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{{Short description|Species of lily}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| image = Lilium bulbiferum var. bulbiferum 01.JPG
| image = Lilium bulbiferum var. bulbiferum 01.JPG
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{{collapsible list|bullets = true
{{collapsible list|bullets = true
|title=<small>Synonymy</small>
|title=<small>Synonymy</small>
⚫
|''Lilium atrosanguineum'' <small>H.Vilm.</small>
⚫
|''Lilium aurantiacum'' <small>Weston, 1772</small>
⚫
|''Lilium biligulatum'' <small>Baker</small>
|''Lilium chaixii'' <small> Maw</small>
|''Lilium chaixii'' <small> Maw</small>
|''Lilium aurantiacum'' <small> Weston</small>
|''Lilium croceum'' <small> Chaix</small>
|''Lilium croceum'' <small> Chaix</small>
⚫
|''Lilium pubescens'' <small> Bernh. ex Hornem.</small>
⚫
|''Lilium humile'' <small> Mill., 1768</small>
⚫
|''Lilium scabrum'' <small> Moench, 1794</small>
⚫
|''Lilium aurantiacum'' <small> Weston, 1771</small>
⚫
|''Lilium luteum'' <small> Gaterau, 1789</small>
|''Lilium elatum'' <small>Salisb.</small>
|''Lilium elatum'' <small>Salisb.</small>
|''Lilium sibiricum'' <small>Willd.</small>
|''Lilium fulgens'' <small>E.Morren ex Spae</small>
⚫
|''Lilium latifolium'' <small>Link</small>
|''Lilium fulgens'' <small>W.H.Baxter</small>
|''Lilium fulgens'' <small>W.H.Baxter</small>
⚫
|''Lilium sanguineum'' <small>Lindl.</small>
|''Lilium fulgens'' <small>E.Morren ex Spae</small>
|''Lilium haematochroum'' <small>Lem.</small>
|''Lilium haematochroum'' <small>Lem.</small>
|''Lilium atrosanguineum'' <small>H.Vilm.</small>
|''Lilium humile'' <small>Mill., 1768</small>
⚫
|''Lilium biligulatum'' <small>Baker</small>
|''Lilium lateritium'' <small>Baker</small>
|''Lilium lateritium'' <small>Baker</small>
⚫
|''Lilium latifolium'' <small>Link</small>
⚫
|''Lilium luteum'' <small>Gaterau, 1789</small>
|''Lilium pictum'' <small>Baker</small>
|''Lilium pictum'' <small>Baker</small>
⚫
|''Lilium pubescens'' <small>Bernh. ex Hornem.</small>
⚫
|''Lilium sanguineum'' <small>Lindl.</small>
⚫
|''Lilium scabrum'' <small>Moench, 1794</small>
⚫
|''Lilium sibiricum'' <small>Willd.</small>
|plus many names at the [[Variety (botany)|varietal]] level
|plus many names at the [[Variety (botany)|varietal]] level
}}}}
}}}}


'''''Lilium bulbiferum''''', common names '''orange lily''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=LIBU|taxon=Lilium bulbiferum|accessdate=25 January 2016}}</ref> '''fire lily''' and '''tiger lily''', is a [[herbaceous]] European lily with underground bulbs, belonging to the [[Liliaceae]].<ref name=uy/><ref name=yu/>
'''''Lilium bulbiferum''''', common names '''orange lily''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=LIBU|taxon=Lilium bulbiferum|accessdate=25 January 2016}}</ref> '''fire lily,''' '''Jimmy's Bane,''' '''tiger lily''' and '''St. John's Lily''', is a [[herbaceous]] European [[lily]] with underground bulbs, belonging to the [[Liliaceae]].<ref name=uy/><ref name=yu/>


