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{{Short description|Japanese flying boat}}
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
| name=E11K
| name= E11K
| image=
| image=Kawanishi E11K-1.jpg
| caption=
| caption=
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
| type=Night reconnaissance/transport [[flying boat]]
| type= Night [[Surveillance aircraft|reconnaissance]]/transport [[flying boat]]
| national origin=[[Japan]]
| national origin= [[Japan]]
| manufacturer=[[Kawanishi Aircraft Company]]
| manufacturer= [[Kawanishi Aircraft Company]]
| designer=
| designer=
| first flight=11 June 1937
| first flight= 11 June 1937
| introduced=
| introduced=
| retired=
| retired=
| status=
| status=
| primary user=[[Imperial Japanese Navy]]
| primary user= [[Imperial Japanese Navy]]
| more users= <!--Limited to three in total; separate using <br /> -->
| more users=
| produced= <!--years in production-->
| produced=
| number built=2
| number built= 2
| program cost= <!--Total program cost-->
| program cost=
| unit cost=
| unit cost= <!--Incremental or flyaway cost for military or retail price for commercial aircraft-->
| developed from=
| developed from=
| variants with their own articles=
| variants with their own articles=
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}}
}}
|}
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The Kawanishi E11K was a [[Japan|Japanese]] [[flying boat]] of the 1930s. It was designed as a night reconnaissance aircraft for the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]], but was not accepted, the two aircraft built being used as transports as the '''Type 96 Transport Flying Boat''' during the [[Second World War]].
The '''Kawanishi E11K''' was a Japanese [[flying boat]] of the 1930s. It was designed as a night [[Surveillance aircraft|reconnaissance]] aircraft for the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]], but was not accepted, the two aircraft built being used as transports as the '''Type 96 Transport Flying Boat''' during the [[Second World War]].

==Development and design==
==Development and design==
In 1936 the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] drew up a requirement for an aircraft to replace the [[Aichi E10A|Aichi Type 96 Reconnaissance Seaplane]] as a specialised night reconnaissance aircraft, intended to spot naval gunfire in night actions and to shadow enemy forces at night, allowing submarines to be directed to targets.<ref name="Mikesh p139"> Mikesh and Abe 1990, p.139.</ref> The requirement was passed to [[Aichi Kokuki|Aichi]] and [[Kawanishi Aircraft Company|Kawanishi]], with both companies producing aircraft to meet the navy's needs. While Aichi produced a [[biplane]] similar to the aircraft that was to be replaced, Kawanishi designed a [[Gull wing|gull winged]] [[Cantilever#In_aircraft|cantilever]] [[monoplane]]. It was powered by a single [[pusher configuration|pusher]] [[Hiro Type 91]] [[w engine]] strut mounted above the wing driving a four-bladed propeller, with its radiator mounted in a fairing above the rear fuselage so that it was located in the propellers slipstream.It was fitted with retractable wingtip floats, while its wings folded to aid storage aboard the [[cruiser]]s of the Japanese Navy.<ref name="Mikesh p139-0"> Mikesh and Abe 1990, pp. 139–140.</ref><ref name="Green v5 p129"> Green 1968, p.129.</ref>
In 1936 the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] drew up a requirement for an aircraft to replace the [[Aichi E10A|Aichi Type 96 Reconnaissance Seaplane]] as a specialised night reconnaissance aircraft, intended to spot naval gunfire in night actions and to shadow enemy forces at night, allowing submarines to be directed to targets.<ref name="Mikesh p139">{{Harvnb|Mikesh|Abe|1990|p=139.}}</ref> The requirement was passed to [[Aichi Kokuki|Aichi]] and [[Kawanishi Aircraft Company|Kawanishi]], with both companies producing aircraft to meet the navy's needs. While Aichi produced a [[biplane]] similar to the aircraft that was to be replaced, Kawanishi designed a [[gull wing]]ed [[Cantilever#Aircraft|cantilever]] [[monoplane]]. It was powered by a single [[Hiro Type 91 (engine)|Hiro ''Type 91'']] [[W engine]] in a [[pusher configuration]], mounted on struts above the wing and driving a four-bladed propeller. The radiator was mounted in a fairing above the rear fuselage so that it was located in the propeller's slipstream. It was fitted with retractable wingtip floats, while its wings folded to aid storage aboard the [[cruiser]]s of the Japanese Navy.<ref name="Mikesh p139-0">{{Harvnb|Mikesh|Abe|1990|pp=139–140.}}</ref><ref name="Green v5 p129">{{Harvnb|Green|1968|p=129.}}</ref>


