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{{short description|Genus of fungi}}
{{italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Taxobox
| image = Gymnosporangium_juniperii_telial_form.jpg
| name = ''Gymnosporangium''
| image_caption = ''Gymnosporangium juniperi''
| image =Gymnosporangium_juniperii_telial_form.jpg
| taxon = Gymnosporangium
| image_width = 200px
| authority = [[R.Hedw.]] ex [[DC.]] (1805)
| image_caption = A ''Gymnosporangium'' species
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Pucciniomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Pucciniales]]
| familia = [[Pucciniaceae]]
| genus = '''''Gymnosporangium'''''
| genus_authority = [[R.Hedw.]] ex [[DC.]] (1805)
| type_species = ''Gymnosporangium fuscum''
| type_species = ''Gymnosporangium fuscum''
| type_species_authority = DC. (1805)
| type_species_authority = DC. (1805)
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
}}
}}


'''''Gymnosporangium''''' is a [[genus]] of [[heteroecious]] [[Phytopathology|plant-pathogenic]] [[fungus|fungi]] which alternately infect members of the family [[Cupressaceae]], primarily species in the genus ''Juniperus'' ([[juniper]]s), and members of the family [[Rosaceae]] in the subfamily [[Maloideae]] ([[apple]]s, [[pear]]s, [[quince]]s, [[shadbush]], [[Crataegus|hawthorns]], [[rowan]]s and their relatives). According to the ''Dictionary of the Fungi'' (10th edition, 2008), there are about 57 species in the genus.<ref name=Kirk2008/>
'''''Gymnosporangium''''' is a [[genus]] of [[heteroecious]] [[Phytopathology|plant-pathogenic]] [[fungus|fungi]] which alternately infect members of the family [[Cupressaceae]], primarily species in the genus ''Juniperus'' ([[juniper]]s), and members of the family [[Rosaceae]] in the subfamily [[Amygdaloideae]] ([[apple]]s, [[pear]]s, [[quince]]s, [[shadbush]], [[Crataegus|hawthorns]], [[rowan]]s and their relatives). The common name cedar-apple rusts has been used for these fungi.<ref name="Kern1973">{{cite book |last1=Kern |first1=Frank D |title=Revised Taxonomic Account of Gymnosporangium |date=1973 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |isbn=978-0271011059 |pages=136}}</ref> According to the ''Dictionary of the Fungi'' (10th edition, 2008), there was 57 species in the genus.<ref name=Kirk2008/> In 2023, [[Species Fungorum]] lists up to 74 species.<ref name=Fungorum/>


In junipers (the primary hosts) (see photo), some species of the fungus form a ball like [[gall]] about 2–4&nbsp;cm in diameter which produces a set of orange tentacle-like [[spore]] tubes called [[telial horns]]. These horns expand and have a jelly like consistency when wet. In other species the telia are produced directly from the bark of the juniper with no obvious gall formation or swelling<ref>{{Cite journal
In junipers (the primary hosts, see photo), some species form a ball-like [[gall]] about 2–4&nbsp;cm in diameter which produces a set of orange tentacle-like [[spore]] tubes called [[telial horns]]. These horns expand and have a jelly like consistency when wet. In other species, such as in ''G. clarvariforme'', the telia are produced directly from the bark of the juniper with no obvious gall formation or swelling.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Brand | first1 = Bert
| last1 = Brand | first1 = Bert
| last2 = Brand | first2 = Gill
| last2 = Brand | first2 = Gill
Line 31: Line 22:
| pages = 123–127
| pages = 123–127
|date=October 2006
|date=October 2006
| doi-access = free
}}</ref> such as in ''G. clarvariforme'' . The spores are released and travel on the wind until they infect an apple, pear, or hawthorn tree.
}}</ref> The [[Basidiospore|basidiospores]] are released and travel on the wind until they infect an apple, pear, hawthorn or suitable tree.