The Latin name ''bulbiferum'' of this species, meaning "bearing bulbs", refers to the secondary bulbs on the stem of the nominal subspecies.
The Latin name ''bulbiferum'' of this species, meaning "bearing bulbs", refers to the secondary bulbs on the stem of the nominal subspecies.
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''Lilium bulbiferum'' reaches on average {{convert|20|-|90|cm}} of height, with a maximum of {{convert|120|cm}}. The bulbs are ovoid, with whitish large and pointed scales and can reach about {{convert|1.5|cm}} of diameter. The stem is erect, the leaves are lanceolate, up to 10 centimeters long. The inflorescence has one to five short-haired flowers. They are hermaphroditic and scentless, have six upright [[tepal]]s, the outer are slightly narrower than the inner ones. The flowers can reach 4–6 centimeters in length and are bright yellow-orange with reddish-brown dots. The [[stamen]]s are erect, about half as long as the [[tepal]]s, with red [[anther]]s. The style is orange, {{convert|35|mm}} of height. The flowering period extends from May through July.<ref>Pignatti S. - Flora d'Italia - Edagricole – 1982 Vol. III. pa. 362</ref>
''Lilium bulbiferum'' reaches on average {{convert|20|-|90|cm}} of height, with a maximum of {{convert|120|cm}}. The bulbs are ovoid, with whitish large and pointed scales and can reach about {{convert|1.5|cm}} of diameter. The stem is erect, the leaves are lanceolate, up to 10 centimeters long. The inflorescence has one to five short-haired flowers. They are hermaphroditic and scentless, have six upright [[tepal]]s, the outer are slightly narrower than the inner ones. The flowers can reach 4–6 centimeters in length and are bright yellow-orange with reddish-brown dots. The [[stamen]]s are erect, about half as long as the [[tepal]]s, with red [[anther]]s. The style is orange, {{convert|35|mm}} of height. The flowering period extends from May through July.<ref>Pignatti S. - Flora d'Italia - Edagricole – 1982 Vol. III. pa. 362</ref>


There are two varieties, ''L. b.'' var. ''croceum'' <small>(Chaix) Baker</small> in the western part of the range, and ''L. b.'' var. ''bulbiferum'' in its eastern part. Only the last one always produces secondary aerial bulbs (''bulbils'') in the axils of the upper leaves. These ''bulbils'' fall to the ground and mature after two to three years. When manually separated from the stem they can easily used for propagating the plant.
There are two varieties, ''L. b.'' var. ''croceum'' <small>(Chaix) Baker</small> in the western part of the range, and ''L. b.'' var. ''bulbiferum'' in its eastern part. Only the last one always produces secondary aerial bulbs (''bulbils'') in the axils of the upper leaves. These ''bulbils'' fall to the ground and mature after two to three years. When manually separated from the stem they can easily be used for propagating the plant.


The dwarf plants from the [[Maritime Alps]], formerly described as var. ''chaixii'' <small>(Elwes) Stoker</small>, and the large plants from the region of [[Naples]], formerly described as var. ''giganteum'' <small>N. Terracc.</small>, are now considered as local variants of var. ''croceum''.
The dwarf plants from the [[Maritime Alps]], formerly described as var. ''chaixii'' <small>(Elwes) Stoker</small>, and the large plants from the region of [[Naples]], formerly described as var. ''giganteum'' <small>N. Terracc.</small>, are now considered as local variants of var. ''croceum''.


==Distribution and habitat==
==Distribution and habitat==
''L. bulbiferum'' is widely distributed in much of Europe from Spain to Finland and [[Ukraine]].<ref name=yu>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=lilium+bulbiferum Altervista Flora Italiana, Giglio rosso, Orange Lily, ''Lilium bulbiferum'' L.] includes many photos plus European distribution map</ref> It grows in mountain meadows and on hillsides. They prefer calcareous soils in warm, sunny places, but also grow on slightly acid soils. They can be found at an altitude of {{convert|500|-|1900|m}} above sea level.
''L. bulbiferum'' is widely distributed in much of [[Europe]] from [[Spain]] to [[Finland]] and [[Ukraine]].<ref name=yu>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=lilium+bulbiferum Altervista Flora Italiana, Giglio rosso, Orange Lily, ''Lilium bulbiferum'' L.] includes many photos plus European distribution map</ref> It grows in mountain meadows and on hillsides. They prefer calcareous soils in warm, sunny places, but also grow on slightly acid soils. They can be found at an altitude of {{convert|500|-|1900|m}} above sea level.


