Chine (boating): Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Latest revision as of 17:28, 8 January 2024

A chine in boat design is a sharp change in angle in the cross section of a hull. The chine typically arises from the use of sheet materials (such as sheet metal or marine ply) as the mode of construction.

Rationale of chines

Using sheet materials in boat construction is cheap and simple, but whereas these sheet materials are flexible longitudinally, they tend to be rigid vertically. Examples of steel vessels with hard chines include narrowboats and widebeams; examples of plywood vessels with hard chines include sailing dinghies such as the single-chined Graduate and the double-chined Enterprise. Although a hull made from sheet materials might be unattractively "slab-sided", most chined hulls are designed to be pleasing to the eye and hydrodynamically efficient.

Hulls without chines (such as clinker-built or carvel-built vessels) usually have a gradually curving cross section.

A hard chine is an angle with little rounding, where a soft chine would be more rounded, but still involve the meeting of distinct planes. Chine log construction is a method of building hard-chine boat hulls. Hard chines are common in plywood hulls, while soft chines are often found on fiberglass hulls.

Traditional planked hulls in most cultures are built by placing wooden planks oriented parallel to the waterflow and attached to bent wooden frames. This also produced a rounded hull, generally with a sharp bottom edge to form the keel. Planked boats were built in this manner for most of history.^{[citation needed]}

The first hulls to start incorporating hard chines were probably shallow-draft cargo-carrying vessels used on rivers and in canals.^[1]

Once sufficiently powerful marine motors had been developed to allow powerboats to plane, it was found that the flat underside of a chined boat provided maximum hydrodynamic lift and speed.^[2]

Boats using chines

The scow in particular, in the form of the scow schooner, was the first significant example of a hard-chine sailing vessel. While sailing scows had a poor safety reputation, that was due more to their typical cheap construction and tendency to founder in storms. As long as it sailed in the protected inland and coastal waters it was designed to operate in, however, the sailing scow was an efficient and cost-effective solution to transporting goods from inland sources to the coast.^{[citation needed]} A good example of this is the gundalow.^[3]

Working in the same inland waters as the sailing scows was the later river steamboat. River steamboats were often built using the same hard-chined construction methods of the sailing scows, with a flat bottom, hard chine, and nearly vertical sides.^[4]

The punt is one of the simplest hard-chine small boats. Consisting usually of a single plank for each side, with a square bow and stern, the punt was in essence a tiny scow.^{[citation needed]}

Various types of chine hulls

The simplest type of chine construction is the single-chine "V" shape, with two flat panels joined at the keel (A). This type of hull is among the simplest to build, but they lack stability on a narrow "V" and may lack freeboard on a wide "V". Single-chine hulls are generally only seen on multihull sailboats, which often use two deep V-shaped hulls connected by akas to provide mutual stability.

The two-chine hull (B), with a flat bottom and nearly vertical sides, was the first hard-chine design to achieve widespread use. This design provides far more stability than the single-chine hull, with minimum draft and a large cargo capacity. These characteristics make the two-chine hull popular for punts, barges, and scows.

The three-chine hull (C) is probably the most common hard-chine hull. Having a shallow "V" in the bottom and near-vertical panels above that, it approximates the shape of traditional rounded-hull boats fairly well. This hull is common, even in fiberglass designs where employing chines offers no advantage in construction.

Designs with higher numbers of chines (D), often just called multichine hulls, are also common. By increasing the number of chines, the hull can very closely approximate a round-bottomed hull. Kayaks, in particular, are often composed of many chines, required for the complex shapes needed to provide good performance under various conditions.

It is possible to refer to the different hulls by the numbers of the flat panels that make up the boat. Thus A is a two-panel boat, B is a three-panel boat, C is a four-panel boat and D is an eight-panel boat.

Plank hulls

Plank hulls use wooden supports placed along the chines called chine logs to provide strength where the chines joined. Beams are then attached to the chine log to support planks running parallel to the chine, while cross-planked sections such as a typical scow bottom may be attached directly to the chine log. This method of construction originated with the sailing scow^[5] and continues to be used today, primarily in home built boats.

