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m Maintain {{WPBS}} and vital articles: 6 WikiProject templates. Merge {{VA}} into {{WPBS}}. Keep majority rating "C" in {{WPBS}}. Remove 5 same ratings as {{WPBS}} in {{WikiProject History}}, {{WikiProject Azerbaijan}}, {{WikiProject Iran}}, {{WikiProject Artsakh}}, {{WikiProject European history}}.
 
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== First sentence ==
{{ping|CuriousGolden}} I don't agree with the way the first sentence of the lede is written. This article is meant to elaborate about the History of the Azerbaijan Republic, discussing everything that happened in relation to its soil, from prehistory to contemporary times. This concept doesn't equal to the history of ethnic [[Azerbaijanis|Azerbaijan'''is''']]. We are both well aware that the entire article needs to rewritten (I might do it myself at some point in the future), but the first sentence of the lede is just too misleading for it to remain as it is. - [[User:LouisAragon|LouisAragon]] ([[User talk:LouisAragon|talk]]) 12:30, 20 February 2021 (UTC)
:It's similar to the lead in [[History of Armenia]]. The sentence you added [https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=History_of_Azerbaijan&diff=1007883296&oldid=1007883250&diffmode=source here] doesn't sound very nice in my opinion (it's quite short), but if you can improve it, then we can definitely change it. (Perhaps it could be made similar to how it is on [[History of Turkey]]?) — [[User:CuriousGolden|<b style="color:#c29d25">Curious</b><b style="color:#c29d25">Golden</b>]] <b style="solid black"> [[User talk:CuriousGolden|(T·]][[Special:Contribs/CuriousGolden|C)]] </b> 14:30, 20 February 2021 (UTC)


== Ref bombs ==
==Azerbaijani khanates==
Alborz, first of all, the Iranica you are referring to gives some [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-index inaccurate information on Azerbaijan]. For instance, it states ''historically an Iranian region, by anti-Russian separatist forces of the area when, on 26 May 1918 they declared its independence and called it the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan''. Well, the actual independence day was declared on May 28, not 26. Furthermore, the source refers to Tadeusz Swietochowski, who in turn, identifies the khanates as Azerbaijani, not Iranian. See [http://books.google.com/books?id=cozSOSsv7ZsC&pg=PA2&dq=Swietochowski+Azerbaijani+khanates&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false] and [http://books.google.com/books?id=t5HKjm6vs3YC&pg=PA189&dq=Swietochowski+Azerbaijani+khanates&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false]. There are many more sources, but I think there is a clear distinction between the Azerbaijani khanates above the Kura river and Iranian below it. [[User:Tuscumbia|<font color="#0000FF"><strong>Tuscumbia</strong></font>]] ([[User talk:Tuscumbia|<font color="#DC143C">''talk''</font>]]) 15:24, 23 November 2011 (UTC)
:The inaccuracy in one article , does not means the whole Encyclopedia may not be used as a reference . The determining factor in assessing the value of an article either in an Encyclopedia or in a book , is the writer of the article . In this example , there can be two reasons in giving 26 may and not 28 : One (more probable) is wrong typing , that is not so important at all and does not disqualify the Iranica as a reliable source , Two (less probable) is that the date of declaring the break down of [[Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic]] is 26 may , and so the unofficial date of independent Azerbaijan may be considered two days before the official date of 28 . But anyway , that does not have any relevance to other articles in Iranica . About Swietochowski , he is an expert in contemporary history of Azerbaijan republic , but editors like [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|Bosworth]] are experts in this especial field .Anyway , when we are citing the Iranica as a reference and we are citing the text in foot note , it is definitely wrong to change a word in the Wikipedia article : if you think Iranica may not be cited , then delete the source and sentence all (after proving Iranica is not a RS)--[[User:Alborz Fallah|Alborz Fallah]] ([[User talk:Alborz Fallah|talk]]) 17:44, 23 November 2011 (UTC)


