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{{short description|Subfamily of the Southern Bantoid languages}}
{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
|name=Tivoid
|name=Tivoid
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|familycolor=Niger-Congo
|familycolor=Niger-Congo
|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo]]
|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo]]
|fam3=[[Benue–Congo]]
|fam3=[[Volta-Congo]]
|fam4=[[Southern Bantoid]]
|fam4=[[Benue–Congo]]
|fam5=[[Bantoid languages|Bantoid]]
|fam5=Momo–Tivoid?
|fam6=[[Southern Bantoid]]
|protoname=Proto-Tivoid
|glotto=tivo1239
|glotto=tivo1239
|glottorefname=Tivoid
|glottorefname=Tivoid
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{{legend|#ffc691|[[Furu languages|Furu]]}}
{{legend|#ffc691|[[Furu languages|Furu]]}}
{{legend|#fff991|[[Eastern Beboid languages|Eastern Beboid]]}}
{{legend|#fff991|[[Eastern Beboid languages|Eastern Beboid]]}}
{{legend|#d2ff91|[[Momo languages|Momo]]}}
{{legend|#9eff91|[[Menchum language|Menchum]]}}
{{legend|#9eff91|[[Menchum language|Menchum]]}}
{{legend|#a5ffef|[[Esimbi language|Esimbi]]}}
{{legend|#a5ffef|[[Esimbi language|Esimbi]]}}
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}}
}}


The '''Tivoid languages''' are a subfamily of the [[Southern Bantoid languages]] spoken in parts of [[Nigeria]] and [[Cameroon]].
The '''Tivoid languages''' are a branch of the [[Southern Bantoid languages]] spoken in parts of [[Nigeria]] and [[Cameroon]]. The subfamily takes its name after [[Tiv language|Tiv]], the most spoken language in the group.


The majority are threatened with extinction. The largest of these languages by far is the [[Tiv language]] for which the group is named; it had 2 million speakers in 1991. The second largest is the [[Bitare language]]; it had 110,000 speakers in 2000. Most apart from Tiv are extremely poorly known, and the next best, Esimbi, has not even been demonstrated to be Tivoid.
The majority are threatened with extinction. The largest of these languages by far is the [[Tiv language]] for which the group is named; it had 2 million speakers in 1991. The second largest is the [[Bitare language]]; it had 110,000 speakers in 2000. Most apart from Tiv are extremely poorly known, and the next best, Esimbi, has not even been demonstrated to be Tivoid.


==Languages==
Following Blench (2010), Tivoid languages fall into three branches, though North Tivoid languages are almost unattested. The names in parentheses are dialects per ''Ethnologue'', separate languages per Blench:
Following Blench (2010), Tivoid languages fall into three branches, though North Tivoid languages are almost unattested. The names in parentheses are dialects per ''Ethnologue'', separate languages per Blench:
⚫
;Central Tivoid: A: [[Tiv language|Tiv]]–[[Iyive language|Iyive]]–[[Otank language|Otank]], [[Iceve-Maci language|Ceve]] (Oliti), [[Evant language|Evant]]
: B: [[Caka language|Caka]] (Batanga, Asaka), [[Ipulo language|Ipulo]] (Olulu), [[Eman language|Eman]] (Amanavil)
⚫
;[[Mesaka language|Mesaka (Ugarə)]]
;North Tivoid: [[Batu language|Batu]] (Afi, Kamino), [[Abon language|Abon]], [[Bitare language|Bitare]], ? [[Ambo language (Nigeria)|Ambo]]


{{tree list}}
⚫
[[Esimbi language|Esimbi]] is well attested, but there is not much reason to consider it Tivoid; it has just about as much in common with [[Grassfields languages]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Bantoid/Tivoid/General/Tivoid%20comparative.pdf|title=The Tivoid Languages|last=Blench|first=Roger|date=2010|website=|page=13|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
* '''Tivoid'''
** Central Tivoid
*** A
⚫
**** [[Tiv language|Tiv]]–[[Iyive language|Iyive]]–[[Otank language|Otank]]
**** [[Evant language|Evant]]
**** [[Iceve-Maci language|Ceve]] (Oliti)
*** B
**** [[Caka language|Caka]] (Batanga, Asaka)
**** [[Ipulo language|Ipulo]] (Olulu)
**** [[Eman language|Eman]] (Amanavil)
⚫
** [[Mesaka language|Mesaka (Ugarə)]]
** North Tivoid
*** [[Batu language|Batu]] (Afi, Kamino)
*** [[Abon language|Abon]]
*** [[Bitare language|Bitare]]
*** ? [[Ambo language (Nigeria)|Ambo]]
{{tree list/end}}