Chine log construction works best for hulls where the sides join a flat bottom at a right angle, but it can be used for other angles as well with an appropriately angled chine log. Builders of small boats such as punts, where the plank thickness is large compared to the size of the hull, can dispense with the chine log and nail intersecting planks directly into one another.

Plywood hulls

A chined hull built out of plywood will often be designed to keep most of the lengthwise joints between the plywood sheets at the chines, thus making the building process easier. While chine logs (often just called chines) can be used for plywood boats,^[6] another common technique replaces the chine logs with a fiberglass and epoxy fillet joint that provides both connection and stiffness to the joint; this method is most commonly called stitch-and-glue construction.

Padded v-hulls

A padded V-hull is a hull shape found on both pure race boats and standard recreational craft. A variation of the more common V-hull, which has a V-section throughout the length of the vessel, a padded V-hull has a V-section at the bows and the forward part of the keel which then segues into a flat area typically 0.15 metres (5.9 in) to 0.25 metres (9.8 in) wide. This flat area at the rear is the "pad", and is said to provide hydrodynamic lift more efficiently due to very low deadrise planing surface (compared to the vee hull lifting surfaces). This highly efficient lift helps to unwet the less efficient V-section's hull, thereby dramatically reducing drag (force). As the boat's speed increases, hydrodynamic pressure beneath the pad causes the hull to ride higher in the water, so that eventually the boat will be riding solely upon the pad area.

At low speeds these hulls ride and handle similarly to a comparable V-hull; but at high speeds the padded hull can both out-accelerate and have a higher top speed than a similarly powered V-hull. Piloting a padded V-hull requires considerable skill, since at high speed the hull is riding upon a small pad. The driver must make slight, accurate steering inputs to maintain level progress, as otherwise padded V-hulls tend to "chine-walk".^[7] As speeds increase, chine-walk becomes more pronounced and may lead to loss of control unless the driver is able to compensate for it.^[8]

References

^ Frederick M. Hocker; Cheryl A. Ward (2004). The Philosophy of Shipbuilding: Conceptual Approaches to the Study of Wooden Ships. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 156–. ISBN 978-1-58544-313-0.
^ Eric Sorensen (22 November 2007). Sorensen's Guide to Powerboats, 2/E. McGraw Hill Professional. pp. 40–. ISBN 978-0-07-159474-5.
^ Abel B. Berry (1887). The Last Penacook: A Tale of Provincial Times. D. Lothrop. pp. 31–.
^ Samson specs page Archived 2006-08-25 at the Wayback Machine
^ Wisconsin's Maritime Trails – Notes From the Field Journal Entry Archived 2006-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
^ PDRacer Sailboat
^ Note: Chine-walk is when the boat rocks side to side on the rear portion of the hull. See:
Russell, Jim (January 2008), "A Walk on the Wild Side. Chine Walking – why it happens and how to fix it", Hot Boat
^ "Padded V-Hull". boatsdepot.org. Retrieved 2 December 2019.

External links

[HockerWard2004-1] Frederick M. Hocker; Cheryl A. Ward (2004). The Philosophy of Shipbuilding: Conceptual Approaches to the Study of Wooden Ships. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 156–. ISBN 978-1-58544-313-0.

[Sorensen2007-2] Eric Sorensen (22 November 2007). Sorensen's Guide to Powerboats, 2/E. McGraw Hill Professional. pp. 40–. ISBN 978-0-07-159474-5.

[Berry1887-3] Abel B. Berry (1887). The Last Penacook: A Tale of Provincial Times. D. Lothrop. pp. 31–.

