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{{Short description|Department of Imperial Japanese Army}}
The '''Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department''' was a department of the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] from 1936 to the dissolution of the Army in 1945. While its public mission was to prevent the spread of disease and monitor water supply, several field armies also assigned units the mission of manufacturing [[biological weapons]].<ref>『在満兵備充実ニ関スル意見』(April 23, 1936), a document addressed by Kwantung Army chief of staff [[Seishirō Itagaki]] to army general [[Yoshijirō Umezu]]. 「其三、在満部隊ノ新設及増強改編」の項目第二十三には「関東軍防疫部の新設増強予定計画の如く昭和十一年度に於いて急性伝染病の防疫対策実施および流行する不明疾患其他特種の調査研究 ならびに細菌戦準備の為関東軍防疫部を新設す 又在満部隊の増加等に伴い昭和十三年度の以降其一部を拡充す関東軍防疫部の駐屯地は哈爾賓附近とす」</ref> Many units also performed [[human experimentation]].
The '''Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department''' was a department of the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] from 1936 to the dissolution of the Army in 1945. While its public mission was to prevent the spread of disease and monitor water supply, several field armies also assigned units the mission of manufacturing [[biological weapons]].<ref>『在満兵備充実ニ関スル意見』(April 23, 1936), a document addressed by Kwantung Army chief of staff [[Seishirō Itagaki]] to army general [[Yoshijirō Umezu]]. 「其三、在満部隊ノ新設及増強改編」の項目第二十三には「関東軍防疫部の新設増強予定計画の如く昭和十一年度に於いて急性伝染病の防疫対策実施および流行する不明疾患其他特種の調査研究 ならびに細菌戦準備の為関東軍防疫部を新設す 又在満部隊の増加等に伴い昭和十三年度の以降其一部を拡充す関東軍防疫部の駐屯地は哈爾賓附近とす」</ref> Many units also performed [[unethical human experimentation]], such as [[Unit 731]], in which thousands of prisoners of war and civilians were tortured to death over the course of years.


