Jump to content

Tropicoporus tropicalis: Difference between revisions

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Timxue94 (talk | contribs)
108 edits
 
(40 intermediate revisions by 21 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|Species of fungus}}
{{User sandbox|Timxue94}}


{{external media
⚫
==''Tropicoporus tropicalis'' ==
| float = right
⚫
''[[Tropicoporus]] tropicalis'' is part of the ''[[Hymenochaetaceae]]'' family. It is a wood-decaying [[basidiomycetes]] that is commonly found in humid climate such as Brazil. <ref name=simone2010 /> <ref name=ribas2015 /> <ref name=nguyen2009 /> <ref name=sutton2005 /> In the natural environment, the fungus is associated with [[wood-decay fungus|white rot]] woody [[flowering plant|angiosperms]], and has its annual [[fruiting body]] on tree trunks and branches. <ref name=simone2010 /> ''[[Tropicoporus]] tropicalis'' has two kinds of [[hypha|hyphae]] (a [[hypha|dimitic hyphal]] system), generative and skeletal, that lack [[clamp connections]]. <ref name=simone2010 /><ref name=santana2015 /><ref name=larsen1988 /><ref name=chowdhary2014 />
| width = 224px
| image1 = Fig. A – D on page 17 of [https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/mycologie/43/1 Lima et al. (2022)'s paper] on [[National Museum of Natural History, France|MNHN]]'s website.
⚫
}}
{{Speciesbox
⚫
| taxon = Tropicoporus tropicalis
| authority = (M.J. Larsen & Lombard) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai (2015)
| synonyms_ref= <ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy" />
⚫
| synonyms =
⚫
* ''Poria rickii'' <small>[[Bres.]] (1920)</small>
⚫
* ''Phellinus rickii'' <small>(Bres.) A. David & Rajchenb. (1985)</small>
⚫
* ''Phellinus tropicalis'' <small>M.J. Larsen & Lombard (1988)</small>
⚫
* ''Inonotus tropicalis'' <small>(M.J. Larsen & Lombard) T. Wagner & M. Fisch. (2002)</small>
}}


⚫
'''''Tropicoporus tropicalis''''' is a mushroom of the family [[Hymenochaetaceae]].<ref name=zhou2015 /> ''Tropicoporus tropicalis'' is a wood-decaying [[basidiomycetes]] that rarely causes disease in animals and human, and is commonly found in humid climate such as Brazil.<ref name=chowdhary2014 /><ref name=simone2010 /><ref name=ribas2015 /><ref name=nguyen2009 /><ref name=sutton2005 /> In its natural environment, the fungus is associated with [[wood-decay fungus|white rot]] woody [[flowering plant|angiosperms]], and has its annual [[fruiting body]] on tree trunks and branches.<ref name=simone2010 /> ''Tropicoporus tropicalis'' has two kinds of [[hypha]]e (a [[hypha|dimitic hyphal]] system), generative and skeletal, that lack [[clamp connections]].<ref name=chowdhary2014 /><ref name=simone2010 /><ref name=santana2015 /><ref name=larsen1988 />
The fungus was only recently renamed to ''[[Tropicoporus]] tropicalis'' from ''[[Inonotus]] tropicalis'', which is part of the ''[[Inonotus]]'' clade B . <ref name=zhou2015 /> But historically, it was given different names based on different methods of determination, such as phylogenetic analysis of [[ribosomal DNA|rDNA]]. <ref name=wagner2002 />


==Taxonomy==
{{Taxobox
''Poria rickii'' is a species described by [[Giacomo Bresadola]] in 1920.<ref name="Mycobank Poria rickii" /> Alix David and Mario Rajchenberg renamed it ''Phellinus rickii'' in 1985.<ref name="David and Rajchenberg 1985" />
| image = Require Picture
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Hymenochaetales]]
⚫
| familia = [[Hymenochaetaceae]]
| genus = '''''Tropicoporus'''''
| species = '''''T. tropicalis'''''
| binomial = ''Tropicoporus tropicalis''
| binomial_authority = L.W.Zhou et al (2015)
⚫
| synonyms =
⚫
*''Poria rickii'' <small>[[G.Bresadola]] (1920)</small>
⚫
*''Phellinus rickii'' <small>[[David & Rajchenb]] (1985)</small>
⚫
*''Phellinus tropicalis'' <small>[[M.Laresen & Lombard]] (1988)</small>
*''Inonotus rickii'' <small>[[A.M.Gottlieb, J.E.Wright & J.M.Moncalvo]] (2002)</small>
⚫
*''Inonotus tropicalis'' <small>[[L.W.Zhou et al]] (2015)</small>
⚫
}}


However, there already is a pre-existing name ''Phellinus rickii'' Teixeira 1950. To avoid confusion, Larsen and Lombard (1988) gave David and Rajchenberg's ''P. rickii'' a new name ''Phellinus tropicalis''.<ref name=larsen1988 />
==Taxonomy, classification, and phylogeny==
The earliest record of ''[[Tropicoporus]] tropicalis'' is by the name ''[[Perenniporia|Poria]] rickii'', which is then modified into ''[[Phellinus]] rickii'', and then renamed to ''[[Phellinus]] tropicalis''. <ref name=larsen1988 /> However, it is later suggested that ''[[Phellinus]] tropicalis'' should belong to one of the ''[[sensu|Inonotus sensu stricto]]'' clade after phylogenetic analysis of the fungus's [[ribosomal DNA|rDNA]] nuclear LSU sequence. <ref name=wagner2002 /> The name ''[[Inonotus]] rickii'' was also used to describe this fungus, and it is also a specie of ''[[sensu|Inonotus sensu stricto]]''. <ref name="gottlieb 2002" />