[4] Samson specs page Archived 2006-08-25 at the Wayback Machine

[5] Wisconsin's Maritime Trails – Notes From the Field Journal Entry Archived 2006-05-13 at the Wayback Machine

[6] PDRacer Sailboat

[7] Note: Chine-walk is when the boat rocks side to side on the rear portion of the hull. See:
Russell, Jim (January 2008), "A Walk on the Wild Side. Chine Walking – why it happens and how to fix it", Hot Boat

[8] "Padded V-Hull". boatsdepot.org. Retrieved 2 December 2019.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Sharp angle in boat hull cross-sections used for ease of construction}}
+{{refimprove|date=August 2017}}
+A '''chine''' in boat design is a sharp change in angle in the [[Cross_section_(geometry)|cross section]] of a [[hull (watercraft)|hull]]. The chine typically arises from the use of sheet materials (such as [[sheet metal]] or [[marine ply]]) as the mode of construction.
+==Rationale of chines==
+Using sheet materials in boat construction is cheap and simple, but whereas these sheet materials are flexible longitudinally, they tend to be rigid vertically. Examples of steel vessels with hard chines include [[narrowboat]]s and [[widebeam]]s; examples of plywood vessels with hard chines include sailing dinghies such as the single-chined [[Graduate (dinghy)|Graduate]] and the double-chined [[Enterprise (dinghy)|Enterprise]]. Although a hull made from sheet materials might be unattractively "slab-sided", most chined hulls are designed to be pleasing to the eye and [[hydrodynamics|hydrodynamically efficient]].
 [[Image:Chine types.svg|thumb|right|100px|S-bottom hull (A), compared to a hard (B) and soft (C) chine hull]]
+Hulls without chines (such as [[Clinker (boat building)|clinker-built]] or [[Carvel (boat building)|carvel-built]] vessels) usually have a [[smooth curve hull|gradually curving]] cross section.
-A '''chine''' in boating refers to a sharp change in angle in the [[Cross_section_(geometry)|cross section]] of a [[hull (watercraft)|hull]]. A hull without chines has a [[smooth curve hull|gradually curving]] cross section. The term '''hard chine''' indicates an angle with little rounding, where a '''soft chine''' would be more rounded, but still involve the meeting of distinct planes.  '''Chine log construction''' is a method of building hard chine boat hulls.  Hard chines are common in [[plywood]] hulls, while soft chines are often found on [[fiberglass]] hulls.
+A '''hard chine''' is an angle with little rounding, where a '''soft chine''' would be more rounded, but still involve the meeting of distinct planes.  '''Chine log construction''' is a method of building hard-chine boat hulls.  Hard chines are common in [[plywood]] hulls, while soft chines are often found on [[fiberglass]] hulls.
-==Reasons for chines==
-The oldest type of engineered boats are [[dugout (boat)|dugout]] [[canoes]], which were built by hollowing out a log.  These designs generally had rounded bottoms, which made best use of the round shape of the logs.  Traditional planked hulls in most cultures are built by placing wooden planks oriented parallel to the waterflow and attached to bent wooden frames.  This also produced a rounded hull, generally with a sharp bottom edge to form the [[keel]].  Planked boats were built in this manner for most of history.
+Traditional planked hulls in most cultures are built by placing wooden planks oriented parallel to the waterflow and attached to bent wooden frames.  This also produced a rounded hull, generally with a sharp bottom edge to form the [[keel]].  Planked boats were built in this manner for most of history.{{cn|date=August 2017}}
-The first hulls to start incorporating hard chines were probably shallow draft cargo carrying vessels used on rivers and in [[canal]]s.  The [[barge]] and later the [[scow]] used a flat bottom and near vertical sides, which provided the maximum cargo carrying capacity (in both space and [[displacement (fluid)|displacement]]) available for a given depth of water.
+The first hulls to start incorporating hard chines were probably shallow-draft cargo-carrying vessels used on rivers and in [[canal]]s.<ref name="HockerWard2004">{{cite book|author1=Frederick M. Hocker|author2=Cheryl A. Ward|title=The Philosophy of Shipbuilding: Conceptual Approaches to the Study of Wooden Ships|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MAxh1P1v7okC&pg=PA156|year=2004|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|isbn=978-1-58544-313-0|pages=156–}}</ref>