I've been working on [[History of Azerbaijan#Prehistory]]. There are four ref bombs in the section, some of this should be moved to the Further reading section. I have enclosed the three instances in notes; this is not a good long term solution due to ref chasing. Does anyone have thoughts on these four instances, and what should be moved to further reading. Since if I go forward I'll be moving refs I wanted to post a discussion first. <span style="font-family:Courier;"><b>&nbsp;//&nbsp;[[User:TimothyBlue|Timothy]]&nbsp;::&nbsp;[[User talk:TimothyBlue|talk]]&nbsp;</b></span> 19:38, 11 January 2023 (UTC)
:And also look at our previous debate about this topic in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:History_of_Azerbaijan/Archive_2#.22Independent.22_Khanates_in_the_18th_century_.3F.21].--[[User:Alborz Fallah|Alborz Fallah]] ([[User talk:Alborz Fallah|talk]]) 17:47, 23 November 2011 (UTC)


== Semi-protected edit request on 10 March 2023 ==
:And to add by present change , the other sources like Britannica : [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46781/Azerbaijan/129462/History#ref481438] is also falsely neglected (Britannica supports Iranian Khanates ) and changing the sentence has made the citing wrong --[[User:Alborz Fallah|Alborz Fallah]] ([[User talk:Alborz Fallah|talk]]) 18:18, 23 November 2011 (UTC)


{{Edit semi-protected|History of Azerbaijan|answered=yes}}
:To show that the wrong typing problems are not so important , I dare to mention in your comment , you typed the river [[Kura River|Kura]] , instead of [[Aras River|Aras]] ! --[[User:Alborz Fallah|Alborz Fallah]] ([[User talk:Alborz Fallah|talk]]) 18:31, 23 November 2011 (UTC)
Need source for “Akhsitan I (who built Baku)” [[Special:Contributions/2603:8000:E801:6300:B8D9:3C2C:FBD8:443E|2603:8000:E801:6300:B8D9:3C2C:FBD8:443E]] ([[User talk:2603:8000:E801:6300:B8D9:3C2C:FBD8:443E|talk]]) 10:38, 10 March 2023 (UTC)
:{{done}}<!-- Template:ESp --> [[User:M.Bitton|M.Bitton]] ([[User talk:M.Bitton|talk]]) 13:58, 10 March 2023 (UTC)


== Aq Qoyunlu Qara Qoyunly ==
::Alborz, that's an encyclopedia we're talking about. If the encyclopedia Iranica is not sure when exactly the document on proclamation of independence of a state was signed, how can we refer to its article on khanates? One may go around with various reasons for those mistakes, but it's inadmissable to accept an assumption when there are facts.
::There are tons of sources identifying the khanates as Azerbaijani. With the Azerbaijani Turkic speaking population and independent and semi-independent status, these khanates were Azerbaijani and not under the Iranian rule or had Persian speaking population. Throughout their short history they were subdued by Persia and Russia, but we can't say they were Russian khanates, can we? Britannica does not say anything about them being Iranian, but that they were "Persian ruled" at one point in time. Considering how many times the Iranian shahs attacked these khanates, speaks of their independent status as separate states. Some allied with other khanates, some with Georgia, some with Russian to protect themselves against Iran.
::Yes, apologies about Kura. Yes, it should have been Aras. But you're forgetting that I am an editor, not an online encyclopedia to which many refer to. My typos can be admissable, encyclopedia typos are not. [[User:Tuscumbia|<font color="#0000FF"><strong>Tuscumbia</strong></font>]] ([[User talk:Tuscumbia|<font color="#DC143C">''talk''</font>]]) 14:55, 25 November 2011 (UTC)


In the early Middle Ages, white sheep were spread over a wide area in the South Caucasus, in the area between the Caucasus Mountains and the Araz River, around Goycha Lake, in the Alagoz grasslands, as well as in the southern regions of Azerbaijan, Eastern Anatolia, Western Iran, the Tigris and Euphrates valleys.
A typo does not discredifies an important Encyclopedia.I think there is no doubt in value of Encyclopedia Iranica as an example of Reliable Source for Wikipedia , and same is trough about Britannica .Britannica says : <blockquote>'''''Persian<nowiki>[Iranian]</nowiki>-ruled''' khanates in Shirvan (Şamaxı), Baku, Ganja (Gäncä), Karabakh, and Yerevan dominated this frontier of Ṣafavid Iran....Henceforth the Azerbaijani Turks of Caucasia were separated from the majority of their linguistic and religious compatriots, who '''remained''' in Iran.''</blockquote> For to be used in Wikipedia , we don't need a '''''ton''''' of sources , just show me a few of reliable sources that say the feudal local authorities in that region were not a part of Iranian state and/or had no connection with Iranian state.