Wagner and Fischer (2002) showed that ''Phellinus tropicalis'' belong in ''Inonotus sensu stricto'' after phylogenetic analysis of the fungus's [[ribosomal DNA|rDNA]] nuclear LSU sequence, and renamed it ''Inonotus tropicalis''.<ref name=wagner2002 />
The genus ''[[Inonotus]]'' contains at least three clades (A, B, and C), and Clade B and C have species from the ''[[Inonotus]] linteus'' complex, which was transferred from ''[[sensu|Inonotus sensu stricto]]''. <ref name=zhou2015 /> <ref name=santana2015 /> However, the ''[[Inonotus]] linteus'' complex is later divided into ''[[Sanghuangporus]]'' and ''[[Tropicoporus]]''. <ref name=zhou2015 /> After the transfer from ''[[sensu|Inonotus sensu stricto]]'' to ''[[Inonotus]] linteus'', and then to ''[[Tropicoporus]]'', the fungus is currently named as ''[[Tropicoporus]] tropicalis''. <ref name=zhou2015 />


In Zhou et al. (2015), ''Inonotus sensu lato'' (equivalent to ''Inonotus sensu stricto'' in Wagner and Fischer 2002) contains at least three clades (A, B, and C). Clade A is ''[[Inonotus]] sensu stricto'', and clade B and C together form the ''Inonotus linteus'' complex. Clade B and C each was given names ''[[Tropicoporus]]'' and ''[[Sanghuangporus]]''. The fungus, belonging to clade B, is renamed ''Tropicoporus tropicalis'' in the same time.<ref name=zhou2015 />
⚫
==Description and characteristics==

⚫
''[[Tropicoporus]] tropicalis'' is a fungus with the growth characteristics of being appressed, short-downy, homogeneous, adherent, even margins, indistinct, and odourless. <ref name=larsen1988 /> It is also woolly and yellowish-orange colonies,<ref name=chowdhary2014 />, with annual [[fruiting bodies]] and [[hypha|dimitic hyphal]] system, <ref name=wagner2002 /> which refers to the appearance of two kinds of [[hypha|hyphae]]: generative (2.5 – 4 ɥm in diameter, thin-walled, simple-[[septate]], and pale yellowish brown), and skeletal (3.5 – 4.5 ɥm in diameter, thick-walled, infrequently simple-[[septate]], and dull yellowish brown). <ref name=larsen1988 /> <ref name=santana2015 /> <ref name=simone2010 /> Moreover, the [[hypha|hyphae]] are either thin or thick walled that lack [[clamp connections]]. <ref name=chowdhary2014 /> Aside from the absence of [[clamp connections]], the fungus also lacks [[seta|setal]] [[hypha|hyphae]]. <ref name=santana2015 /> However, it has numerous reddish brown [[hymenium|Hymenial]] [[seta|setae]] that has a maximum length of 25 ɥm, <ref name=santana2015 /> <ref name="gottlieb 2002" /> and has dull brown pores that becomes whiter near the margin. <ref name=larsen1988 /> <ref name="gottlieb 2002" /> The [[Basidiocarp]] is annual, [[resupination|resupinate]], and [[hyaline]]. <ref name=zhou2015 /> <ref name=santana2015 /> The abundant fungal spores are coloured yellowish to [[ochre|ochraceous]], and shaped ovoid to broadly ellipsoid and smooth when mature. <ref name="gottlieb 2002" /> Both the spores (7 - 9 per mm) and the [[basidiospore|basidiospores]] are small, with [[basidiospore|basidiospores]] having more than 3.5 um wide when it is ellipsoid, and are less than 3.5 um wide when it is sub-[[sphere|globose]]. <ref name=zhou2015 /> <ref name=santana2015 />
⚫
==Description==
⚫
''Tropicoporus tropicalis'' is a fungus with the growth characteristics of being appressed, short-downy, homogeneous, adherent, even margins, indistinct, and odourless.<ref name=larsen1988 /> It is also woolly and yellowish-orange colonies,<ref name=chowdhary2014 /> with annual [[fruiting bodies]] and [[hypha|dimitic hyphal]] system,<ref name=wagner2002 /> which refers to the appearance of two kinds of hyphae: generative (2.5 – 4 ɥm in diameter, thin-walled, simple-[[septate]], and pale yellowish brown), and skeletal (3.5 – 4.5 ɥm in diameter, thick-walled, infrequently simple-[[septate]], and dull yellowish brown).<ref name=simone2010 /><ref name=santana2015 /><ref name=larsen1988 /> Moreover, the fungus lacks [[seta]]l hyphae and [[clamp connections]] in its hyphae, which is either thin or thick walled.<ref name=chowdhary2014 /><ref name=santana2015 /> However, it has numerous reddish brown [[hymenium|Hymenial]] [[seta]]e that has a maximum length of 25 ɥm,<ref name=santana2015 /><ref name="gottlieb 2002" /> and has dull brown pores that becomes whiter near the margin.<ref name=larsen1988 /><ref name="gottlieb 2002" /> The [[Basidiocarp]] of ''Tropicoporus tropicalis'' is annual, [[resupination|resupinate]], and [[hyaline]].<ref name=zhou2015 /><ref name=santana2015 /> The abundant fungal spores are coloured yellowish to [[ochre|ochraceous]], and shaped ovoid to broadly ellipsoid and smooth when mature.<ref name="gottlieb 2002" /> Both the spores (7 - 9 per mm) and the [[basidiospore]]s are small, with basidiospores having more than 3.5&nbsp;um wide when it is ellipsoid, and are less than 3.5&nbsp;um wide when it is sub-[[sphere|globose]].<ref name=zhou2015 /><ref name=santana2015 />