==Organization==
==Organization==
The department was organized under the following system:
The department was organized under the following system:
* '''Unit 691''' was under control of the [[Kwantung Army]].
* '''Unit 691''' was under control of the [[Kwantung Army]].
** The central office of Unit 691 was [[Unit 731]], infamous for its secret commitment to chemical and biological weapons and performing human experimentation.
** The central office of Unit 691 was [[Unit 731]], infamous for its secret commitment to [[chemical weapons|chemical]] and biological weapons and performing human experimentation. It had several branches, all of which were involved with biological warfare research:<ref name="trialmaterials" />
*** [[Unit 162]] ([[Linkou County|Linkou]])
*** [[Unit 516]] ([[Qiqihar]]), a chemical weapons division, operated secretly underneath [[Unit 731]].
*** [[Unit 643]] ([[Hailin]])
⚫
*** Other sub-units, which apparently were principally devoted to water purification, were Units 643, 162, 673, 543, and 319.
*** [[Unit 673]] ([[Sunwu County|Sunwu]])
⚫
* [[Unit 1855]] ([[Beijing]]) was under control of the [[Japanese Northern China Area Army]] and performed human experimentation.<ref>{{Citation | last = Harris, PhD | first = Sheldon H. | title = Military Medical Ethics Volume 2 | publisher = Office of The Surgeon General Department of the Army, United States of America | year = 2003 | location = | page = 487 | url = https://ke.army.mil/bordeninstitute/published_volumes/ethicsVol2/Ethics-ch-16.pdf#page=25 | chapter = Japanese Biomedical Experimentation During the World War II Era | isbn = }}</ref>
⚫
*** [[Unit 319]] was another sub-unit, which apparently were principally devoted to water purification.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
⚫
* [[Unit Ei 1644]] ([[Nanjing]]) was under control of the [[Japanese Central China Area Army]] and performed human experimentation.<ref name='Gold-pg75'>{{cite book | last = Gold | first = Hal | title = Unit 731 Testimony | publisher = Tuttle Publishing | year = 2004 | location = | page = 75 | url = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cprBEpxvexgC&lpg=PP1&dq=isbn%3A0804835659&pg=PA75 | isbn = 978-0-8048-3565-7}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Harris, PhD | first = Sheldon H. | title = Military Medical Ethics Volume 2 | publisher = Office of The Surgeon General Department of the Army, United States of America | year = 2003 | location = | page = 484 | url = https://ke.army.mil/bordeninstitute/published_volumes/ethicsVol2/Ethics-ch-16.pdf#page=22 | chapter = Japanese Biomedical Experimentation During the World War II Era | isbn = }}</ref>
* [[Unit 8604]] or Nami Unit ([[Guangzhou]]) was under control of the [[Japanese Southern China Area Army]] and performed human experimentation.<ref>{{Citation | last = Harris, PhD | first = Sheldon H. | title = Military Medical Ethics Volume 2 | publisher = Office of The Surgeon General Department of the Army, United States of America | year = 2003 | location = | page = 477 | url = https://ke.army.mil/bordeninstitute/published_volumes/ethicsVol2/Ethics-ch-16.pdf#page=15 | chapter = Japanese Biomedical Experimentation During the World War II Era | isbn = }}</ref>
* [[Unit 1855]] ([[Beijing]]) was under control of the [[Japanese Northern China Area Army]] and performed human experimentation.<ref>{{Citation | last = Harris, PhD | first = Sheldon H. | title = Military Medical Ethics Volume 2 | publisher = Office of The Surgeon General Department of the Army, United States of America | year = 2003 | page = 487 | chapter-url = https://ke.army.mil/bordeninstitute/published_volumes/ethicsVol2/Ethics-ch-16.pdf#page=25 | chapter = Japanese Biomedical Experimentation During the World War II Era }}</ref>
* [[Unit 9420]] or Oka Unit ([[Singapore]]), under control of the [[Southern Expeditionary Army Group]] and probably performed human experimentation.<ref>{{Citation | last = Harris, PhD | first = Sheldon H. | title = Military Medical Ethics Volume 2 | publisher = Office of The Surgeon General Department of the Army, United States of America | year = 2003 | location = | pages = 481–482 | url = https://ke.army.mil/bordeninstitute/published_volumes/ethicsVol2/Ethics-ch-16.pdf#page=19 | chapter = Japanese Biomedical Experimentation During the World War II Era | isbn = }}</ref>
* [[Unit Ei 1644]] or Tama Unit ([[Nanjing]]) was under control of the [[Japanese Central China Area Army]] and performed human experimentation.<ref name='Gold-pg75'>{{cite book | last = Gold | first = Hal | title = Unit 731 Testimony | publisher = Tuttle Publishing | year = 2004 | page = 75 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cprBEpxvexgC&pg=PA75 | isbn = 978-0-8048-3565-7}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Harris, PhD | first = Sheldon H. | title = Military Medical Ethics Volume 2 | publisher = Office of The Surgeon General Department of the Army, United States of America | year = 2003 | page = 484 | chapter-url = https://ke.army.mil/bordeninstitute/published_volumes/ethicsVol2/Ethics-ch-16.pdf#page=22 | chapter = Japanese Biomedical Experimentation During the World War II Era }}</ref>
** 12 different sub-Units (Unknown names) (Unknown locations)<ref name="trialmaterials" />{{rp|307}}

⚫
* [[Unit 8604]] or Nami Unit ([[Guangzhou]]) was under control of the [[Japanese Southern China Area Army]] and performed human experimentation.<ref>{{Citation | last = Harris, PhD | first = Sheldon H. | title = Military Medical Ethics Volume 2 | publisher = Office of The Surgeon General Department of the Army, United States of America | year = 2003 | page = 477 | chapter-url = https://ke.army.mil/bordeninstitute/published_volumes/ethicsVol2/Ethics-ch-16.pdf#page=15 | chapter = Japanese Biomedical Experimentation During the World War II Era }}</ref>
⚫
* [[Unit 9420]] or Oka Unit ([[Singapore]]), under control of the [[Southern Expeditionary Army Group]] and probably performed human experimentation.<ref>{{Citation | last = Harris, PhD | first = Sheldon H. | title = Military Medical Ethics Volume 2 | publisher = Office of The Surgeon General Department of the Army, United States of America | year = 2003 | pages = 481–482 | chapter-url = https://ke.army.mil/bordeninstitute/published_volumes/ethicsVol2/Ethics-ch-16.pdf#page=19 | chapter = Japanese Biomedical Experimentation During the World War II Era }}</ref>
* [[Unit 100]] was operated by the [[Kempeitai]], the Japanese [[military police]]. It was located in [[Mokotan]], [[Manchukuo]], a village just south of the city of [[Changchun]].
** Unit (Unknown name) ([[Dairen]])<ref name="trialmaterials" />{{rp|313}}
** [[Unit 543]] ([[Hailar District|Hailar]])<ref name="trialmaterials" />{{rp|313}}
* [[Unit 516]] ([[Qiqihar]])
** [[Unit 525]]
** [[Unit 526]]
* [[Unit 160]], possibly a typo (referring to unit 100).<ref name="trialmaterials">{{cite book |publisher=Foreign Languages Publishing House |date=1950 |title=Materials on the Trial of Former Servicemen of the Japanese Army Charged With Manufacturing and Employing Bacteriological Weapons}}</ref>{{rp|243}}
The 1996 book ''Germ Warfare Units'' (細菌戦部隊) contains testimonies that all of these units engaged in biological weapon development.<ref>「細菌戦部隊」 晩聲社 (1996/08). {{ISBN|489188259X}}</ref>
The 1996 book ''Germ Warfare Units'' (細菌戦部隊) contains testimonies that all of these units engaged in biological weapon development.<ref>「細菌戦部隊」 晩聲社 (1996/08). {{ISBN|489188259X}}</ref>