On the secondary hosts, the fungus produces yellowish depressions on the leaves. It also infects the fruit, which grows whitish tubes like a [[Medusa (mythology)|Medusa]] head. These are the spore tubes. The spores must then infect a juniper to complete the life cycle.
On the secondary hosts, the fungus produces yellowish depressions on the leaves. It also infects the fruit, which grows whitish tubes like a [[Medusa (mythology)|Medusa]] head. These are the spore tubes. These [[Aeciospore|aeciospores]] must then infect a juniper to complete the life cycle. All the types of spores can spread over long distances.<ref name="EPPO_2006" />


The fungus does not cause serious damage to junipers, but apple and pear trees can suffer serious loss of fruit production due to the effects of the fungus. Due to the economic impacts of the rusts in some areas where [[orchard]]s are of commercial importance, some regions have attempted to ban the planting of and/or eradicate the coniferous hosts.<ref>[http://www.arhomeandgarden.org/plantoftheweek/articles/cedar_apple_rust_6-02-06.htm Cedar Apple Rust - Plant of the Week<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
The fungus does not cause serious damage to junipers, but apple and pear trees can suffer serious loss of fruit production due to the effects of the fungus. Although the genus has a worldwide distribution, its impact depends on availability of its two host plant species. Individual species are found in Northern and Central America, Asia, Europe and the Middle East.<ref name="EPPO_2006">{{cite journal |title=Diagnostics - Gymnosporangium spp. (non-European) |journal=OEPP/EPPO Bulletin |date=2006 |volume=36 |pages=41–446 }}</ref>


Due to the economic impacts of the rusts in some areas where [[orchard]]s are of commercial importance, some regions have attempted to ban the planting of and/or eradicate the coniferous hosts.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arhomeandgarden.org/plantoftheweek/articles/cedar_apple_rust_6-02-06.htm |title=Cedar Apple Rust - Plant of the Week<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2006-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926225035/http://www.arhomeandgarden.org/plantoftheweek/articles/cedar_apple_rust_6-02-06.htm |archive-date=2006-09-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Selected species==