==Physiology==
==Physiology==
The fungus grows:
The fungus grows:
*Moderately rapid in [http://www.thermoscientific.com/content/dam/tfs/SDG/MBD/MBD%20Documents/Instructions%20For%20Use/Prepared%20Media/IFU1565.pdf MEA (Malt Extract Agar)] <ref name=larsen1988 />
* Moderately rapid in [http://www.thermoscientific.com/content/dam/tfs/SDG/MBD/MBD%20Documents/Instructions%20For%20Use/Prepared%20Media/IFU1565.pdf MEA (Malt Extract Agar)]<ref name=larsen1988 />
*In 0.05% [[cycloheximide]] <ref name="chowdhary2014" />
* In 0.05% [[cycloheximide]]<ref name="chowdhary2014" />
The mat diameter of the fungus depends on temperature, but the optimal growth temperature is around 36°C, while the maximum temperature without growth (not killed) is 44°C. <ref name=larsen1988 /> Even though all parts of the fungus could be darkened by 2% [[Potassium hydroxide|KOH]], only the [[hypha|Hyphae]] can be stained by [[phloxine]], a reddish dye. <ref name=larsen1988 /> Furthermore, ''[[Tropicoporus]] tropicalis'' is found to be highly resistant to [[caspofungin]] and [[posaconazole]], two different anti-fungal compounds. <ref name="chowdhary2014" />
The mat diameter of the fungus depends on temperature, but the optimal growth temperature is around 36&nbsp;°C, and the maximum temperature without growth (not killed) is 44&nbsp;°C.<ref name=larsen1988 /> Even though all parts of the fungus could be darkened by 2% [[Potassium hydroxide|KOH]], only the hyphae can be stained by [[phloxine]], a reddish dye.<ref name=larsen1988 /> Furthermore, ''Tropicoporus tropicalis'' is also found to be highly resistant to [[caspofungin]] and [[posaconazole]], two different anti-fungal compounds.<ref name="chowdhary2014" />


==Ecology and habitat==
==Ecology and habitat==
''[[Tropicoporus]] tropicalis'' is a [[polypore|poroid]] wood-decaying [[basidiomycota|basidiomycete]] <ref name=simone2010 /> <ref name=ribas2015 /> that is usually associated with [[wood-decay fungus|white rot]] woody [[flowering plant|angiosperms]], <ref name=chowdhary2014 /> grow on deciduous wood, <ref name=nguyen2009 /> and have [[fruiting body]] on infected tree trunks and branches. <ref name=simone2010 /> It is mainly found in the [[tropics|tropical zone]] <ref name=zhou2015 /> and humid climate <ref name=nguyen2009 />, such as Brazil; but is present in Mississippi, Flordia, Georgia, Jamaica, Guadeloupe, Costa Rica, Colombia, East Africa, and Malaya, Johore, and Mawaii Malaysia. <ref name=sutton2005 />
''Tropicoporus tropicalis'' is a [[polypore|poroid]] wood-decaying [[basidiomycota|basidiomycete]]<ref name=simone2010 /><ref name=ribas2015 /> that is usually associated with [[wood-decay fungus|white rot]] woody [[flowering plant|angiosperms]],<ref name=chowdhary2014 /> grow on deciduous wood,<ref name=nguyen2009 /> and have [[fruiting body]] on infected tree trunks and branches.<ref name=simone2010 /> It is mainly found in the [[tropics|tropical zone]]<ref name=zhou2015 /> and humid climate,<ref name=nguyen2009 /> such as Brazil; but is present in Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Jamaica, Guadeloupe, Costa Rica, Colombia, East Africa, and Malaya, Johore, and Mawaii Malaysia.<ref name=sutton2005 />

==As a pathogen==
⚫
''Tropicoporus tropicalis'' rarely causes diseases in animals and human.<ref name=chowdhary2014 /> However, it is an [[opportunistic pathogen]] that has the potential to induce allergic and invasive diseases in mammals.<ref name=chowdhary2014 />


==Diseases==
⚫
''[[Tropicoporus]] tropicalis'' rarely causes diseases in animals and human. <ref name=chowdhary2014 /> However, it is an [[opportunistic pathogen]] that has the potential to induce allergic and invasive diseases in mammals. <ref name=chowdhary2014 />
===Animal===
===Animal===
The fungus has been recorded to cause fungal [[pericardial effusion]] and [[myocarditis]] in a French bulldog, that was under immunosuppressive therapy (specie was non-pigmented, and has indication of a [[hyalohyphomycosis]] infection) <ref name=ribas2015 />; and induced a [[granulomatous]] [[mediastinal tumor|mediastinal mass]] in an immunocompromised Irish Wolfhound dog. <ref name=sheppard2013 />
The fungus has been recorded to cause fungal [[pericardial effusion]] and [[myocarditis]] in a French bulldog, that was under immunosuppressive therapy (species was non-pigmented, and has indication of a [[hyalohyphomycosis]] infection);<ref name=ribas2015 /> and induced a [[granulomatous]] [[mediastinal tumor|mediastinal mass]] in an immunocompromised Irish Wolfhound dog.<ref name=sheppard2013 />