The Aggoyun people belonged to the Bayandur clan of the Oguz. Their names are given as "Bayandur Khan boys" in Turkic-language sources, and "Bayanduriyya" in Persian-language sources The word "Bayandur" in the ancient Turkish language means "a place that is always full of blessings". The name Bayandur comes from Bayandur, the eldest son of Goy Khan, one of the sons of Oghuz Khan. Aggoyunuls considered themselves descendants of Bayandur Khan.
Again I am asking <big>'''is it right that you changed a sentence with two sources , but the citation still remains in the text'''</big> ? --[[User:Alborz Fallah|Alborz Fallah]] ([[User talk:Alborz Fallah|talk]]) 10:44, 26 November 2011 (UTC)


At the time of Hamza Bey, the Bayandur stamp was stamped on Aggoyunlu coins. During the period of Uzun Hasan and his successors, the Bayandur stamp was again printed on coins as a sign of the state. This stamp was also used on the Aggoyunlu flag and inscriptions.Beginning with Hasan, the Aggoyunlu rulers were masters of science and art.
:Alborz, with all due respect, I'm not really understanding what you're asking. Why should I remove Iranica? I do accept it as a source but have highlighted some mistakes on that specific page which describes the khanates as ''Iranian''. Just google ''Azerbaijani khanates'' in Google Books and you'll come to find many reliable sources attesting to what I argue about. It's no surprise that many authors refer to khanates above Aras as ''Azerbaijani'' and never refer to the ones below Aras as ''Azerbaijani''. Please, refer to the actual sentence in the article ''...sometimes de facto independent founded under nominal Persian suzerainty'' which clearly describes the status of some of the khanates and does not contest Persian suzerainty at certain periods of time throughout their existence, but the fact that they were Azerbaijani with language spoken, ethnic composition and so forth is undeniable. To make it clear again, these were khanates, independent and semi-independent and some under Persian suzerainty, at different periods of time. [[User:Tuscumbia|<font color="#0000FF"><strong>Tuscumbia</strong></font>]] ([[User talk:Tuscumbia|<font color="#DC143C">''talk''</font>]]) 14:02, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
Uzun Hasan gathered the most advanced scholars of his time in his palace. Up to 60 scholars worked in the ruler's private library.
calligraphy (calligraphy) and miniature painting were among the attention-grabbing areas of Azerbaijani cultural life of this period. In the palace libraries of Aggoyunlu rulers, scientific, artistic, philosophical, religious, and historical works were copied, and miniatures were drawn on their manuscripts. 4 miniature illustrations drawn on the manuscript of poet Hidayat's "Divan" were compiled by Sultan Khalil in 1478. This manuscript copy is in AZERBAİJAN language.
During this period, skilled calligraphers such as Mirali Tabrizi, Mirabullah Tabrizi, Suleyman Ali Yaqubi, Nizamuddin Ali Ardabili, Jafar Tabrizi, Azhar Tabrizi, Abdurrahim al-Yaqubi worked in different cities of Azerbaijan.[294]
For a long time, a scientific assembly consisting of prominent scientists of the time was active in Hasan's palace. Uzun Hasan translated the Holy Quran into AZERBAİJAN language and wrote an Oghuznam called "Kitabi-Diyarbakriya" to Abu Bakr al-Tehrani, a prominent scientist of the time. Fazlullah ibn Ruzbehan Khunji came to Tabriz in 1487 in Sultan Yaqub's palace and started writing the history of Aggoyunlu state.Bayram Khoja was the founder of Karakoyunlu dynasty. His successor, Kara Muhammad, became a relative of Jalairi Sultan Ahmad in order to resolve the conflict with the Jalairis. This caused the western part of Azerbaijan, including Tabriz, to fall into the hands of the Karagoyun people.