-Once sufficiently powerful marine motors had been developed to allow powerboats to [[Planing (sailing)|plane]], it was found that the flat underside of a chined boat provided maximum hydrodynamic lift, while the sharp discontinuity at the chine enabled spray to be deflected away as opposed to riding up the sides of the boat. Consequently, almost all boats designed for high speed on the plane are nowadays of hard chine construction.
+Once sufficiently powerful marine motors had been developed to allow powerboats to [[Planing (sailing)|plane]], it was found that the flat underside of a chined boat provided maximum hydrodynamic lift and speed.<ref name="Sorensen2007">{{cite book|author=Eric Sorensen|title=Sorensen's Guide to Powerboats, 2/E|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEix9EaPBn0C&pg=PA40|date=22 November 2007|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|isbn=978-0-07-159474-5|pages=40–}}</ref>
-===Sailing scows===
-The [[scow]] in particular, in the form of the scow [[schooner]], was the first significant example of a hard chine sailing vessel.  While the squared off scow hulls were ugly to sailors accustomed to the sleek, rounded hulls of the time, a scow could carry far more cargo, and while a laden scow was slow and difficult to sail, when not heavily laden it would keep up with the traditional schooners sailing to windward.  While sailing scows had a poor safety reputation, that was due more to their typical cheap construction and tendency to [[Shipwrecking#Instability_and_foundering|founder]] in storms.  As long as it sailed in the protected inland and coastal waters it was designed to operate in, however, the sailing scow was an efficient and cost effective solution to transporting goods from inland sources to the coast.<ref>http://www.mailbag.com/users/wuaa/WUAAmar05.pdf</ref> A good example of this is the [[gundalow]].<ref>[http://www.gundalow.org/ Gundalow Company<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
-===Steamboats===
+===Boats using chines===
+[[File:Royal Navy MTB 5.jpg|left|thumb|[[Royal Navy]] World War II [[motor torpedo boat]] (MTB) [[Hull_(watercraft)#Categorization|planing]] at speed on calm water showing its hard-chine hull. Note how most of the [[Bow (ship)|bow]] of the boat is out of the water.]]
-Working in the same inland waters as the sailing scows was the later [[Steamboat#River_steamboats|river steamboat]].  River steamboats were often built using the same hard chined construction methods of the sailing scows, with a flat bottom, hard chine, and nearly vertical sides.<ref>[http://www.nwpl.new-westminster.bc.ca/nwheritage.org/heritagesite/orgs/samson/Tech%20info%20page.htm Samson specs page<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
+The [[scow]] in particular, in the form of the scow [[schooner]], was the first significant example of a hard-chine sailing vessel. While sailing scows had a poor safety reputation, that was due more to their typical cheap construction and tendency to [[Shipwrecking#Instability_and_foundering|founder]] in storms.  As long as it sailed in the protected inland and coastal waters it was designed to operate in, however, the sailing scow was an efficient and cost-effective solution to transporting goods from inland sources to the coast.{{cn|date=August 2017}} A good example of this is the [[gundalow]].<ref name="Berry1887">{{cite book|author=Abel B. Berry|title=The Last Penacook: A Tale of Provincial Times|url=https://archive.org/details/lastpenacookata00compgoog|year=1887|publisher=D. Lothrop|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lastpenacookata00compgoog/page/n39 31]–}}</ref>
-===Small boats===
-The [[Punt (boat)|punt]] is one of the older and simplest hard chine small boats.  Consisting usually of a single plank for each side, with a square bow and stern, the punt was in essence a tiny scow.  The sides of a punt are vertical, and they were typically propelled along shallow waters with a long pole,  a method of propulsion referred to as ''punting''.  Punts are generally used for recreation, and are popular with [[duck]] hunters for their ability to move in [[marsh]]y hunting areas.