⚫
[[Esimbi language|Esimbi]] is well attested, but there is not much reason to consider it Tivoid; it has just about as much in common with [[Grassfields languages]].<ref name="Blench">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Bantoid/Tivoid/General/Tivoid%20comparative.pdf|title=The Tivoid Languages|last=Blench|first=Roger|date=2010|page=13}}</ref> The status of [[Buru language (Nigeria)|Buru]] within Tivoid is also uncertain.<ref name="Blench"/>


[[SIL Ethnologue]] lists three additional languages, [[Manta language|Manta]], [[Balo language|Balo]] and [[Osatu language|Osatu]], based on an old, provisional assignment of Blench; Blench (2010) states they are instead in the [[Southwest Grassfields languages|Southwest Grassfields]] (Western Momo) family.
[[SIL Ethnologue]] lists three additional languages, [[Manta language|Manta]], [[Balo language|Balo]] and [[Osatu language|Osatu]], based on an old, provisional assignment of Blench; Blench (2010) states they are instead in the [[Southwest Grassfields languages|Southwest Grassfields]] (Western Momo) family.


The [[Momo languages]], traditionally classified as [[Grassfields languages|Grassfields]], may be closer to Tivoid, though that may be an effect of contact.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Bantoid/Grassfields/Momo/Classification%20of%20Momo%20and%20West%20Momo.pdf|title=Classification of Momo and West Momo|last=Blenh|first=Roger|date=2010|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
The [[Momo languages]], traditionally classified as [[Grassfields languages|Grassfields]], may be closer to Tivoid, though that may be an effect of contact.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Bantoid/Grassfields/Momo/Classification%20of%20Momo%20and%20West%20Momo.pdf|title=Classification of Momo and West Momo|last=Blenh|first=Roger|date=2010}}</ref>


[[Menchum language|Menchum]], traditionally classified as Grassfields, may also be a Grassfields language or closer to Tivoid.
[[Menchum language|Menchum]], traditionally classified as Grassfields, may also be a Grassfields language or closer to Tivoid.