In 2020, the monotypic family ''Gymnosporangiaceae'' was proposed to accommodate ''Gymnosporangium''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=P. |last2=Qi |first2=X. |last3=Crous |first3=P. |last4=Duan |first4=W. |last5=Cai |first5=L. |title=Gymnosporangium species on Malus: species delineation, diversity and host alternation. |journal=Persoonia |date=2020 |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=68–100. |doi=10.3767/persoonia.2020.45.03|hdl=2263/80904 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> As accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2020.<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |last1=Wijayawardene |first1=Nalin |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin |first3=Laith Khalil Tawfeeq |last3=Al-Ani |last4=Somayeh |first4=Dolatabadi |last5=Stadler |first5=Marc |last6=Haelewaters |first6=Danny |last7=Tsurykau |first7=Andrei |last8=Mesic |first8=Armin |last9=Navathe |first9=Sudhir |last10=Papp |first10=Viktor |last11=Oliveira Fiuza |first11=Patrícia |last12=Vázquez |first12=Víctor |last13=Gautam |first13=Ajay |last14=Becerra |first14=Alejandra G. |last15=Ekanayaka |first15=Anusha |last16=K. C. |first16=Rajeshkumar |last17=Bezerra |first17=Jadson |last18=Matočec |first18=Neven |last19=Maharachchikumbura |first19=Sajeewa |last20=Suetrong |first20=Satinee |year=2020 |title=Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa |journal=Mycosphere |volume=11 |pages=1060–1456 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 |doi-access=free|hdl=10481/61998 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==Selected species and hosts==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Species
!align="left"|Species
Line 51: Line 47:
| ''Juniperus'' sect. ''Juniperus''
| ''Juniperus'' sect. ''Juniperus''
| ''Amelanchier, Crataegus, Pyrus''
| ''Amelanchier, Crataegus, Pyrus''
| Tongues of Fire<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/scottishfungi/species-profiles/gymnoporangium-cornutum-clavariforme ''Gymnosporangium cornutum/clavariforme''], Scottish Fungi</ref>
|-
|-
|''[[Gymnosporangium clavipes]]''
|''[[Gymnosporangium clavipes]]''
| ''Juniperus''
| ''Juniperus''
| ''Crataegus, Cydonia''
| ''Crataegus, Cydonia''
| Cedar-quince rust
| Cedar-quince rust, quince rust<ref name=US/>
|-
|-
|''[[Gymnosporangium confusum]]''
|''[[Gymnosporangium confusum]]''
Line 64: Line 61:
| ''Juniperus sect. ''Juniperus''
| ''Juniperus sect. ''Juniperus''
| ''Sorbus'' subgen. ''Sorbus''
| ''Sorbus'' subgen. ''Sorbus''
| Mountain ash juniper rust<ref name=US>[http://www.prevalentfungi.org/fungi.cfm FullFungi List], Widely Prevalent Fungi of the United States</ref>
|-
|-
|''[[Gymnosporangium cupressi]]''
|''[[Gymnosporangium cupressi]]''
Line 72: Line 70:
| ''Juniperus'' sect. ''Juniperus''
| ''Juniperus'' sect. ''Juniperus''
| ''Pyrus''
| ''Pyrus''
|-
|''[[Gymnosporangium fuscum]]'' (syn. ''G. sabinae'')
| ''Juniperus'' sect. ''Sabina''
| ''Pyrus''
| Pear rust, European pear rust, or pear trellis rust
|-
|-
|''[[Gymnosporangium fusisporum]]''
|''[[Gymnosporangium fusisporum]]''
Line 89: Line 82:
| ''Juniperus''
| ''Juniperus''
| ''Crataegus''
| ''Crataegus''
| Cedar-hawthorn rust
| Cedar-hawthorn rust, American hawthorn rust<ref name=US/><ref name=APS/>
|-
|-
|''[[Gymnosporangium gracile]]''
|''[[Gymnosporangium gracile]]''
Line 106: Line 99:
| ''Juniperus''
| ''Juniperus''
| ''Malus''
| ''Malus''
| Cedar-apple rust
| Cedar-apple rust<ref name=US/>
|-
|-
|''[[Gymnosporangium kernianum]]''
|''[[Gymnosporangium kernianum]]''
| ''Juniperus''
| ''Juniperus''
| ''Amelanchier''
| ''Amelanchier''
| Kern's pear rust<ref name=APS>[http://www.apsnet.org/publications/commonnames/Pages/Pear.aspx Diseases of Pear], APS</ref>
|-
|-
|''[[Gymnosporangium libocedri]]''
|''[[Gymnosporangium libocedri]]'' (Now ''Gymnotelium blasdaleanum'', [[Pucciniaceae]] family)
| ''Calocedrus''
| ''Calocedrus''
| ''Amelanchier''
| ''Amelanchier''
| Pacific Coast pear rust
| Pacific Coast pear rust,<ref name=APS/> Incense cedar broom rust<ref name=US/>
|-
|-
|''[[Gymnosporangium malyi]]''
|''[[Gymnosporangium malyi]]''
Line 128: Line 122:
| ''Juniperus''
| ''Juniperus''
| ''Amelanchier''
| ''Amelanchier''
| Witches broom rust
| Witches broom rust,<ref name=US/> Rocky Mountain pear<ref name=APS/>
|-
|-
|''[[Gymnosporangium nidus-avis]]''
|''[[Gymnosporangium nidus-avis]]''
| ''Juniperus'' sect. ''Sabina''
| ''Juniperus'' sect. ''Sabina''
| ''Crataegus, Cydonia, Malus''
| ''Crataegus, Cydonia, Malus''
| Juniper witches' broom rust<ref name=US/>
|-
|-
|''[[Gymnosporangium sabinae]]''
|''[[Gymnosporangium sabinae]]''
| ''Juniperus''
| ''Juniperus''
| ''Pyrus, Malus, Crataegus''
| ''Pyrus, Malus, Crataegus''
| Pear rust, European pear rust, or pear trellis rust
| Pear rust, European pear rust, or pear trellis rust<ref name=US/>
|-
|-
|''[[Gymnosporangium torminalis-juniperinum]]''
|''[[Gymnosporangium torminalis-juniperinum]]''
Line 150: Line 145:
| ''Juniperus''
| ''Juniperus''
| ''Malus''
| ''Malus''
| Japanese apple rust<ref>[http://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/fungi/Gymnosporangium_yamadae/GYMNYA_ds.pdf ''Gymnosporangium yamadae''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604174023/http://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/fungi/Gymnosporangium_yamadae/GYMNYA_ds.pdf |date=2015-06-04 }}, Data sheets on Quaranteen Pests</ref>
|}
|}