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[[Category:Japanese biological weapons program]]
[[Category:Japanese biological weapons program]]
[[Category:1936 establishments in Japan]]
[[Category:1936 establishments in Japan]]
[[Category:War crimes in Manchukuo]]
[[Category:Japanese war crimes in China]]

Latest revision as of 15:55, 14 January 2024

The Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department was a department of the Imperial Japanese Army from 1936 to the dissolution of the Army in 1945. While its public mission was to prevent the spread of disease and monitor water supply, several field armies also assigned units the mission of manufacturing biological weapons.[1] Many units also performed unethical human experimentation, such as Unit 731, in which thousands of prisoners of war and civilians were tortured to death over the course of years.

Organization

[edit]

The department was organized under the following system:

The 1996 book Germ Warfare Units (細菌戦部隊) contains testimonies that all of these units engaged in biological weapon development.[8]

Equipment

[edit]

Each office was equipped with water purification facilities and trucks to transport water to where it was needed. The water filtration equipment was designed by Shirō Ishii of Unit 731.[9]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ 『在満兵備充実ニ関スル意見』(April 23, 1936), a document addressed by Kwantung Army chief of staff Seishirō Itagaki to army general Yoshijirō Umezu. 「其三、在満部隊ノ新設及増強改編」の項目第二十三には「関東軍防疫部の新設増強予定計画の如く昭和十一年度に於いて急性伝染病の防疫対策実施および流行する不明疾患其他特種の調査研究 ならびに細菌戦準備の為関東軍防疫部を新設す 又在満部隊の増加等に伴い昭和十三年度の以降其一部を拡充す関東軍防疫部の駐屯地は哈爾賓附近とす」
  2. ^ a b c d e Materials on the Trial of Former Servicemen of the Japanese Army Charged With Manufacturing and Employing Bacteriological Weapons. Foreign Languages Publishing House. 1950.
  3. ^ Harris, PhD, Sheldon H. (2003), "Japanese Biomedical Experimentation During the World War II Era" (PDF), Military Medical Ethics Volume 2, Office of The Surgeon General Department of the Army, United States of America, p. 487
  4. ^ Gold, Hal (2004). Unit 731 Testimony. Tuttle Publishing. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-8048-3565-7.
  5. ^ Harris, PhD, Sheldon H. (2003), "Japanese Biomedical Experimentation During the World War II Era" (PDF), Military Medical Ethics Volume 2, Office of The Surgeon General Department of the Army, United States of America, p. 484
  6. ^ Harris, PhD, Sheldon H. (2003), "Japanese Biomedical Experimentation During the World War II Era" (PDF), Military Medical Ethics Volume 2, Office of The Surgeon General Department of the Army, United States of America, p. 477
  7. ^ Harris, PhD, Sheldon H. (2003), "Japanese Biomedical Experimentation During the World War II Era" (PDF), Military Medical Ethics Volume 2, Office of The Surgeon General Department of the Army, United States of America, pp. 481–482
  8. ^ 「細菌戦部隊」 晩聲社 (1996/08). ISBN 489188259X
  9. ^ 関亮 『軍医サンよもやま物語―軍医診療アラカルト』 光人社〈光人社NF文庫〉、1997年。
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