+Working in the same inland waters as the sailing scows was the later [[Steamboat#River_steamboats|river steamboat]].  River steamboats were often built using the same hard-chined construction methods of the sailing scows, with a flat bottom, hard chine, and nearly vertical sides.<ref>[http://www.nwpl.new-westminster.bc.ca/nwheritage.org/heritagesite/orgs/samson/Tech%20info%20page.htm Samson specs page<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060825154428/http://www.nwpl.new-westminster.bc.ca/nwheritage.org/heritagesite/orgs/samson/Tech%20info%20page.htm |date=2006-08-25 }}</ref>
-==Various types of chine hulls==
+The [[Punt (boat)|punt]] is one of the simplest hard-chine small boats.  Consisting usually of a single plank for each side, with a square bow and stern, the punt was in essence a tiny scow.{{cn|date=August 2017}}
+{{clear}}
+===Various types of chine hulls===
 [[Image:Chine numbers.svg|thumb|100px|Different numbers of chines]]
-The simplest type of chine construction is the single chine "V" shape, with two flat panels joined at the keel (A).  This type of hull is among the simplest to build, but they lack stability on a narrow "V" and may lack freeboard on a wide "V". Single chine hulls are generally only seen on [[multihull]] sailboats, which often use two deep "V" shaped hulls connected by [[aka (sailing)|akas]] to provide mutual stability.
+The simplest type of chine construction is the single-chine "V" shape, with two flat panels joined at the keel (A).  This type of hull is among the simplest to build, but they lack stability on a narrow "V" and may lack freeboard on a wide "V". Single-chine hulls are generally only seen on [[multihull]] sailboats, which often use two deep V-shaped hulls connected by [[aka (sailing)|akas]] to provide mutual stability.
-The two chine hull (B), with a [[flat-bottomed boat|flat bottom]] and nearly vertical sides, was the first hard chine design to achieve widespread use.  This design provides far more stability than the single chine hull, with minimum draft and a large cargo capacity.  These characteristics make the two chine hull popular for [[Punt (boat)|punts]], [[barge]]s, and [[scow]]s.
+The two-chine hull (B), with a [[flat-bottomed boat|flat bottom]] and nearly vertical sides, was the first hard-chine design to achieve widespread use.  This design provides far more stability than the single-chine hull, with minimum draft and a large cargo capacity.  These characteristics make the two-chine hull popular for [[Punt (boat)|punts]], [[barge]]s, and [[scow]]s.
-The three chine hull (C) is probably the most common hard chine hull.  Having a shallow "V" in the bottom and near-vertical panels above that, it approximates the shape of traditional rounded hull boats fairly well. This hull is common, even in fiberglass designs where employing chines offers no advantage in construction.
+The three-chine hull (C) is probably the most common hard-chine hull.  Having a shallow "V" in the bottom and near-vertical panels above that, it approximates the shape of traditional rounded-hull boats fairly well. This hull is common, even in fiberglass designs where employing chines offers no advantage in construction.
-Designs with higher numbers of chines (D), often just called '''multichine''' hulls, are also common. By increasing the number of chines, the hull can very closely approximate a round bottomed hull. [[Kayak]]s, in particular, are often composed of many chines, required for the complex shapes needed to provide good performance under various conditions.
+Designs with higher numbers of chines (D), often just called '''multichine''' hulls, are also common. By increasing the number of chines, the hull can very closely approximate a round-bottomed hull. [[Kayak]]s, in particular, are often composed of many chines, required for the complex shapes needed to provide good performance under various conditions.
 It is possible to refer to the different hulls by the numbers of the flat panels that make up the boat.  Thus A is a two-panel boat, B is a three-panel boat, C is a four-panel boat and D is an eight-panel boat.
+[[Image:Chine log.svg|thumb|left|150px|Two planks joined by a chine log]]
-==Constructing a chined hull==
-[[Image:Chine log.svg|thumb|right|100px|Two planks joined by a chine log]]
-Construction of a chined hull is subject to many different parameters than a round hull, both positive and negative:
-* The sharp angles do not favor bent wooden frames