===Human===
===Human===
The first association of an invasive infection on human occurred on a patient with [[chronic condition|chronic]] [[granulomatous disease]]. <ref name=sutton2005 /> <ref name=davis2007 /> In addition, two similar [[chronic condition|chronic]] [[granulomatous disease]] cases of ''I. tropicalis'' were later found [[osteomyelitis]] in immunodeficient children and adults. <ref name=nguyen2009 />
The first association of an invasive infection on human occurred on a patient with [[chronic condition|chronic]] [[granulomatous disease]].<ref name=sutton2005 /><ref name=davis2007 /> In addition, two similar chronic granulomatous disease cases of ''I. tropicalis'' infection were later found in immunodeficient children and adults that had caused [[osteomyelitis]].<ref name=nguyen2009 />

In 2021, the first case of ''Tropicoporus tropicalis'' infection on a immunocompetent human was reported.<ref name="Gupta et al 2021" />


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
{{Reflist|30em|refs=


<ref name="chowdhary2014">{{cite journal|last1=Chowdhary|first1=A.|last2=Kathuria|first2=S.|last3=Agarwal|first3=K.|last4=Meis|first4=J. F.|title=Recognizing filamentous basidiomycetes as agents of human disease: A review|journal=Medical Mycology|date=8 September 2014|volume=52|issue=8|pages=782–797|doi=10.1093/mmy/myu047}}</ref>
<ref name="chowdhary2014">{{cite journal|last1=Chowdhary|first1=A.|last2=Kathuria|first2=S.|last3=Agarwal|first3=K.|last4=Meis|first4=J. F.|title=Recognizing filamentous basidiomycetes as agents of human disease: A review|journal=Medical Mycology|date=8 September 2014|volume=52|issue=8|pages=782–797|doi=10.1093/mmy/myu047|pmid=25202126|doi-access=free}}</ref>


<ref name=davis2007>{{cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=CM|last2=Noroski|first2=LM|last3=Dishop|first3=MK|last4=Sutton|first4=DA|last5=Braverman|first5=RM|last6=Paul|first6=ME|last7=Rosenblatt|first7=HM|title=Basidiomycetous fungal Inonotus tropicalis sacral osteomyelitis in X-linked chronic granulomatous disease.|journal=The Pediatric infectious disease journal|date=July 2007|volume=26|issue=7|pages=655-6|pmid=17596815}}</ref>
<ref name=davis2007>{{cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=CM|last2=Noroski|first2=LM|last3=Dishop|first3=MK|last4=Sutton|first4=DA|last5=Braverman|first5=RM|last6=Paul|first6=ME|last7=Rosenblatt|first7=HM|title=Basidiomycetous fungal Inonotus tropicalis sacral osteomyelitis in X-linked chronic granulomatous disease.|journal=The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal|date=July 2007|volume=26|issue=7|pages=655–6|pmid=17596815|doi=10.1097/inf.0b013e3180616cd0|doi-access=free}}</ref>


<ref name="gottlieb 2002">{{cite journal|last1=Gottlieb|first1=Alexandra M.|last2=Wright|first2=Jorge E.|last3=Moncalvo|first3=Jean-Marc|title=Inonotus s. l. in Argentina — Morphology, cultural characters and molecular analyses|journal=Mycological Progress|date=August 2002|volume=1|issue=3|pages=299–313|doi=10.1007/s11557-006-0028-5}}</ref>
<ref name="gottlieb 2002">{{cite journal|last1=Gottlieb|first1=Alexandra M.|last2=Wright|first2=Jorge E.|last3=Moncalvo|first3=Jean-Marc|title=Inonotus s. l. in Argentina — Morphology, cultural characters and molecular analyses|journal=Mycological Progress|date=August 2002|volume=1|issue=3|pages=299–313|doi=10.1007/s11557-006-0028-5|s2cid=32814231 }}</ref>


<ref name=larsen1988>{{cite journal|last1=Larsen|first1=Michael J.|last2=Lombard|first2=Frances F.|title=Studies in the Genus Phellinus. I. The Identity of Phellinus rickii with Notes on Its Facultative Synonyms|journal=Mycologia|date=January 1988|volume=80|issue=1|pages=72|doi=10.2307/3807495}}</ref>
<ref name=larsen1988>{{cite journal|last1=Larsen|first1=Michael J.|last2=Lombard|first2=Frances F.|title=Studies in the Genus Phellinus. I. The Identity of Phellinus rickii with Notes on Its Facultative Synonyms|journal=Mycologia|date=January 1988|volume=80|issue=1|pages=72|doi=10.2307/3807495|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1235183|jstor=3807495}}</ref>