==Full list of species==
As accepted by Species Fungorum;<ref name=Fungorum/>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium amelanchieris]]'' {{Au|(DC.) E. Fisch. (1909)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium annulatum]]'' {{Au|Y.M. Liang & B. Cao (2020)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium asiaticum]]'' {{Au|Miyabe ex G. Yamada (1904)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium atlanticum]]'' {{Au|Guyot & Malençon (1957)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium aurantiacum]]'' {{Au|Syd. & P. Syd. (1904)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium bermudianum]]'' {{Au|Earle (1893)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium bethelii]]'' {{Au|F. Kern (1907)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium biseptatum]]'' {{Au|Ellis (1874)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium clavariiforme]]'' {{Au|(Wulfen) DC. (1805)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium clavipes]]'' {{Au|Cooke & Peck (1873)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium confusum]]'' {{Au|Plowr. (1889)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium connersii]]'' {{Au|Parmelee (1965)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium corniculans]]'' {{Au|F. Kern (1910)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium corniforme]]'' {{Au|Sawada (1928)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium cornutum]]'' {{Au|(Pers.) Arthur (1910)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium cunninghamianum]]'' {{Au|Barclay (1890)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium cupressi]]'' {{Au|Long & Goodd. (1921)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium davisii]]'' {{Au|F. Kern (1908)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium dobrozrakovae]]'' {{Au|Mitrof. (1969)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium echinulatum]]'' {{Au|(Seung K. Lee & Kakish.) Y.M. Liang & B. Cao (2020)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium effusum]]'' {{Au|F. Kern (1911)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium exiguum]]'' {{Au|F. Kern (1908)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium exterum]]'' {{Au|Arthur & F. Kern (1910)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium floriforme]]'' {{Au|Thaxt. (1908)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium formosanum]]'' {{Au|Hirats. f. & Hashioka (1935)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium fraternum]]'' {{Au|F. Kern (1911)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium fusisporum]]'' {{Au|E. Fisch. (1918)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium gaeumannii]]'' {{Au|H. Zogg (1949)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium gjaerumii]]'' {{Au|Korbonsk. & Azbukina (1997)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium globosum]]'' {{Au|(Farl.) Farl. (1886)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium gracile]]'' {{Au|Pat. (1902)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium gracilens]]'' {{Au|(Peck) F. Kern & Bethel (1911)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium harknessianum]]'' {{Au|(Ellis & Everh. ex F. Kern) F. Kern (1911)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium hemisphaericum]]'' {{Au|Hara (1917)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium huanglongense]]'' {{Au|Y.M. Liang & B. Cao (2016)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium hyalinum]]'' {{Au|(Cooke) F. Kern (1911)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium inconspicuum]]'' {{Au|F. Kern (1907)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae]]'' {{Au|Schwein. (1822)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium kanasense]]'' {{Au|P. Zhao & L. Cai (2020)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium kernianum]]'' {{Au|Bethel (1911)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium lachrymiforme]]'' {{Au|P. Zhao & L. Cai (2020)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium lianhuaense]]'' {{Au|Y.M. Liang, B. Cao & S.Q. Tao (2020)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium meridissimum]]'' {{Au|Crowell (1940)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium mespili]]'' {{Au|(DC.) F. Kern (1911)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium minus]]'' {{Au|Crowell (1940)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium miyabei]]'' {{Au|G. Yamada & I. Miyake (1908)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium monticola]]'' {{Au|H.Y. Yun (2009)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium multiporum]]'' {{Au|F. Kern (1909)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium nelsonii]]'' {{Au|Arthur (1901)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium nidus-avis]]'' {{Au|Thaxt. (1891)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium niitakayamense]]'' {{Au|Y.M. Shen (2018)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium nipponicum]]'' {{Au|G. Yamada (1935)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium orientale]]'' {{Au|P. Syd. & Syd. (1912)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium padmarense]]'' {{Au|Balf.-Browne (1955)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium paraphysatum]]'' {{Au|Vienn.-Bourg. (1961)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium pleoporum]]'' {{Au|Y.M. Liang & B. Cao (2020)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium przewalskii]]'' {{Au|Y.M. Liang & B. Cao (2017)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium raphiolepidis]]'' {{Au|(Syd.) T. Kasuya, K. Hosaka & Kakish. (2020)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium sabinae]]'' {{Au|(Dicks.) G. Winter (1884)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium shennongjiaense]]'' {{Au|P. Zhao & L. Cai (2020)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium shiraianum]]'' {{Au|Hara (1919)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium sorbi]]'' {{Au|(Arthur) F. Kern (1911)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium spinulosum]]'' {{Au|P. Zhao & L. Cai (2020)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium taianum]]'' {{Au|F. Kern (1964)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium tiankengense]]'' {{Au|P. Zhao & L. Cai (2020)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium tianschanicum]]'' {{Au|Z.Y. Zhao & J.Y. Zhuang (2007)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium torminali-juniperini]]'' {{Au|E. Fisch. (1910)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium trachysorum]]'' {{Au|F. Kern (1910)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium tremelloides]]'' {{Au|R. Hartig (1882)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium tsingchenense]]'' {{Au|C.T. Wei (1947)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium turkestanicum]]'' {{Au|Tranzschel (1939)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium unicorne]]'' {{Au|H.Y. Yun (2009)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium vauqueliniae]]'' {{Au|Long & Goodd. (1939)}}
*''[[Gymnosporangium yamadae]]'' {{Au|Miyabe ex G. Yamada (1904)}}
{{div col end}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=