-* The wide, flat panels may be ''cross-planked'', where the planks may run perpendicular to the keel rather than parallel to it
-* Planks may be of any width, not just a width small enough to approximate the curve of the hull, and most planks can be cut with square edges
-* Flat sections do not provide the stiffness of a rounded section
 ===Plank hulls===
-The limitations of wood plank construction, the desire to maximize cargo volume, and the quest for fast, easy hull building led to a new type of construction method unique to chined hulls.  This new method used wooden supports placed along the chines called '''chine logs''' to provide strength where the chines joined.  Beams are then attached to the chine log to support planks running parallel to the chine, while cross-planked sections such as a typical scow bottom may be attached directly to the chine log.  This method of construction originated with the sailing scow<ref>[http://www.maritimetrails.org/notes/fall2005/archives/001591.asp Wisconsin's Maritime Trails - Notes From the Field Journal Entry<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and continues to be used today, primarily in home built boats.  Use of a chine log provides some structural support, but most chine log hulls are primarily [[monocoque]] in nature, with the hull planking itself bearing most of the structural load.
+Plank hulls use wooden supports placed along the chines called '''chine logs''' to provide strength where the chines joined.  Beams are then attached to the chine log to support planks running parallel to the chine, while cross-planked sections such as a typical scow bottom may be attached directly to the chine log.  This method of construction originated with the sailing scow<ref>[http://www.maritimetrails.org/notes/fall2005/archives/001591.asp Wisconsin's Maritime Trails – Notes From the Field Journal Entry<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513085243/http://www.maritimetrails.org/notes/fall2005/archives/001591.asp |date=2006-05-13 }}</ref> and continues to be used today, primarily in home built boats.
 Chine log construction works best for hulls where the sides join a flat bottom at a right angle, but it can be used for other angles as well with an appropriately angled chine log.  Builders of small boats such as punts, where the plank thickness is large compared to the size of the hull, can dispense with the chine log and nail intersecting planks directly into one another.
 ===Plywood hulls===
+A chined hull built out of plywood will often be designed to keep most of the lengthwise joints between the plywood sheets at the chines, thus making the building process easier. While chine logs (often just called chines) can be used for plywood boats,<ref>[http://www.pdracer.com/hullcstr/page1.htm PDRacer Sailboat<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> another common technique replaces the chine logs with a [[fiberglass]] and [[epoxy]] [[Fillet (mechanics)|fillet]] joint that provides both connection and stiffness to the joint; this method is most commonly called [[stitch and glue|stitch-and-glue]] construction.
-[[File:Royal Navy MTB 5.jpg|thumb|[[Royal Navy]] World War II [[Motor Torpedo Boat|MTB]] [[Hull_(watercraft)#Categorization|planing]] at speed on calm water showing its hard chine hull - note how most of the forepart of the boat is out of the water]]
+===Padded v-hulls===
-Plywood offers the builder a better "plank", far wider, thinner, and stronger than a simple wood plank. Ply is normally produced in 4' × 8' (1.2 m × 2.4 m) sheets or similar. It is normally joined lengthwise by an 1:8 scarf joint using epoxy resin glue.  A chined hull built out of plywood will often be designed to keep most of the lengthwise joints between the plywood sheets at the chines, thus making the building process easier.  While chine logs(often just called chines) can be  used for plywood boats,<ref>[http://www.pdracer.com/hullcstr/page1.htm PDRacer Sailboat<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> another common technique replaces the chine logs with a [[fiberglass]] and [[epoxy]] [[Fillet (mechanics)|fillet]] joint that provides both connection and stiffness to the joint; this method is most commonly called [[stitch and glue]] construction.  The result of the stitch and glue operation is a [[Composite material|composite]] "chine log" with a much greater degree of flexibility in curvature and shape than is possible with a wooden chine log. Thinner ply panels, especially 4 mm, can be warped into compound bends to achieve arc bottom boats. This has the benefit of giving a more rounded section, with more displacement and in theory slightly higher speed. Additionally the bent ply is far stiffer than a flat ply panel, so needs less internal support, in the hull, in the form of frames or stringers.This further reduces weight giving a significant boost in performance and by clever design can be used to create a shape closer in appearance  to a rounded hull but at far less cost.