<ref name="nguyen2009">{{cite journal|last1=Nguyen|first1=D.K.|last2=Davis|first2=C.M.|last3=Chinen|first3=J.|last4=Vallejo|first4=J.G.|last5=Noroski|first5=L.M.|title=Basidiomycetous Inonotus (Phellinus) tropicalis Osteomyelitis in Pediatric and Adult X-linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease|journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|date=February 2009|volume=123|issue=2|pages=S13–S13|doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2008.12.060}}</ref>
<ref name="nguyen2009">{{cite journal|last1=Nguyen|first1=D.K.|last2=Davis|first2=C.M.|last3=Chinen|first3=J.|last4=Vallejo|first4=J.G.|last5=Noroski|first5=L.M.|title=Basidiomycetous Inonotus (Phellinus) tropicalis Osteomyelitis in Pediatric and Adult X-linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease|journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|date=February 2009|volume=123|issue=2|pages=S13|doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2008.12.060}}</ref>


<ref name=ribas2015>{{cite journal|last1=Ribas|first1=Thibault|last2=Pipe-Martin|first2=Hannah|last3=Kim|first3=Kenneth S.|last4=Leissinger|first4=Mary K.|last5=Bauer|first5=Rudy W.|last6=Grasperge|first6=Britton J.|last7=Grooters|first7=Amy M.|last8=Sutton|first8=Deanna A.|last9=Pariaut|first9=Romain|title=Fungal myocarditis and pericardial effusion secondary to Inonotus tropicalis (phylum Basidiomycota) in a dog|journal=Journal of Veterinary Cardiology|date=June 2015|volume=17|issue=2|pages=142–148|doi=10.1016/j.jvc.2015.01.004}}</ref>
<ref name=ribas2015>{{cite journal|last1=Ribas|first1=Thibault|last2=Pipe-Martin|first2=Hannah|last3=Kim|first3=Kenneth S.|last4=Leissinger|first4=Mary K.|last5=Bauer|first5=Rudy W.|last6=Grasperge|first6=Britton J.|last7=Grooters|first7=Amy M.|last8=Sutton|first8=Deanna A.|last9=Pariaut|first9=Romain|title=Fungal myocarditis and pericardial effusion secondary to Inonotus tropicalis (phylum Basidiomycota) in a dog|journal=Journal of Veterinary Cardiology|date=June 2015|volume=17|issue=2|pages=142–148|doi=10.1016/j.jvc.2015.01.004|pmid=26003903 }}</ref>


<ref name=santana2015>{{cite journal|last1=Campos-Santana|first1=Marisa De|last2=Robledo|first2=Gerardo|last3=Decock|first3=Cony|last4=Silveira|first4=Rosa Mara Borges Da|title=Diversity of the Poroid Hymenochaetaceae (Basidiomycota) from the Atlantic Forest and Pampa in Southern Brazil|journal=Cryptogamie, Mycologie|date=March 2015|volume=36|issue=1|pages=43–78|doi=10.7872/crym.v36.iss1.2015.43}}</ref>
<ref name=santana2015>{{cite journal|last1=Campos-Santana|first1=Marisa De|last2=Robledo|first2=Gerardo|last3=Decock|first3=Cony|last4=Silveira|first4=Rosa Mara Borges Da|title=Diversity of the Poroid Hymenochaetaceae (Basidiomycota) from the Atlantic Forest and Pampa in Southern Brazil|journal=Cryptogamie, Mycologie|date=March 2015|volume=36|issue=1|pages=43–78|doi=10.7872/crym.v36.iss1.2015.43|s2cid=85945170 |hdl=11336/16390|hdl-access=free}}</ref>


<ref name=sheppard2013>{{cite journal|last1=Sheppard|first1=B. J.|last2=McGrath|first2=E.|last3=Giuffrida|first3=M.|last4=Craft|first4=S. L. M.|last5=Kung|first5=C. Y.|last6=Smith|first6=M. E.|title=Report of wood decay fungus Inonotus tropicalis (phylum Basidiomycota) from a dog with a granulomatous mediastinal mass|journal=Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation|date=8 August 2013|volume=25|issue=5|pages=566–572|doi=10.1177/1040638713499341}}</ref>
<ref name=sheppard2013>{{cite journal|last1=Sheppard|first1=B. J.|last2=McGrath|first2=E.|last3=Giuffrida|first3=M.|last4=Craft|first4=S. L. M.|last5=Kung|first5=C. Y.|last6=Smith|first6=M. E.|title=Report of wood decay fungus Inonotus tropicalis (phylum Basidiomycota) from a dog with a granulomatous mediastinal mass|journal=Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation|date=8 August 2013|volume=25|issue=5|pages=566–572|doi=10.1177/1040638713499341|pmid=23929678 |doi-access=free}}</ref>


<ref name=simone2010>{{cite journal|last1=De Simone|first1=Daniele|last2=D’Amico|first2=Lorella|last3=Bressanin|first3=Daniela|last4=Motta|first4=Emma|last5=Annesi|first5=Tiziana|title=Molecular characterization of Inonotus rickii /Ptychogaster cubensis isolates from different geographic provenances|journal=Mycological Progress|date=17 August 2010|volume=10|issue=3|pages=301–306|doi=10.1007/s11557-010-0702-5}}</ref>
<ref name=simone2010>{{cite journal|last1=De Simone|first1=Daniele|last2=D’Amico|first2=Lorella|last3=Bressanin|first3=Daniela|last4=Motta|first4=Emma|last5=Annesi|first5=Tiziana|title=Molecular characterization of Inonotus rickii /Ptychogaster cubensis isolates from different geographic provenances|journal=Mycological Progress|date=17 August 2010|volume=10|issue=3|pages=301–306|doi=10.1007/s11557-010-0702-5|s2cid=32088978 }}</ref>