==In culture==
==In culture==
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===Cats===
===Cats===
[[Cats]] are extremely sensitive to lily toxicity and ingestion is often fatal;<ref>[http://www.noliliesforcats.com/faq1.pml Frequently Asked Questions] No Lilies For Cats.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 21147474 | doi=10.1053/j.tcam.2010.09.006 | volume=25 | title=Lily toxicity in the cat | year=2010 | journal=Top Companion Anim Med | pages=213–7 | last1 = Fitzgerald | first1 = KT}}</ref><ref>[http://www.petpoisonhelpline.com/poison/tiger-lily/ Tiger Lilly] Pet Poison Helpline.</ref> households and gardens which are visited by cats are strongly advised against keeping this plant or placing dried flowers where a cat may brush against them and become dusted with pollen which they then consume while cleaning.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2289569/The-Valentine-bouquet-killed-cats-Mothers-Day-warning-lethal-lilies.html The Valentine bouquet that killed my cats: Mother's Day warning on lethal lilies] ''Daily Mail''.</ref> Suspected cases require urgent veterinary attention.<ref name="petmd" /> Rapid treatment with [[activated charcoal]] or induced [[vomiting]] can reduce the amount of toxin absorbed (this is time-sensitive so in some cases veterinarians may advise doing it at home), and large amounts of fluid by [[Intravenous injection|IV]] can reduce damage to kidneys to increase the chances of survival.<ref name="petmd">[http://www.petmd.com/cat/emergency/poisoning-toxicity/e_ct_lily_poisoning Lily Poisoning in Cats]. Pet MD.</ref>
[[Cats]] are extremely sensitive to lily toxicity and ingestion is often fatal;<ref>[http://www.noliliesforcats.com/faq1.pml Frequently Asked Questions] No Lilies For Cats.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 21147474 | doi=10.1053/j.tcam.2010.09.006 | volume=25 | title=Lily toxicity in the cat | year=2010 | journal=Top Companion Anim Med | pages=213–7 | last1 = Fitzgerald | first1 = KT| issue=4 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.petpoisonhelpline.com/poison/tiger-lily/ Tiger Lilly] Pet Poison Helpline.</ref> households and gardens which are visited by cats are strongly advised against keeping this plant or placing dried flowers where a cat may brush against them and become dusted with pollen which they then consume while cleaning. Suspected cases require urgent veterinary attention.<ref name="petmd" /> Rapid treatment with [[activated charcoal]] or induced [[vomiting]] can reduce the amount of toxin absorbed (this is time-sensitive so in some cases veterinarians may advise doing it at home), and large amounts of fluid by [[Intravenous injection|IV]] can reduce damage to kidneys to increase the chances of survival.<ref name="petmd">[http://www.petmd.com/cat/emergency/poisoning-toxicity/e_ct_lily_poisoning Lily Poisoning in Cats]. Pet MD.</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==


{{Taxonbar|from=Q163766}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q163766}}
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[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Latest revision as of 14:31, 9 January 2024

Lilium bulbiferum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Liliaceae
Subfamily: Lilioideae
Tribe: Lilieae
Genus: Lilium
Species:
L. bulbiferum
Binomial name
Lilium bulbiferum
L. 1753 not Thunb. 1794
Synonyms[1]
Synonymy
  • Lilium atrosanguineum H.Vilm.
  • Lilium aurantiacum Weston, 1772
  • Lilium biligulatum Baker
  • Lilium chaixii Maw
  • Lilium croceum Chaix
  • Lilium elatum Salisb.
  • Lilium fulgens E.Morren ex Spae
  • Lilium fulgens W.H.Baxter
  • Lilium haematochroum Lem.
  • Lilium humile Mill., 1768
  • Lilium lateritium Baker
  • Lilium latifolium Link
  • Lilium luteum Gaterau, 1789
  • Lilium pictum Baker
  • Lilium pubescens Bernh. ex Hornem.
  • Lilium sanguineum Lindl.
  • Lilium scabrum Moench, 1794
  • Lilium sibiricum Willd.
  • plus many names at the varietal level