<ref name=Fungorum>{{cite web |title=Species Fungorum - Search Page - Gymnosporangium |url=https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp |website=www.speciesfungorum.org |access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref>
<ref name=Kirk2008>{{cite book |author=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CABI |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008 |page=298 |isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}</ref>

<ref name=Kirk2008>{{cite book |vauthors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryfungit00kirk |url-access=limited |edition=10th |publisher=CABI |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryfungit00kirk/page/n308 298] |isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}</ref>


}}
}}

==Other sources==
* Phillips, D.H., & Burdekin, D.A. (1992). ''Diseases of Forest and Ornamental Trees''. Macmillan.
* Phillips, D.H., & Burdekin, D.A. (1992). ''Diseases of Forest and Ornamental Trees''. Macmillan.
* Scharpf, R.F., ed. (1993). ''Diseases of Pacific Coast Conifers.'' USDA Forest Service Agricultural Handbook 521.
* Scharpf, R.F., ed. (1993). ''Diseases of Pacific Coast Conifers.'' USDA Forest Service Agricultural Handbook 521.


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{commonscat}}
{{Wikispecies}}
* [http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/genus.cfm?id=Gymnosporangium Forestry Images: ''Gymnosporangium'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060825060707/http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/genus.cfm?id=Gymnosporangium Forestry Images: ''Gymnosporangium'']
* [http://www.uni-essen.de/botanik/Exkursionen/Gymnosporangium_sabinae.jpg Photo of ''Gymnosporangium sabinae''] on ''[[Juniperus sabina]]''
* [http://www.uni-essen.de/botanik/Exkursionen/Gymnosporangium_sabinae.jpg Photo of ''Gymnosporangium sabinae''] on ''[[Juniperus sabina]]''


{{Taxonbar|from=Q3272185}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Basidiomycota]]
[[Category:Basidiomycota genera]]
[[Category:Pucciniales]]

Latest revision as of 13:42, 5 January 2024

Gymnosporangium
Gymnosporangium juniperi
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Pucciniomycetes
Order: Pucciniales
Family: Gymnosporangiaceae
Genus: Gymnosporangium
R.Hedw. ex DC. (1805)
Type species
Gymnosporangium fuscum
DC. (1805)

Gymnosporangium is a genus of heteroecious plant-pathogenic fungi which alternately infect members of the family Cupressaceae, primarily species in the genus Juniperus (junipers), and members of the family Rosaceae in the subfamily Amygdaloideae (apples, pears, quinces, shadbush, hawthorns, rowans and their relatives). The common name cedar-apple rusts has been used for these fungi.[1] According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008), there was 57 species in the genus.[2] In 2023, Species Fungorum lists up to 74 species.[3]

In junipers (the primary hosts, see photo), some species form a ball-like gall about 2–4 cm in diameter which produces a set of orange tentacle-like spore tubes called telial horns. These horns expand and have a jelly like consistency when wet. In other species, such as in G. clarvariforme, the telia are produced directly from the bark of the juniper with no obvious gall formation or swelling.[4] The basidiospores are released and travel on the wind until they infect an apple, pear, hawthorn or suitable tree.