==Names and locations (Nigeria)==
Below is a list of Tivoid language names, populations, and locations (in [[languages of Nigeria|Nigeria]] only) from Blench (2019).<ref name="BlenchAtlas4">{{Cite book|title=An Atlas of Nigerian Languages|last=Blench|first=Roger|publisher=Kay Williamson Educational Foundation|year=2019|edition=4th|location=Cambridge}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" | style="font-size: 75%;" |
! Language !! Cluster !! Alternate spellings !! Own name for language !! [[Endonym]](s) !! Other names (location-based) !! Other names for language !! [[Exonym]](s) !! Speakers !! Location(s)
|-
| [[Abon language|Abon]] || || Abong || Abõ || Abõ || Abon || || Ba’ban || Only spoken in Abong town || [[Taraba State]], Sardauna LGA, Abong town (east of Baissa)
|-
| '''''[[Batu language|Batu]] cluster''''' || Batu || || || || || || || 25,000 (SIL) || [[Taraba State]], Sardauna LGA, several villages east of Baissa, below the Mambila escarpment
|-
| [[Amanda-Afi language|Amanda–Afi]] cluster || Batu || || || || || || || || [[Taraba State]], Sardauna LGA, Batu Amanda and Batu Afi villages
|-
| [[Angwe language|Angwe]] || Batu || || || || || || || || [[Taraba State]], Sardauna LGA, Batu Angwe village
|-
| [[Kamino language|Kamino]] || Batu || || || || || || || || [[Taraba State]], Sardauna LGA, Batu Kamino village
|-
| [[Emane language|Emane]] || || Amana || || || || || || No proof of permanent communities in Nigeria || [[Cross River State]], Obudu LGA; and in [[Departments of Cameroon|Cameroon]]
|-
| [[Evant language|Evant]] || || Avande, Evand, Ovande || || || || Balagete, Belegete || || || [[Cross River State]], Obudu LGA and in [[Departments of Cameroon|Cameroon]]
|-
| '''''[[Iceve language|Iceve]] cluster''''' || Iceve || || || || || Banagere, Iyon, Utse, Utser, Utseu || || 5,000 in Nigeria, 7,000 in [[Departments of Cameroon|Cameroon]] (1990 est.) || [[Cross River State]], Obudu LGA and in adjacent [[Departments of Cameroon|Cameroon]]
|-
| [[Ceve language|Ceve]] || Iceve || Icheve, Becheve, Bacheve, Bechere, || Iceve || Baceve || || || Ochebe, Ocheve (names of founding ancestor) || || [[Cross River State]], Obudu LGA and mainly in adjacent [[Departments of Cameroon|Cameroon]]
|-
| [[Maci language|Maci]] || Iceve || Matchi || Maci || || Kwaya, Olit, Oliti || || || || [[Cross River State]], Obudu LGA
|-
| [[Iyive language|Iyive]] || || Uive || Yiive || Ndir || || Asumbo (Cover term used in [[Departments of Cameroon|Cameroon]]) || || 2,000 || [[Benue State]], Kwande LGA, near Turan; and in [[Departments of Cameroon|Cameroon]] (several villages in Manyu Département)
|-
| [[Otank language|Otank]] || || Utanga, Otanga || || || || || || 2,000 (1953 Bohannan); 2,500 (SIL) || [[Cross River State]], Obudu LGA; [[Benue State]], Kwande LGA
|-
| [[Tiv language|Tiv]] || || Tív, Tivi || || || || || Munshi (not recommended) || 800,000 (1952); 1,500,000 (1980 UBS) || [[Benue State]], Makurdi, Gwer, Gboko Kwande, Vandeikya and Katsina Ala LGAs; [[Nasarawa State]], Lafia LGA; [[Taraba State]], Wukari, Takum, Bali LGA; and in [[Departments of Cameroon|Cameroon]]
|-
| [[Ugare language|Ugarә]] || || || || || || Binangeli, Messaka || || 5000 (1994 est.) || Cassetta & Cassetta (1994): ‘Probably 75‒80% of Ugare speakers live on the [[Departments of Cameroon|Cameroon]] side of the border, in the Akwaya subdivision of [[Departments of Cameroon|Cameroon]]’s Southwest Province.’
|-
| [[Bitare language|Bitare]] || || || || || || Njwande, Yukutare || || 3,700 in [[Departments of Cameroon|Cameroon]] (1987 SIL); 3,000 in Nigeria (1973 SIL) || [[Taraba State]]; Sardauna LGA, near Baissa; and in [[Departments of Cameroon|Cameroon]]
|-
| [[Ambo language|Ambo]] || || || || || || || || A single village east of Baissa || [[Taraba State]], Sardauna LGA
|}

==See also==
*[[Wiktionary:Appendix:Tivoid word lists|Tivoid word lists]] (Wiktionary)


==Notes==
==Notes==
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==References==
==References==
*Roger Blench, 2010. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Bantoid/Tivoid/General/Tivoid%20comparative.pdf The Tivoid Languages]
*Blench, Roger. 2010. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Bantoid/Tivoid/General/Tivoid%20comparative.pdf The Tivoid Languages]
*Blench, Roger. 2016. [https://www.academia.edu/26394222/THE_TIVOID_LANGUAGES_OVERVIEW The Tivoid Languages: overview and comparative word list].
{{CC-notice|cc=by3|url=https://rogerblench.info/}}


{{Tivoid languages}}
{{Tivoid languages}}
{{Niger-Congo branches}}


[[Category:Tivoid languages| ]]
[[Category:Tivoid languages| ]]
[[Category:Southern Bantoid languages]]


{{nigerCongo-lang-stub}}

Latest revision as of 23:15, 16 January 2024

Tivoid
Geographic
distribution		Southeastern Nigeria, southwestern Cameroon
Linguistic classificationNiger–Congo?
Proto-languageProto-Tivoid
Language codes
Glottologtivo1239
The Tivoid languages shown within Nigeria and Cameroon:

Uncertain affiliation:

  Buru
  Furu
  Eastern Beboid
  Menchum
  Esimbi

Isolates:

  Mesaka

other Tivoid:

  North Tivoid
  Central Tivoid

The Tivoid languages are a branch of the Southern Bantoid languages spoken in parts of Nigeria and Cameroon. The subfamily takes its name after Tiv, the most spoken language in the group.