Lilium bulbiferum, common names orange lily,[2] fire lily, Jimmy's Bane, tiger lily and St. John's Lily, is a herbaceous European lily with underground bulbs, belonging to the Liliaceae.[1][3]

The Latin name bulbiferum of this species, meaning "bearing bulbs", refers to the secondary bulbs on the stem of the nominal subspecies.

Description

[edit]

Lilium bulbiferum reaches on average 20–90 centimetres (7.9–35.4 in) of height, with a maximum of 120 centimetres (47 in). The bulbs are ovoid, with whitish large and pointed scales and can reach about 1.5 centimetres (0.59 in) of diameter. The stem is erect, the leaves are lanceolate, up to 10 centimeters long. The inflorescence has one to five short-haired flowers. They are hermaphroditic and scentless, have six upright tepals, the outer are slightly narrower than the inner ones. The flowers can reach 4–6 centimeters in length and are bright yellow-orange with reddish-brown dots. The stamens are erect, about half as long as the tepals, with red anthers. The style is orange, 35 millimetres (1.4 in) of height. The flowering period extends from May through July.[4]

There are two varieties, L. b. var. croceum (Chaix) Baker in the western part of the range, and L. b. var. bulbiferum in its eastern part. Only the last one always produces secondary aerial bulbs (bulbils) in the axils of the upper leaves. These bulbils fall to the ground and mature after two to three years. When manually separated from the stem they can easily be used for propagating the plant.

The dwarf plants from the Maritime Alps, formerly described as var. chaixii (Elwes) Stoker, and the large plants from the region of Naples, formerly described as var. giganteum N. Terracc., are now considered as local variants of var. croceum.

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

L. bulbiferum is widely distributed in much of Europe from Spain to Finland and Ukraine.[3] It grows in mountain meadows and on hillsides. They prefer calcareous soils in warm, sunny places, but also grow on slightly acid soils. They can be found at an altitude of 500–1,900 metres (1,600–6,200 ft) above sea level.

In culture

[edit]

The orange lily has long been recognised as a symbol of the Orange Order in Northern Ireland.[5]

Toxicity

[edit]

Cats

[edit]

Cats are extremely sensitive to lily toxicity and ingestion is often fatal;[6][7][8] households and gardens which are visited by cats are strongly advised against keeping this plant or placing dried flowers where a cat may brush against them and become dusted with pollen which they then consume while cleaning. Suspected cases require urgent veterinary attention.[9] Rapid treatment with activated charcoal or induced vomiting can reduce the amount of toxin absorbed (this is time-sensitive so in some cases veterinarians may advise doing it at home), and large amounts of fluid by IV can reduce damage to kidneys to increase the chances of survival.[9]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  2. ^ NRCS. "Lilium bulbiferum". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 25 January 2016.
  3. ^ a b Altervista Flora Italiana, Giglio rosso, Orange Lily, Lilium bulbiferum L. includes many photos plus European distribution map
  4. ^ Pignatti S. - Flora d'Italia - Edagricole – 1982 Vol. III. pa. 362
  5. ^ 8pm, Reinventing the Orange Order: A. superhero for the 21st century « Design Research Group 12 12 07 / (27 June 2007). "A kinder gentler image? Modernism, Tradition and the new Orange Order logo". Retrieved 17 September 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Frequently Asked Questions No Lilies For Cats.
  7. ^ Fitzgerald, KT (2010). "Lily toxicity in the cat". Top Companion Anim Med. 25 (4): 213–7. doi:10.1053/j.tcam.2010.09.006. PMID 21147474.
  8. ^ Tiger Lilly Pet Poison Helpline.
  9. ^ a b Lily Poisoning in Cats. Pet MD.
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