<ref name=sutton2005>{{cite journal|last1=Sutton|first1=D. A.|last2=Thompson|first2=E. H.|last3=Rinaldi|first3=M. G.|last4=Iwen|first4=P. C.|last5=Nakasone|first5=K. K.|last6=Jung|first6=H. S.|last7=Rosenblatt|first7=H. M.|last8=Paul|first8=M. E.|title=Identification and First Report of Inonotus (Phellinus) tropicalis as an Etiologic Agent in a Patient with Chronic Granulomatous Disease|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|date=4 February 2005|volume=43|issue=2|pages=982–987|doi=10.1128/JCM.43.2.982-987.2005}}</ref>
<ref name=sutton2005>{{cite journal|last1=Sutton|first1=D. A.|last2=Thompson|first2=E. H.|last3=Rinaldi|first3=M. G.|last4=Iwen|first4=P. C.|last5=Nakasone|first5=K. K.|last6=Jung|first6=H. S.|last7=Rosenblatt|first7=H. M.|last8=Paul|first8=M. E.|title=Identification and First Report of Inonotus (Phellinus) tropicalis as an Etiologic Agent in a Patient with Chronic Granulomatous Disease|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|date=4 February 2005|volume=43|issue=2|pages=982–987|doi=10.1128/JCM.43.2.982-987.2005|pmid=15695724|pmc=548074}}</ref>


<ref name=wagner2002>{{cite journal|last1=Wagner|first1=T|last2=Fischer|first2=M|title=Proceedings towards a natural classification of the worldwide taxa Phellinus s.l. and Inonotus s.l., and phylogenetic relationships of allied genera.|journal=Mycologia|date=2002|volume=94|issue=6|pages=998-1016|pmid=21156572}}</ref>
<ref name=wagner2002>{{cite journal|last1=Wagner|first1=T|last2=Fischer|first2=M|title=Proceedings towards a natural classification of the worldwide taxa Phellinus s.l. and Inonotus s.l., and phylogenetic relationships of allied genera.|journal=Mycologia|date=2002|volume=94|issue=6|pages=998–1016|pmid=21156572|doi=10.2307/3761866|jstor=3761866}}</ref>


<ref name=zhou2015>{{cite journal|last1=Zhou|first1=Li-Wei|last2=Vlasák|first2=Josef|last3=Decock|first3=Cony|last4=Assefa|first4=Addisu|last5=Stenlid|first5=Jan|last6=Abate|first6=Dawit|last7=Wu|first7=Sheng-Hua|last8=Dai|first8=Yu-Cheng|title=Global diversity and taxonomy of the Inonotus linteus complex (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota): Sanghuangporus gen. nov., Tropicoporus excentrodendri and T. guanacastensis gen. et spp. nov., and 17 new combinations|journal=Fungal Diversity|date=26 April 2015|doi=10.1007/s13225-015-0335-8}}</ref>
<ref name=zhou2015>{{cite journal|last1=Zhou|first1=Li-Wei|last2=Vlasák|first2=Josef|last3=Decock|first3=Cony|last4=Assefa|first4=Addisu|last5=Stenlid|first5=Jan|last6=Abate|first6=Dawit|last7=Wu|first7=Sheng-Hua|last8=Dai|first8=Yu-Cheng|title=Global diversity and taxonomy of the Inonotus linteus complex (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota): Sanghuangporus gen. nov., Tropicoporus excentrodendri and T. guanacastensis gen. et spp. nov., and 17 new combinations|journal=Fungal Diversity|date=26 April 2015|doi=10.1007/s13225-015-0335-8|volume=77|pages=335–347|s2cid=16031605 }}</ref>


<ref name="Mycobank Poria rickii">{{cite web|url=https://www.mycobank.org/MB/187607|title=Poria rickii|website=MycoBank | access-date= 2023-11-14}}</ref>

<ref name="David and Rajchenberg 1985">{{cite journal | vauthors=David A, Rajchenberg M | title=Pore fungi from French Antilles and Guiana | journal=Mycotaxon | volume=22 | issue=2 | pages=285–325 | date=1985}}</ref>

<ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy">{{cite web | url=https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/GSDspecies.asp?RecordID=373923 | title= Species Fungorum - GSD Species | access-date= 2023-11-14}}</ref>

<ref name="Gupta et al 2021">{{cite journal | vauthors=Gupta P, Kaur H, Dwivedi S, Agnihotri S, Rudramurthy SM | date= 2021 | title=First case of ''Tropicoporus tropicalis'' keratitis in an immunocompetent host from India and review of the literature | journal=Journal of Medical Mycology |volume = 32 | issue = 1 | doi=10.1016/j.mycmed.2021.101205}}</ref>


}}
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q28401349}}

⚫
[[Category:Hymenochaetaceae]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 1920]]
[[Category:Animal fungal diseases]]
[[Category:Fungus species]]

Latest revision as of 00:15, 11 January 2024

External image
image icon Fig. A – D on page 17 of Lima et al. (2022)'s paper on MNHN's website.