The first of two prototypes of Kawanishi's design, the '''Experimental 11-''Shi'' Special Reconnaissance Seaplane''',{{ref label|Note1|a|a}} with the short designation E11K, made its maiden flight on 11 June 1937. It proved to have poor stability and water handling, while the engine installtion overheated. It was unsuitable for the night reconnaissance role, with the Aichi deign proving generally superior and being ordered into production as the [[Aichi E11A]].<ref name="Mikesh p139"/>
The first of two prototypes of Kawanishi's design, the '''Experimental 11-''Shi'' Special Reconnaissance Seaplane''',{{ref label|Note1|a|a}} with the short designation E11K, made its maiden flight on 11 June 1937. It proved to have poor stability and water handling, while the engine installation overheated. It was unsuitable for the night reconnaissance role, with the Aichi design proving generally superior and being ordered into production as the [[Aichi E11A]].<ref name="Mikesh p139"/>
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<!-- ==Operational history== -->
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⚫
==Operational history==
⚫
==Specifications (variant) ==
The two prototypes were fitted with retractable beaching gear, in order to serve as a utility transport aircraft, and was accepted into service by the Japanese Navy as the Type 96 Transport.{{ref label|Note2|b|b}} These aircraft were used as liaison aircraft for reconnaissance seaplane squadrons and remained in use well into the [[Second World War]].<ref name="Mikesh p139"/><ref name="Green v5 p130">{{Harvnb|Green|1968|p=130.}}</ref>

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==Specifications ==
{{Aircraft specs
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Japanese Aircraft 1910-1941 <ref name="Mikesh p140"> Mikesh and Abe 1990, p.140.</ref>
|ref=''Japanese Aircraft 1910–1941''<ref name="Mikesh p140">{{Harvnb|Mikesh|Abe|1990|p=140.}}</ref>
|prime units?=met<!-- imp or kts first for US aircraft, and UK aircraft pre-metrification, met(ric) first for all others. You MUST choose a format, or no specifications will show -->
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<!-- General characteristics-->
<!-- General characteristics-->
|genhide=
|genhide=
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|crew= 3

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|crew=3
|capacity=
|capacity=
|length m=11.90
|length m= 11.90
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|span m=16.19
|span m= 16.19
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|span note=
|height m=4.504
|height m= 4.504
|height ft=
|height ft=
|height in=
|height in=
|height note=(Transport aircraft 4.40 m (14 ft 5.25 in))
|height note= (Transport aircraft 4.40 m (14 ft 5.25 in))
|wing area sqm=38
|wing area sqm= 38
|wing area sqft=
|wing area sqft=
|wing area note=
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|airfoil=
|airfoil=
|empty weight kg=2170
|empty weight kg= 2170
|empty weight lb=
|empty weight lb=
|empty weight note=(Transport aircraft 2,720 kg (5,996 lb))
|empty weight note= (Transport aircraft 2,720 kg (5,996 lb))
|gross weight kg=3300
|gross weight kg= 3300
|gross weight lb=
|gross weight lb=
|gross weight note=(Transport aircraft 3,860 kg (8,509 lb))
|gross weight note= (Transport aircraft 3,860 kg (8,509 lb))
|max takeoff weight kg=
|max takeoff weight kg=
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|max takeoff weight lb=
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Powerplant
Powerplant
-->
-->
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 number= 1
|eng1 name=[[Hiro Type 91]]-1
|eng1 name= [[Hiro Type 91 (engine)|Hiro Type 91]]-1
|eng1 type=water-cooled twelve-cylinder [[w engine]]
|eng1 type= water-cooled twelve-cylinder [[W engine]]
|eng1 kw=<!-- prop engines -->
|eng1 kw= 450<!-- prop engines -->
|eng1 hp=620<!-- prop engines -->
|eng1 hp= 620<!-- prop engines -->
|eng1 kn=<!-- jet/rocket engines -->
|eng1 kn=<!-- jet/rocket engines -->
|eng1 lbf=<!-- jet/rocket engines -->
|eng1 lbf=<!-- jet/rocket engines -->
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|power original=
|power original=
|thrust original=
|thrust original=

|prop blade number=4<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop blade number=4<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop name=
|prop name=
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|prop dia in=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia in=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
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|prop note=

