similar to female but markings less well differentiated. The short black tail is edged with white.<ref name = Shrikes>{{cite book | last1 = Harris | first1 = Tony | last2 = Franklin | first2 = Kim | year = 2000 | title = Shrikes and Bush-shrikes | publisher = Christopher Helm | pages = 300–301 | isbn = 0-7136-3861-3}}</ref> |
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==Distribution and habitat== |
==Distribution and habitat== |
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The forest batis is found in east Africa from the south eastern coast of [[Kenya]] and north eastern [[Tanzania]] including [[Mount Kilimanjaro]], along the northern [[Eastern Arc Mountains]] of Tanzania, i.e. [[Nguru Mountains|Nguru]], [[Nguu Mountains|Nguu]], [[Usambara Mountains]], [[Pare Mountains|Pare]] and Kilimanjaro. It is also found in coastal south eastern Tanzania.<ref name = Fitz>{{cite web | url = http://www.fitzpatrick.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/275/Publications/PDF_Archive/Africa_Birds_And_Birding/Subject_Index/fitzdj06.pdf | title = A New Batis for East Africa | accessdate = 2016-11-04 | publisher = Percy Fitzpatrick Institutes|work = Africa Birds & Birding}}</ref> |
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The forest batis is found in coastal forest, [[miombo]] woodland and in montane forest from sea level up to {{Convert|2300|m|ft|abbr=on}} on Kilimanjaro. It frequents the lower levels of forest and the undergrowth.<ref name = Shrikes/> |
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==Behaviour== |
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The habits of the forest batis are little known, there have been indications of breeding behaviour in May and June in Kenya, September and October in Tanzania and a single nest with a clutch of 2 eggs has been recorded. Like other batises the largest groups seen are small family groups and pairs are territorial. Calling males make a repetitive, slow series of hu-hu-hu-hu whistles and they puff their white throat feathers out while performing this song.<ref name = Shrikes/> |
The habits of the forest batis are little known, there have been indications of breeding behaviour in May and June in Kenya, September and October in Tanzania and a single nest with a clutch of 2 eggs has been recorded. Like other batises the largest groups seen are small family groups and pairs are territorial. Calling males make a repetitive, slow series of hu-hu-hu-hu whistles and they puff their white throat feathers out while performing this song.<ref name = Shrikes/> |
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Three subspecies are currently recognised [[subspecies]]:<ref name = Fitz>{{cite web | url = http://www.fitzpatrick.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/275/Publications/PDF_Archive/Africa_Birds_And_Birding/Subject_Index/fitzdj06.pdf | title = A New Batis for East Africa | accessdate = 2016-11-04 | publisher = Percy Fitzpatrick Institutes|work = Africa Birds & Birding}}</ref> |
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*''Batis mixta mixta''- northern Eastern Arc Mountains and Kilimanjaro. |
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*''Batis mixta reichenowi'' - coastal south eastern Tanzania |
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*''Batis mixta ultima'' - coastal south east Kenya |
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''B.M. ultima'' is smaller than the nominate with the make having a narrow white supercilium and a norrower breastband<ref name = Shrikes/> and ''B.m. reichenow'' shows a poorly defined chispot and otherwise looks closer to the [[Cape batis]] ''Batis capensis''.<ref name = Shrikes/> Genetic studies have shown that ''reichenowi'', which was previously split either as a species in its own right or as a subspecies of Cape batis, nestles within ''mixta'' but that the previously lumped [[dark batis]] ''Batis brypta'' is a separate species.<ref name = Fitz/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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| ⚫ | * Fjeldså, Jon; Bowie, Rauri C. K. & Kiure, Jacob (2006) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110517175734/http://www.zmuc.dk/VerWeb/Tanzanian_Vertebrates/Bird/Bird_type/Batis_crypta_95.264/95.264_Batis_crypta.pdf The forest batis, ''Batis mixta'', is two species: description of a new, narrowly distributed ''Batis'' species in the Eastern Arc biodiversity hotspot.], ''[[Journal of Ornithology]]'', 147 (4): 578–590. |
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| ⚫ | * Fjeldså, Jon; Bowie, Rauri C. K. & Kiure, Jacob (2006) [http://www.zmuc.dk/VerWeb/Tanzanian_Vertebrates/Bird/Bird_type/Batis_crypta_95.264/95.264_Batis_crypta.pdf The forest batis, ''Batis mixta'', is two species: description of a new, narrowly distributed ''Batis'' species in the Eastern Arc biodiversity hotspot.], ''[[Journal of Ornithology]]'', 147 (4): |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q1307511}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:batis, forest}} |
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[[Category:Batis (bird)|forest batis]] |
[[Category:Batis (bird)|forest batis]] |
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[[Category:Birds of East Africa]] |
[[Category:Birds of East Africa]] |
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[[Category:Birds described in 1889|forest batis]] |
[[Category:Birds described in 1889|forest batis]] |
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[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]] |
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Latest revision as of 20:04, 30 December 2023
| Forest batis | |
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| Male Forest Batis | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Platysteiridae |
| Genus: | Batis |
| Species: | B. mixta
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| Binomial name | |
| Batis mixta (Shelley, 1889)
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The forest batis or short-tailed batis (Batis mixta) is a species of bird in the wattle-eye family, Platysteiridae occurring in eastern Africa.