Tropicoporus tropicalis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Hymenochaetales
Family: Hymenochaetaceae
Genus: Tropicoporus
Species:
T. tropicalis
Binomial name
Tropicoporus tropicalis
(M.J. Larsen & Lombard) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai (2015)
Synonyms[1]
  • Poria rickii Bres. (1920)
  • Phellinus rickii (Bres.) A. David & Rajchenb. (1985)
  • Phellinus tropicalis M.J. Larsen & Lombard (1988)
  • Inonotus tropicalis (M.J. Larsen & Lombard) T. Wagner & M. Fisch. (2002)

Tropicoporus tropicalis is a mushroom of the family Hymenochaetaceae.[2] Tropicoporus tropicalis is a wood-decaying basidiomycetes that rarely causes disease in animals and human, and is commonly found in humid climate such as Brazil.[3][4][5][6][7] In its natural environment, the fungus is associated with white rot woody angiosperms, and has its annual fruiting body on tree trunks and branches.[4] Tropicoporus tropicalis has two kinds of hyphae (a dimitic hyphal system), generative and skeletal, that lack clamp connections.[3][4][8][9]

Taxonomy

[edit]

Poria rickii is a species described by Giacomo Bresadola in 1920.[10] Alix David and Mario Rajchenberg renamed it Phellinus rickii in 1985.[11]

However, there already is a pre-existing name Phellinus rickii Teixeira 1950. To avoid confusion, Larsen and Lombard (1988) gave David and Rajchenberg's P. rickii a new name Phellinus tropicalis.[9]

Wagner and Fischer (2002) showed that Phellinus tropicalis belong in Inonotus sensu stricto after phylogenetic analysis of the fungus's rDNA nuclear LSU sequence, and renamed it Inonotus tropicalis.[12]

In Zhou et al. (2015), Inonotus sensu lato (equivalent to Inonotus sensu stricto in Wagner and Fischer 2002) contains at least three clades (A, B, and C). Clade A is Inonotus sensu stricto, and clade B and C together form the Inonotus linteus complex. Clade B and C each was given names Tropicoporus and Sanghuangporus. The fungus, belonging to clade B, is renamed Tropicoporus tropicalis in the same time.[2]

Description

[edit]

Tropicoporus tropicalis is a fungus with the growth characteristics of being appressed, short-downy, homogeneous, adherent, even margins, indistinct, and odourless.[9] It is also woolly and yellowish-orange colonies,[3] with annual fruiting bodies and dimitic hyphal system,[12] which refers to the appearance of two kinds of hyphae: generative (2.5 – 4 ɥm in diameter, thin-walled, simple-septate, and pale yellowish brown), and skeletal (3.5 – 4.5 ɥm in diameter, thick-walled, infrequently simple-septate, and dull yellowish brown).[4][8][9] Moreover, the fungus lacks setal hyphae and clamp connections in its hyphae, which is either thin or thick walled.[3][8] However, it has numerous reddish brown Hymenial setae that has a maximum length of 25 ɥm,[8][13] and has dull brown pores that becomes whiter near the margin.[9][13] The Basidiocarp of Tropicoporus tropicalis is annual, resupinate, and hyaline.[2][8] The abundant fungal spores are coloured yellowish to ochraceous, and shaped ovoid to broadly ellipsoid and smooth when mature.[13] Both the spores (7 - 9 per mm) and the basidiospores are small, with basidiospores having more than 3.5 um wide when it is ellipsoid, and are less than 3.5 um wide when it is sub-globose.[2][8]

Physiology

[edit]

The fungus grows:

The mat diameter of the fungus depends on temperature, but the optimal growth temperature is around 36 °C, and the maximum temperature without growth (not killed) is 44 °C.[9] Even though all parts of the fungus could be darkened by 2% KOH, only the hyphae can be stained by phloxine, a reddish dye.[9] Furthermore, Tropicoporus tropicalis is also found to be highly resistant to caspofungin and posaconazole, two different anti-fungal compounds.[3]

Ecology and habitat

[edit]

Tropicoporus tropicalis is a poroid wood-decaying basidiomycete[4][5] that is usually associated with white rot woody angiosperms,[3] grow on deciduous wood,[6] and have fruiting body on infected tree trunks and branches.[4] It is mainly found in the tropical zone[2] and humid climate,[6] such as Brazil; but is present in Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Jamaica, Guadeloupe, Costa Rica, Colombia, East Africa, and Malaya, Johore, and Mawaii Malaysia.[7]

As a pathogen

[edit]

Tropicoporus tropicalis rarely causes diseases in animals and human.[3] However, it is an opportunistic pathogen that has the potential to induce allergic and invasive diseases in mammals.[3]

Animal

[edit]

The fungus has been recorded to cause fungal pericardial effusion and myocarditis in a French bulldog, that was under immunosuppressive therapy (species was non-pigmented, and has indication of a hyalohyphomycosis infection);[5] and induced a granulomatous mediastinal mass in an immunocompromised Irish Wolfhound dog.[14]

Human

[edit]

The first association of an invasive infection on human occurred on a patient with chronic granulomatous disease.[7][15] In addition, two similar chronic granulomatous disease cases of I. tropicalis infection were later found in immunodeficient children and adults that had caused osteomyelitis.[6]