the transformation of Karakoyunli into a big empire happened during the era of Kara Yusif. In an intense struggle with the Timurids and Jalairis, Kara Yusuf managed to create a huge state from Azerbaijan that united Eastern Georgia, Arab Iraq and Ajam Iraq within its borders.
::I agree with this sentence that the '''''khanates were Azerbaijani with language spoken and ethnic composition''''' : that's right . But you know , being Iranian has no contradiction with being Azerbaijani (in ethnic and lingual terms ) . Some of the Khanates were in rebellious state against the emerging central government ([[Qajars]]) in the eve of Russian invasion (like the Quba khanate (Haji Chalabi) and Qrabagh khanate (Javanshirs)) , some of them were strong supporters of the new dynasty in Iran ( like Ganjeh , Iravan and Nakhjavan khanates) and some of them were relatively neutral (like Baku and Talish khantes). Over all , I think if you mean to show the ethnic composition of the khantes , they were Azeri language and Azeri ethnic , If you mean the political orientation of the khantes , most khantes were Iranian origin , some of them loyal to new Iranian government and some of them in rebellion .--[[User:Alborz Fallah|Alborz Fallah]] ([[User talk:Alborz Fallah|talk]]) 08:45, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
:::Well, you just answered your own question. The khanates were Azerbaijani (ethnicity, language, independent, semi-independent status) but some were ''under nominal Persian suzerainty'' as the line in the article states. As I said, some were dependent, some independent, some were continuously and directly engaged in warfare with Qajars like Karabakh and Shaki khanates, some like Guba khanate assisted them indirectly, some fought between themselves, etc. So, the article confirms their status and being Azerbaijani based on sources and that they were at times under Persian suzerainty. Karabakh khanate signed the Kurekchay Treaty in 1805 coming under Russian suzerainty, while it was officially abolished in 1813, but we don't say it was a Russian khanate, do we? [[User:Tuscumbia|<font color="#0000FF"><strong>Tuscumbia</strong></font>]] ([[User talk:Tuscumbia|<font color="#DC143C">''talk''</font>]]) 13:49, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
:We say it was Russian if the Russian build it in first place. Al most all Khanates in north of the Aras river were built by Iranian central government at first.If some of them engaged in war with Qajars , that was because the Qajar government in Iran was in it's beginning period and was not an official government at first . The Qajars themselves were originally from the Qarabagh region and in the time of Nader Shah , he dislocated a group of them to northern Khorasan , and some of them remained in the territory of today's Azerbaijan republic , so that ethnic composition is not decisive at all , but building local states under the central government supervision was very common in the time of Safavid , Afsharid and Zand Iran . Almost all khantes has known history of building by central government of Iran . I think we can't change the text of the reference just because we think it is wrong and we are not allowed to put our own understanding in the article . --[[User:Alborz Fallah|Alborz Fallah]] ([[User talk:Alborz Fallah|talk]]) 15:42, 4 December 2011 (UTC)
::Hmmm... Where exactly do you get that from? The khanates were not built by central government, but were founded by clans and royal clan leaders, many remaining under Persian suzerainty. I'm not sure what exactly you want from the article if it already states that khanates were under Persian suzerainty? [[User:Tuscumbia|<font color="#0000FF"><strong>Tuscumbia</strong></font>]] ([[User talk:Tuscumbia|<font color="#DC143C">''talk''</font>]]) 15:30, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