<!--
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Performance
Performance
-->
-->
|perfhide=
|perfhide=

|max speed kmh=
|max speed kmh=
|max speed mph=
|max speed mph=
|max speed kts=125
|max speed kts= 125
|max speed note=
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|max speed mach=<!-- supersonic aircraft -->
|max speed mach=<!-- supersonic aircraft -->
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|ferry range nmi=
|ferry range nmi=
|ferry range note=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=8.4 hr<!-- if range unknown -->
|endurance= 8.4 hr<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling m=3795
|ceiling m= 3795
|ceiling ft=
|ceiling ft=
|ceiling sigfig=4
|ceiling note=
|ceiling note=
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
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|sink rate note=
|sink rate note=
|lift to drag=
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|wing loading kg/m2
|wing loading kg/m2=
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|power/mass=
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|more performance=
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<!-- ==See also== -->
==See also==
{{aircontent
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|see also=
|see also=
|related=<!-- related developments -->
|related=<!-- related developments -->
|similar aircraft=<!-- similar or comparable aircraft -->
|similar aircraft=
* [[Aichi AB-4]]
|lists=<!-- related lists -->
* [[Aichi E10A]]
* [[Aichi E11A]]
* [[Beriev MBR-2]]
* [[Kawanishi E10K]]
* [[Loire 130]]<!-- similar or comparable aircraft -->
|lists=
* [[List of military aircraft of Japan]]
*[[List of flying boats and floatplanes]]
}}
}}

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==Notes==
==Footnotes==
* {{note label|Note1|a|a}}In the Japanese Navy designation system, specifications were given a ''Shi'' number based on the year of the Emperor's reign it was issued. In this case 11-''Shi'' stood for 1936, the 11th year of the [[Shōwa period|Shōwa era]].<ref name="Mikesh p2,286">Mikesh and Abe 1990, pp. 2, 286.</ref>
* {{note label|Note1|a|a}}In the Japanese Navy designation system, specifications were given a ''Shi'' number based on the year of the Emperor's reign it was issued. In this case 11-''Shi'' stood for 1936, the 11th year of the [[Shōwa period|Shōwa era]].<ref name="Mikesh p2,286">{{Harvnb|Mikesh|Abe|1990|pp=2, 286}}</ref>
⚫
{{reflist}}
* {{note label|Note2|b|b}} Kawanishi had made a similar modification to its earlier [[Kawanishi E10K]], which had lost out to the [[Aichi E10A]], producing the Navy Type 94 Transport.<ref name="Mikesh p139"/>


==References==
==References==
{{commons category}}

⚫
===Notes===
⚫
{{reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* Green, William. ''War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Five Flying Boats''. London:Macdonald, 1968. ISBN 0 356 01449 5.
* {{cite book |last=Green |first=William |title=War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Five, Flying Boats |location=London |publisher=Macdonald |year=1968 |isbn=0-356-01449-5}}
* Mikesh, Robert and Shorzoe Abe. ''Japanese Aircraft 1910-1941''. London:Putnam, 1990. ISBN 0 85177 840 2.
* {{cite book |last1=Mikesh |first1=Robert |first2=Shorzoe |last2=Abe |title=Japanese Aircraft 1910–1941 |location=London |publisher=Putnam |year= 1990 |isbn=0-85177-840-2}}
<!-- insert the reference sources here -->
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
*[http://www.awiacja.republika.pl/kawanishi.htm Samoloty Kawanishi] (in Polish)
{{Kawanishi aircraft}}
{{Kawanishi aircraft}}
{{Japanese Navy Reconnaissance seaplanes}}
{{Japanese Navy short aircraft designations}}
{{Aviation lists}}


[[Category:1930s Japanese military reconnaissance aircraft|E11K, Kawanishi]]
<!-- [[Category: ]] -->
[[Category:Flying boats]]
<!-- [[ja:十一試特殊水上偵察機]] -->
[[Category:Kawanishi aircraft|E11K]]
[[Category:Single-engined pusher aircraft]]
[[Category:High-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1937]]

Latest revision as of 17:30, 31 December 2023

E11K
Role Night reconnaissance/transport flying boat
National origin Japan
Manufacturer Kawanishi Aircraft Company
First flight 11 June 1937
Primary user Imperial Japanese Navy
Number built 2

The Kawanishi E11K was a Japanese flying boat of the 1930s. It was designed as a night reconnaissance aircraft for the Imperial Japanese Navy, but was not accepted, the two aircraft built being used as transports as the Type 96 Transport Flying Boat during the Second World War.