The majority are threatened with extinction. The largest of these languages by far is the Tiv language for which the group is named; it had 2 million speakers in 1991. The second largest is the Bitare language; it had 110,000 speakers in 2000. Most apart from Tiv are extremely poorly known, and the next best, Esimbi, has not even been demonstrated to be Tivoid.

Languages

[edit]

Following Blench (2010), Tivoid languages fall into three branches, though North Tivoid languages are almost unattested. The names in parentheses are dialects per Ethnologue, separate languages per Blench:

Esimbi is well attested, but there is not much reason to consider it Tivoid; it has just about as much in common with Grassfields languages.[1] The status of Buru within Tivoid is also uncertain.[1]

SIL Ethnologue lists three additional languages, Manta, Balo and Osatu, based on an old, provisional assignment of Blench; Blench (2010) states they are instead in the Southwest Grassfields (Western Momo) family.

The Momo languages, traditionally classified as Grassfields, may be closer to Tivoid, though that may be an effect of contact.[2]

Menchum, traditionally classified as Grassfields, may also be a Grassfields language or closer to Tivoid.

Names and locations (Nigeria)

[edit]

Below is a list of Tivoid language names, populations, and locations (in Nigeria only) from Blench (2019).[3]

Language Cluster Alternate spellings Own name for language Endonym(s) Other names (location-based) Other names for language Exonym(s) Speakers Location(s)
Abon Abong Abõ Abõ Abon Ba’ban Only spoken in Abong town Taraba State, Sardauna LGA, Abong town (east of Baissa)
Batu cluster Batu 25,000 (SIL) Taraba State, Sardauna LGA, several villages east of Baissa, below the Mambila escarpment
Amanda–Afi cluster Batu Taraba State, Sardauna LGA, Batu Amanda and Batu Afi villages
Angwe Batu Taraba State, Sardauna LGA, Batu Angwe village
Kamino Batu Taraba State, Sardauna LGA, Batu Kamino village
Emane Amana No proof of permanent communities in Nigeria Cross River State, Obudu LGA; and in Cameroon
Evant Avande, Evand, Ovande Balagete, Belegete Cross River State, Obudu LGA and in Cameroon
Iceve cluster Iceve Banagere, Iyon, Utse, Utser, Utseu 5,000 in Nigeria, 7,000 in Cameroon (1990 est.) Cross River State, Obudu LGA and in adjacent Cameroon
Ceve Iceve Icheve, Becheve, Bacheve, Bechere, Iceve Baceve Ochebe, Ocheve (names of founding ancestor) Cross River State, Obudu LGA and mainly in adjacent Cameroon
Maci Iceve Matchi Maci Kwaya, Olit, Oliti Cross River State, Obudu LGA
Iyive Uive Yiive Ndir Asumbo (Cover term used in Cameroon) 2,000 Benue State, Kwande LGA, near Turan; and in Cameroon (several villages in Manyu Département)
Otank Utanga, Otanga 2,000 (1953 Bohannan); 2,500 (SIL) Cross River State, Obudu LGA; Benue State, Kwande LGA
Tiv Tív, Tivi Munshi (not recommended) 800,000 (1952); 1,500,000 (1980 UBS) Benue State, Makurdi, Gwer, Gboko Kwande, Vandeikya and Katsina Ala LGAs; Nasarawa State, Lafia LGA; Taraba State, Wukari, Takum, Bali LGA; and in Cameroon
Ugarә Binangeli, Messaka 5000 (1994 est.) Cassetta & Cassetta (1994): ‘Probably 75‒80% of Ugare speakers live on the Cameroon side of the border, in the Akwaya subdivision of Cameroon’s Southwest Province.’
Bitare Njwande, Yukutare 3,700 in Cameroon (1987 SIL); 3,000 in Nigeria (1973 SIL) Taraba State; Sardauna LGA, near Baissa; and in Cameroon
Ambo A single village east of Baissa Taraba State, Sardauna LGA

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Blench, Roger (2010). "The Tivoid Languages" (PDF). p. 13.
  2. ^ Blenh, Roger (2010). "Classification of Momo and West Momo" (PDF).
  3. ^ Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.

References

[edit]

 This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 3.0 license.

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