:::Every Khan from any clan had to have a [[Firman (decree)]] from the Shah , including some rebellious Khans like [[Panah Ali Khan]] , that had the Khan decree from [[Adil Shah]] , and [[Ibrahim Khalil Khan]] from [[Karim Khan]] ; and every khanate has been a subdivision of feudal system of central government . I only want to say if a sentence is being used from a reference - Iranica & Britanica - , it should be used as same in the text . --[[User:Alborz Fallah|Alborz Fallah]] ([[User talk:Alborz Fallah|talk]]) 09:10, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
::::Alborz, if you open any reliable third party source describing the establishment of the khanates, at the very least, the ones above Araz, you will see them stating that the khanates were founded after Nadir Shah's death. So, whether or not a firman was ever obtained from a Shah is irrelevant. I am guessing that firman meant a permission? Well, even if there was such a permission or decree to have the khanates established, it was not Persian governmental authorities establishing the khanates, but independent lords, some of whom eventually went under Persian suzerainty and not at its own will, but to protect themselves from other khans, Georgia or Russia. [[User:Tuscumbia|<font color="#0000FF"><strong>Tuscumbia</strong></font>]] ([[User talk:Tuscumbia|<font color="#DC143C">''talk''</font>]]) 14:06, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
::No problem in obtaining third party opinion , if you agree I will ask for it . And no , NONE of the khanates were founded after Nadir Shah's death (except Javanshirs of Qarabagh that get their decree - after Nadir Shah- from [[Adil Shah]] and [[Karim Khan]]). Just name any one of them that you want , and I will show the sources that show they were founded by which shah and in which date . As an example , just to show you the point , I show the document about khanate of Shaki , (because Hajji Chalabi was a rebellious khan against the Iranian government): [http://www.asnad.org/en/document/801/ Farman by Nadir Shah Afshar] and [http://www.asnad.org/en/document/802/], that shows the khanate was founded many years before the death of Nadir shah . --[[User:Alborz Fallah|Alborz Fallah]] ([[User talk:Alborz Fallah|talk]]) 08:12, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
:::Alborz, I was talking about third party sources, not the third party opinion, although you're more than welcome to file an RfC as well. Please read [[Shaki Khanate]] based on third party scholars who speak about foundation of Shaki Khanate. [[User:Tuscumbia|<font color="#0000FF"><strong>Tuscumbia</strong></font>]] ([[User talk:Tuscumbia|<font color="#DC143C">''talk''</font>]]) 16:29, 12 December 2011 (UTC)
::::By the third party source , if you mean the present source is not neutral , take a second look to that page and found it out that is a document of Azerbaijan SSR , in the history institute of Baku , and it is published in an Azeri book !The Russian source ([http://slovari.yandex.ru/~%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5%20%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/]) mistake is confusion of Nukha with Shakki , I mean both of them are now a new city , but before Haji Chalabi , the city - that was an Iranian khanate from the time of the Safavid Shah Tahmasp - was in else where (in the bank of the river ) but at the time of Nadar shah , the city was destructed by the river flood and in the new city , the new khan that was not elected by Iranian shah took the position , so the Russian source say the Khanate was built by the renegade khan : He built the city , but not the khanante : it was a khanate from the Safavid time (200 years before 1743).--[[User:Alborz Fallah|Alborz Fallah]] ([[User talk:Alborz Fallah|talk]]) 11:51, 15 December 2011 (UTC)