On the secondary hosts, the fungus produces yellowish depressions on the leaves. It also infects the fruit, which grows whitish tubes like a Medusa head. These are the spore tubes. These aeciospores must then infect a juniper to complete the life cycle. All the types of spores can spread over long distances.[5]

The fungus does not cause serious damage to junipers, but apple and pear trees can suffer serious loss of fruit production due to the effects of the fungus. Although the genus has a worldwide distribution, its impact depends on availability of its two host plant species. Individual species are found in Northern and Central America, Asia, Europe and the Middle East.[5]

Due to the economic impacts of the rusts in some areas where orchards are of commercial importance, some regions have attempted to ban the planting of and/or eradicate the coniferous hosts.[6]

In 2020, the monotypic family Gymnosporangiaceae was proposed to accommodate Gymnosporangium.[7] As accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2020.[8]

Selected species and hosts

[edit]
Species Primary host Secondary host Common name
Gymnosporangium amelanchieris Juniperus sect. Juniperus Amelanchier
Gymnosporangium clavariiforme Juniperus sect. Juniperus Amelanchier, Crataegus, Pyrus Tongues of Fire[9]
Gymnosporangium clavipes Juniperus Crataegus, Cydonia Cedar-quince rust, quince rust[10]
Gymnosporangium confusum Juniperus Crataegus, Cydonia, Mespilus, Pyrus
Gymnosporangium cornutum Juniperus sect. Juniperus Sorbus subgen. Sorbus Mountain ash juniper rust[10]
Gymnosporangium cupressi Cupressus Amelanchier
Gymnosporangium dobroznakovii Juniperus sect. Juniperus Pyrus
Gymnosporangium fusisporum Juniperus sect. Sabina Cotoneaster
Gymnosporangium gaeumannii Juniperus communis (not known)
Gymnosporangium globosum Juniperus Crataegus Cedar-hawthorn rust, American hawthorn rust[10][11]
Gymnosporangium gracile Juniperus Amelanchier, Crataegus, Cydonia
Gymnosporangium harknessianum Juniperus Amelanchier
Gymnosporangium inconspicuum Juniperus Amelanchier
Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Juniperus Malus Cedar-apple rust[10]
Gymnosporangium kernianum Juniperus Amelanchier Kern's pear rust[11]
Gymnosporangium libocedri (Now Gymnotelium blasdaleanum, Pucciniaceae family) Calocedrus Amelanchier Pacific Coast pear rust,[11] Incense cedar broom rust[10]
Gymnosporangium malyi (not known) Crataegus
Gymnosporangium multiporum Juniperus (not known)
Gymnosporangium nelsonii Juniperus Amelanchier Witches broom rust,[10] Rocky Mountain pear[11]
Gymnosporangium nidus-avis Juniperus sect. Sabina Crataegus, Cydonia, Malus Juniper witches' broom rust[10]
Gymnosporangium sabinae Juniperus Pyrus, Malus, Crataegus Pear rust, European pear rust, or pear trellis rust[10]
Gymnosporangium torminalis-juniperinum Juniperus sect. Juniperus Sorbus torminalis
Gymnosporangium tremelloides Juniperus sect. Juniperus Cydonia, Malus, Sorbus
Gymnosporangium yamadae Juniperus Malus Japanese apple rust[12]

Full list of species

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As accepted by Species Fungorum;[3]

References

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  1. ^ Kern, Frank D (1973). Revised Taxonomic Account of Gymnosporangium. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-0271011059.
  2. ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
  3. ^ a b "Species Fungorum - Search Page - Gymnosporangium". www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  4. ^ Brand, Bert; Brand, Gill; Shattock, Richard (October 2006). "Sorting out Gymnosporangium species – the aecial stage". Field Mycology. 7 (4): 123–127. doi:10.1016/S1468-1641(10)60574-9.
  5. ^ a b "Diagnostics - Gymnosporangium spp. (non-European)". OEPP/EPPO Bulletin. 36: 41–446. 2006.
  6. ^ "Cedar Apple Rust - Plant of the Week". Archived from the original on 2006-09-26. Retrieved 2006-11-17.
  7. ^ Zhao, P.; Qi, X.; Crous, P.; Duan, W.; Cai, L. (2020). "Gymnosporangium species on Malus: species delineation, diversity and host alternation". Persoonia. 45 (1): 68–100. doi:10.3767/persoonia.2020.45.03. hdl:2263/80904.
  8. ^ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
  9. ^ Gymnosporangium cornutum/clavariforme, Scottish Fungi
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h FullFungi List, Widely Prevalent Fungi of the United States
  11. ^ a b c d Diseases of Pear, APS
  12. ^ Gymnosporangium yamadae Archived 2015-06-04 at the Wayback Machine, Data sheets on Quaranteen Pests

Other sources

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  • Phillips, D.H., & Burdekin, D.A. (1992). Diseases of Forest and Ornamental Trees. Macmillan.
  • Scharpf, R.F., ed. (1993). Diseases of Pacific Coast Conifers. USDA Forest Service Agricultural Handbook 521.
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