In 2021, the first case of Tropicoporus tropicalis infection on a immunocompetent human was reported.[16]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Species Fungorum - GSD Species". Retrieved 2023-11-14.
  2. ^ a b c d e Zhou, Li-Wei; Vlasák, Josef; Decock, Cony; Assefa, Addisu; Stenlid, Jan; Abate, Dawit; Wu, Sheng-Hua; Dai, Yu-Cheng (26 April 2015). "Global diversity and taxonomy of the Inonotus linteus complex (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota): Sanghuangporus gen. nov., Tropicoporus excentrodendri and T. guanacastensis gen. et spp. nov., and 17 new combinations". Fungal Diversity. 77: 335–347. doi:10.1007/s13225-015-0335-8. S2CID 16031605.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Chowdhary, A.; Kathuria, S.; Agarwal, K.; Meis, J. F. (8 September 2014). "Recognizing filamentous basidiomycetes as agents of human disease: A review". Medical Mycology. 52 (8): 782–797. doi:10.1093/mmy/myu047. PMID 25202126.
  4. ^ a b c d e f De Simone, Daniele; D’Amico, Lorella; Bressanin, Daniela; Motta, Emma; Annesi, Tiziana (17 August 2010). "Molecular characterization of Inonotus rickii /Ptychogaster cubensis isolates from different geographic provenances". Mycological Progress. 10 (3): 301–306. doi:10.1007/s11557-010-0702-5. S2CID 32088978.
  5. ^ a b c Ribas, Thibault; Pipe-Martin, Hannah; Kim, Kenneth S.; Leissinger, Mary K.; Bauer, Rudy W.; Grasperge, Britton J.; Grooters, Amy M.; Sutton, Deanna A.; Pariaut, Romain (June 2015). "Fungal myocarditis and pericardial effusion secondary to Inonotus tropicalis (phylum Basidiomycota) in a dog". Journal of Veterinary Cardiology. 17 (2): 142–148. doi:10.1016/j.jvc.2015.01.004. PMID 26003903.
  6. ^ a b c d Nguyen, D.K.; Davis, C.M.; Chinen, J.; Vallejo, J.G.; Noroski, L.M. (February 2009). "Basidiomycetous Inonotus (Phellinus) tropicalis Osteomyelitis in Pediatric and Adult X-linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 123 (2): S13. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.12.060.
  7. ^ a b c Sutton, D. A.; Thompson, E. H.; Rinaldi, M. G.; Iwen, P. C.; Nakasone, K. K.; Jung, H. S.; Rosenblatt, H. M.; Paul, M. E. (4 February 2005). "Identification and First Report of Inonotus (Phellinus) tropicalis as an Etiologic Agent in a Patient with Chronic Granulomatous Disease". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 43 (2): 982–987. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.2.982-987.2005. PMC 548074. PMID 15695724.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Campos-Santana, Marisa De; Robledo, Gerardo; Decock, Cony; Silveira, Rosa Mara Borges Da (March 2015). "Diversity of the Poroid Hymenochaetaceae (Basidiomycota) from the Atlantic Forest and Pampa in Southern Brazil". Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 36 (1): 43–78. doi:10.7872/crym.v36.iss1.2015.43. hdl:11336/16390. S2CID 85945170.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Larsen, Michael J.; Lombard, Frances F. (January 1988). "Studies in the Genus Phellinus. I. The Identity of Phellinus rickii with Notes on Its Facultative Synonyms". Mycologia. 80 (1): 72. doi:10.2307/3807495. JSTOR 3807495.
  10. ^ "Poria rickii". MycoBank. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
  11. ^ David A, Rajchenberg M (1985). "Pore fungi from French Antilles and Guiana". Mycotaxon. 22 (2): 285–325.
  12. ^ a b Wagner, T; Fischer, M (2002). "Proceedings towards a natural classification of the worldwide taxa Phellinus s.l. and Inonotus s.l., and phylogenetic relationships of allied genera". Mycologia. 94 (6): 998–1016. doi:10.2307/3761866. JSTOR 3761866. PMID 21156572.
  13. ^ a b c Gottlieb, Alexandra M.; Wright, Jorge E.; Moncalvo, Jean-Marc (August 2002). "Inonotus s. l. in Argentina — Morphology, cultural characters and molecular analyses". Mycological Progress. 1 (3): 299–313. doi:10.1007/s11557-006-0028-5. S2CID 32814231.
  14. ^ Sheppard, B. J.; McGrath, E.; Giuffrida, M.; Craft, S. L. M.; Kung, C. Y.; Smith, M. E. (8 August 2013). "Report of wood decay fungus Inonotus tropicalis (phylum Basidiomycota) from a dog with a granulomatous mediastinal mass". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 25 (5): 566–572. doi:10.1177/1040638713499341. PMID 23929678.
  15. ^ Davis, CM; Noroski, LM; Dishop, MK; Sutton, DA; Braverman, RM; Paul, ME; Rosenblatt, HM (July 2007). "Basidiomycetous fungal Inonotus tropicalis sacral osteomyelitis in X-linked chronic granulomatous disease". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 26 (7): 655–6. doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e3180616cd0. PMID 17596815.
  16. ^ Gupta P, Kaur H, Dwivedi S, Agnihotri S, Rudramurthy SM (2021). "First case of Tropicoporus tropicalis keratitis in an immunocompetent host from India and review of the literature". Journal of Medical Mycology. 32 (1). doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2021.101205.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tropicoporus_tropicalis&oldid=1194837946"