Black Yusif's son Gara Iskander restored the power of Garagoyunlu in 1421 and entered the city after Sultan Shahrukh left Tabriz. In 1421, the battle between Alexander and Shahrukh's troops in the Alashkert valley resulted in Alexander's defeat, but since Shahrukh returnedthen all the lands he occupied were recaptured by Alexander the Black.
::And again , as you know , [http://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99lim_xan_%C5%9E%C9%99kili salim khan shaki] was elected as the khan by Agha mamad khan qajar , as after Russian's victory , he flee to Iran with many of his tribesmen and they are among Shahsavan's tribe .--[[User:Alborz Fallah|Alborz Fallah]] ([[User talk:Alborz Fallah|talk]]) 12:07, 15 December 2011 (UTC)


Jahan Shah came to power after Black Alexander. Jahan Shah was one of the strong rulers of Karagoyunlu. During his time, Karagoyunlu culture developed. Jahan Shah wrote poems in AZERBAİJAN language and Persian under the pseudonym "Haqiqi". made great conquests and expanded the territory of the Garagoyunlu empire.according to the German Turkologist Gerhard Doerfer, it is very strange that the word "Turkman" still causes confusion for Aggoyunlu and Karagoyunlu Turkmens. The word Turkman actually means "nomadic Oghuz"Aggoyunlu and Karagoyunlu "Turkmen" are AZERBAİJANİS anyway.
:::Come on now, you're using an unacademic argument that the city flooded and then built anew, and hence it's a different city :) Shaki, as some other cities such as Shemakha, Quba, Baku, Moscow (you name it) had seen destruction by erathquakes, fires, etc and was rebuilt but that doesn't mean it's a "new" city. The [http://www.asnad.org/en/document/801/ link] to the document actually supports my arguments above. Haji Chalabi Khan who founded the khanate (google all reputable scholars who trace foundation to him) was as rebelious as some other Azerbaijani khans above Araz river and the Persian Shah fought him, appointing someone to take his place because his khanate did not want to go under Persian domination. The Russian [http://slovari.yandex.ru/~%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5%20%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/ source] also confirms the khanate was founded in mid 18th century in the northern part of Azerbaijan ''under leadership of Haji Chalabi Khan'' against Iranian domination. [[User:Tuscumbia|<font color="#0000FF"><strong>Tuscumbia</strong></font>]] ([[User talk:Tuscumbia|<font color="#DC143C">''talk''</font>]]) 14:45, 15 December 2011 (UTC)


After Jahanshah's death in 1467, Hasanali Mirza, who came to power, was killed by Uzun Hasan, thus the Garagoyunlu empire collapsed. [[Special:Contributions/5.191.25.12|5.191.25.12]] ([[User talk:5.191.25.12|talk]]) 13:43, 23 June 2023 (UTC)
::::I don't exactly know why Russian source says so . But it is well documented that the Shaki khanate exists before Haji chalabi . As an example , this khanate in the era of Safavid Shah Tahmasp helped Shirvan khanate in war against the Safavid shah and that caused the shah to displace a part of population after the defeat of the khans .--[[User:Alborz Fallah|Alborz Fallah]] ([[User talk:Alborz Fallah|talk]]) 20:46, 15 December 2011 (UTC)
:::::Alborz, I am disputing your knowledge, but is that knowledge based on third party sources? As far as I can remember as per third party reliable sources, at least khanates above Araz were established after the death of shah by lords who declared them independent (some agreed to be under Persian suzerainty). [[User:Tuscumbia|<font color="#0000FF"><strong>Tuscumbia</strong></font>]] ([[User talk:Tuscumbia|<font color="#DC143C">''talk''</font>]]) 21:23, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

Latest revision as of 09:54, 8 January 2024

First sentence

[edit]

@CuriousGolden: I don't agree with the way the first sentence of the lede is written. This article is meant to elaborate about the History of the Azerbaijan Republic, discussing everything that happened in relation to its soil, from prehistory to contemporary times. This concept doesn't equal to the history of ethnic Azerbaijanis. We are both well aware that the entire article needs to rewritten (I might do it myself at some point in the future), but the first sentence of the lede is just too misleading for it to remain as it is. - LouisAragon (talk) 12:30, 20 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]

It's similar to the lead in History of Armenia. The sentence you added here doesn't sound very nice in my opinion (it's quite short), but if you can improve it, then we can definitely change it. (Perhaps it could be made similar to how it is on History of Turkey?) — CuriousGolden (T·C) 14:30, 20 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Ref bombs

[edit]

I've been working on History of Azerbaijan#Prehistory. There are four ref bombs in the section, some of this should be moved to the Further reading section. I have enclosed the three instances in notes; this is not a good long term solution due to ref chasing. Does anyone have thoughts on these four instances, and what should be moved to further reading. Since if I go forward I'll be moving refs I wanted to post a discussion first.  // Timothy :: talk  19:38, 11 January 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Semi-protected edit request on 10 March 2023

[edit]

Need source for “Akhsitan I (who built Baku)” 2603:8000:E801:6300:B8D9:3C2C:FBD8:443E (talk) 10:38, 10 March 2023 (UTC)[reply]

 Done M.Bitton (talk) 13:58, 10 March 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Aq Qoyunlu Qara Qoyunly

[edit]

In the early Middle Ages, white sheep were spread over a wide area in the South Caucasus, in the area between the Caucasus Mountains and the Araz River, around Goycha Lake, in the Alagoz grasslands, as well as in the southern regions of Azerbaijan, Eastern Anatolia, Western Iran, the Tigris and Euphrates valleys.