Development and design

[edit]

In 1936 the Imperial Japanese Navy drew up a requirement for an aircraft to replace the Aichi Type 96 Reconnaissance Seaplane as a specialised night reconnaissance aircraft, intended to spot naval gunfire in night actions and to shadow enemy forces at night, allowing submarines to be directed to targets.[1] The requirement was passed to Aichi and Kawanishi, with both companies producing aircraft to meet the navy's needs. While Aichi produced a biplane similar to the aircraft that was to be replaced, Kawanishi designed a gull winged cantilever monoplane. It was powered by a single Hiro Type 91 W engine in a pusher configuration, mounted on struts above the wing and driving a four-bladed propeller. The radiator was mounted in a fairing above the rear fuselage so that it was located in the propeller's slipstream. It was fitted with retractable wingtip floats, while its wings folded to aid storage aboard the cruisers of the Japanese Navy.[2][3]

The first of two prototypes of Kawanishi's design, the Experimental 11-Shi Special Reconnaissance Seaplane,[a] with the short designation E11K, made its maiden flight on 11 June 1937. It proved to have poor stability and water handling, while the engine installation overheated. It was unsuitable for the night reconnaissance role, with the Aichi design proving generally superior and being ordered into production as the Aichi E11A.[1]

Operational history

[edit]

The two prototypes were fitted with retractable beaching gear, in order to serve as a utility transport aircraft, and was accepted into service by the Japanese Navy as the Type 96 Transport.[b] These aircraft were used as liaison aircraft for reconnaissance seaplane squadrons and remained in use well into the Second World War.[1][4]

Specifications

[edit]

Data from Japanese Aircraft 1910–1941[5]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 3
  • Length: 11.90 m (39 ft 1 in)
  • Wingspan: 16.19 m (53 ft 1 in)
  • Height: 4.504 m (14 ft 9 in) (Transport aircraft 4.40 m (14 ft 5.25 in))
  • Wing area: 38 m2 (410 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 2,170 kg (4,784 lb) (Transport aircraft 2,720 kg (5,996 lb))
  • Gross weight: 3,300 kg (7,275 lb) (Transport aircraft 3,860 kg (8,509 lb))
  • Powerplant: 1 × Hiro Type 91-1 water-cooled twelve-cylinder W engine, 450 kW (620 hp)
  • Propellers: 4-bladed

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 232 km/h (144 mph, 125 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 130 km/h (81 mph, 70 kn)
  • Range: 1,520 km (940 mi, 820 nmi)
  • Endurance: 8.4 hr
  • Service ceiling: 3,795 m (12,450 ft)

See also

[edit]

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Footnotes

[edit]
  • a In the Japanese Navy designation system, specifications were given a Shi number based on the year of the Emperor's reign it was issued. In this case 11-Shi stood for 1936, the 11th year of the Shōwa era.[6]
  • b Kawanishi had made a similar modification to its earlier Kawanishi E10K, which had lost out to the Aichi E10A, producing the Navy Type 94 Transport.[1]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kawanishi E11K.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Mikesh & Abe 1990, p. 139.
  2. ^ Mikesh & Abe 1990, pp. 139–140.
  3. ^ Green 1968, p. 129.
  4. ^ Green 1968, p. 130.
  5. ^ Mikesh & Abe 1990, p. 140.
  6. ^ Mikesh & Abe 1990, pp. 2, 286

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Green, William (1968). War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Five, Flying Boats. London: Macdonald. ISBN 0-356-01449-5.
  • Mikesh, Robert; Abe, Shorzoe (1990). Japanese Aircraft 1910–1941. London: Putnam. ISBN 0-85177-840-2.
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