+A padded V-hull  is a hull shape found on both pure [[race boat]]s and standard recreational [[watercraft|craft]]. A variation of the more common [[V-hull]], which has a V-section throughout the length of the vessel, a padded V-hull has a V-section at the [[Bow (ship)|bows]] and the forward part of the [[keel]] which then segues into a flat area typically {{convert|0.15|m|ftin}} to {{convert|0.25|m|ftin}} wide. This flat area at the rear is the "pad", and is said to provide [[lift (force)|hydrodynamic lift]] more efficiently due to very low deadrise planing surface (compared to the vee hull lifting surfaces).  This highly efficient lift helps to unwet the less efficient V-section's hull, thereby dramatically reducing [[drag (force)]]. As the boat's speed increases, hydrodynamic pressure beneath the pad causes the hull to ride higher in the water, so that eventually the boat will be riding solely upon the pad area.
+At low speeds these hulls ride and handle similarly to a comparable V-hull; but at high speeds the padded hull can both out-accelerate and have a higher top speed than a similarly powered V-hull. Piloting a padded V-hull requires considerable skill, since at high speed the hull is riding upon a small pad. The driver must make slight, accurate steering inputs to maintain level progress, as otherwise padded V-hulls tend to "chine-walk".<ref>Note: Chine-walk is when the boat rocks side to side on the rear portion of the hull.  See:<br>{{citation |url=http://www.aeromarineresearch.com/publications/HB_Jan2008.html |first1=Jim |last1=Russell |title=A Walk on the Wild Side. Chine Walking – why it happens and how to fix it  |date=January 2008 |work=Hot Boat}}</ref> As speeds increase, chine-walk becomes more pronounced and may lead to loss of control unless the driver is able to compensate for it.<ref>{{cite web |title=Padded V-Hull |url=http://www.boatsdepot.org/types-of-boats/padded-v-hull/ |website=boatsdepot.org |accessdate=2 December 2019}}</ref>
-===Fiberglass hulls===
-Home-builders may use  fiberglass to cover hulls are built of  plywood or a synthetic foam. These materials  form the shape of the hull, and the fiberglass and resin is applied to this to provide more strength, especially impact or abrasion resistance to the hull.  In this case the hull shape is determined by the core materials.
-Commercial fiberglass hulls are molded, and since the fiberglass and [[resin]] used have no inherent shapes, the mold can be of just about any shape. The fibre glass is fired into the mold with a gun, normally using chop mat strands in epoxy. It is important to control the atmosphere to keep humidity low during this operation otherwise moisture may be trapped in the fibreglass that will eventually blister and cause fibreglass pox.   Molds for low production  power boats are often made of plywood, and so the properties of the plywood often result in a chined hull.  Hard chines may be rounded off by the addition of filler to the mold to create a fillet; this creates the soft chines often found on fiberglass boats.The outside of a mold is supported by a steel lattice work to ensure rigidity.
 ==See also==
+* [[Strake]]
 * [[Smooth curve hull]]
@@ Line 59: / Line 63: @@
 {{reflist}}
+==External links==
-[[Category:Nautical terms]]
+* [https://archive.today/20070929064445/http://216.16.122.80/ArticleArchives/HullTech.htm Hull Technology in Hydrostream Boats]
-[[Category:Naval architecture| ]]
+* [http://www.aeromarineresearch.com/publications/RIB_jun2011.html Vee Pad Hull Design by Jim Russell]
+* [http://www.aeromarineresearch.com/publications/HB_Jan2008.html Chine Walk in Performance Hulls by Jim Russell]
+[[Category:Nautical terminology]]
+[[Category:Shipbuilding]]
+[[Category:Naval architecture]]
+[[Category:Engineering concepts]]