The Aggoyun people belonged to the Bayandur clan of the Oguz. Their names are given as "Bayandur Khan boys" in Turkic-language sources, and "Bayanduriyya" in Persian-language sources The word "Bayandur" in the ancient Turkish language means "a place that is always full of blessings". The name Bayandur comes from Bayandur, the eldest son of Goy Khan, one of the sons of Oghuz Khan. Aggoyunuls considered themselves descendants of Bayandur Khan.

At the time of Hamza Bey, the Bayandur stamp was stamped on Aggoyunlu coins. During the period of Uzun Hasan and his successors, the Bayandur stamp was again printed on coins as a sign of the state. This stamp was also used on the Aggoyunlu flag and inscriptions.Beginning with Hasan, the Aggoyunlu rulers were masters of science and art. Uzun Hasan gathered the most advanced scholars of his time in his palace. Up to 60 scholars worked in the ruler's private library. calligraphy (calligraphy) and miniature painting were among the attention-grabbing areas of Azerbaijani cultural life of this period. In the palace libraries of Aggoyunlu rulers, scientific, artistic, philosophical, religious, and historical works were copied, and miniatures were drawn on their manuscripts. 4 miniature illustrations drawn on the manuscript of poet Hidayat's "Divan" were compiled by Sultan Khalil in 1478. This manuscript copy is in AZERBAİJAN language. During this period, skilled calligraphers such as Mirali Tabrizi, Mirabullah Tabrizi, Suleyman Ali Yaqubi, Nizamuddin Ali Ardabili, Jafar Tabrizi, Azhar Tabrizi, Abdurrahim al-Yaqubi worked in different cities of Azerbaijan.[294] For a long time, a scientific assembly consisting of prominent scientists of the time was active in Hasan's palace. Uzun Hasan translated the Holy Quran into AZERBAİJAN language and wrote an Oghuznam called "Kitabi-Diyarbakriya" to Abu Bakr al-Tehrani, a prominent scientist of the time. Fazlullah ibn Ruzbehan Khunji came to Tabriz in 1487 in Sultan Yaqub's palace and started writing the history of Aggoyunlu state.Bayram Khoja was the founder of Karakoyunlu dynasty. His successor, Kara Muhammad, became a relative of Jalairi Sultan Ahmad in order to resolve the conflict with the Jalairis. This caused the western part of Azerbaijan, including Tabriz, to fall into the hands of the Karagoyun people.

the transformation of Karakoyunli into a big empire happened during the era of Kara Yusif. In an intense struggle with the Timurids and Jalairis, Kara Yusuf managed to create a huge state from Azerbaijan that united Eastern Georgia, Arab Iraq and Ajam Iraq within its borders.

Black Yusif's son Gara Iskander restored the power of Garagoyunlu in 1421 and entered the city after Sultan Shahrukh left Tabriz. In 1421, the battle between Alexander and Shahrukh's troops in the Alashkert valley resulted in Alexander's defeat, but since Shahrukh returnedthen all the lands he occupied were recaptured by Alexander the Black.

Jahan Shah came to power after Black Alexander. Jahan Shah was one of the strong rulers of Karagoyunlu. During his time, Karagoyunlu culture developed. Jahan Shah wrote poems in AZERBAİJAN language and Persian under the pseudonym "Haqiqi". made great conquests and expanded the territory of the Garagoyunlu empire.according to the German Turkologist Gerhard Doerfer, it is very strange that the word "Turkman" still causes confusion for Aggoyunlu and Karagoyunlu Turkmens. The word Turkman actually means "nomadic Oghuz"Aggoyunlu and Karagoyunlu "Turkmen" are AZERBAİJANİS anyway.

After Jahanshah's death in 1467, Hasanali Mirza, who came to power, was killed by Uzun Hasan, thus the Garagoyunlu empire collapsed. 5.191.25.12 (talk) 13:43, 23 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]

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