Taxonomy
[edit]The forest batis was described by the English ornithologist George Ernest Shelley in 1889 and given the binomial name Pachypora mixta.[2] It is now placed in the genus Batis that was introduced by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1833.[3] The specific epithet mixta is Latin for "mixed" or "mingled".[4] Reichenow's batis (Batis reichenowi) was formerly treated as a subspecies. The forest batis is now treated as monotypic.[5]
Description
[edit]The forest batis is a small species measuring 9.5–10 cm (3.7–3.9 in) in length and weighing 10.5–14.2 g (0.37–0.50 oz).[6] The adult male has bluish grey upperparts with a black mask across the face, a white spot on the lores and white spots on the rump which are revealed when the long feathers are fluffed out. The underparts are white with a black breast band and blackish thighs. The wings are black with a white stripe, the bill and legs are black while the eyes are red. Females are similar in pattern but the upper part colour is more olive in tone, the wings more reddish brown and has a mottled rufous breast band and browner wings. Juveniles similar to female but markings less well differentiated. The short black tail is edged with white.[7]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]The forest batis is found in east Africa from the south eastern coast of Kenya and north eastern Tanzania including Mount Kilimanjaro, along the northern Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania, i.e. Nguru, Nguu, Usambara Mountains, Pare and Kilimanjaro. It is also found in coastal south eastern Tanzania.[8]
The forest batis is found in coastal forest, miombo woodland and in montane forest from sea level up to 2,300 m (7,500 ft) on Kilimanjaro. It frequents the lower levels of forest and the undergrowth.[7]
Behaviour
[edit]The habits of the forest batis are little known, there have been indications of breeding behaviour in May and June in Kenya, September and October in Tanzania and a single nest with a clutch of 2 eggs has been recorded. Like other batises the largest groups seen are small family groups and pairs are territorial. Calling males make a repetitive, slow series of hu-hu-hu-hu whistles and they puff their white throat feathers out while performing this song.[7]
References
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Batis mixta.
- ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Batis mixta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103704094A95100039. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103704094A95100039.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ^ Shelley, George Ernest (1889). "On the birds collected by Mr. H.C.V. Hunter F.Z.S. in Eastern Africa". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 356-372 [359-360], plate 40.
- ^ Boie, Friedrich (1833). "Fernere Vemertungen über Classification der Vögel". Isis von Oken (in German). 26. Col 876-884 [880].
- ^ Jobling, J.A. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "Batises, woodshrikes, bushshrikes, vangas". World Bird List Version 8.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "Short-tailed batis (Batis mixta)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 2016-11-04.
- ^ a b c Harris, Tony; Franklin, Kim (2000). Shrikes and Bush-shrikes. Christopher Helm. pp. 300–301. ISBN 0-7136-3861-3.
- ^ "A New Batis for East Africa" (PDF). Africa Birds & Birding. Percy Fitzpatrick Institutes. Retrieved 2016-11-04.
- Fjeldså, Jon; Bowie, Rauri C. K. & Kiure, Jacob (2006) The forest batis, Batis mixta, is two species: description of a new, narrowly distributed Batis species in the Eastern Arc biodiversity hotspot., Journal of Ornithology, 147 (4): 578–590.