Knautia arvensis: Difference between revisions

Knautia arvensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Dipsacales
Family:	Caprifoliaceae
Genus:	Knautia
Species:	K. arvensis
Binomial name
	Knautia arvensis; (L.) Coult.

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Knautia arvensis, commonly known as field scabious, is a herbaceous perennial species of flowering plant in the honeysuckle family Caprifoliaceae.

Description

It is a perennial plant that grows between 25 and 100 cm (9.8 and 39.4 in). It prefers grassy places and dry soils, avoiding heavy soils, and flowers between July and September. The flowers are borne on inflorescences in the form of heads; each head contains many small florets. The head is flatter than in similar species, such as devil's bit scabious (Succisa pratensis) and small scabious (Scabiosa columbaria). There are 4 stamens in each floret, and 1 notched long stigma. The fruit is nut like, cylindrical and hairy, 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) in size. It has a tap root. The stem has long stiff hairs angled downwards. The leaves form a basal rosette, are paired on the stem, the lowest typically 300 mm (12 in) long, spear shaped, whereas the upper are smaller. There are no stipules.

Ecology

It is occasionally used by the marsh fritillary as a foodplant instead of its usual foodplant of devils bit scabious (Succisa pratensis).^[1] It is also the foodplant of the narrow-bordered bee hawk-moth (Hemaris tityus).

Name

Species of scabious were used to treat scabies, and many other afflictions of the skin including sores caused by the bubonic plague. The word scabies comes from the Latin word scabere 'scratch'. Another name for this plant is gipsy rose.^[2] The genus Knautia is named after a 17th-century German botanist, Christian Knaut.

Habitat

Commonly found on roadsides and field margins, and in meadows, it is particularly abundant where there is chalk bedrock.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Gallery

with Aphantopus hyperantus
leaves
Young fruit
basal leaf - note that in this species it is lobed, whereas Devils Bit scabious it is not
In Belarus
Field scabious phenology

References

^ Kingfisher Field Guides: Wild Flowers of Britain and Northern Europe
^ The I-Spy Guide to Wild Flowers by Michelin
^ British Geological Survey - Karst Aquifers
^ BSBI distribution maps
^ Nature Spot - Field Scabious

This Dipsacales article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[1] Kingfisher Field Guides: Wild Flowers of Britain and Northern Europe

[2] The I-Spy Guide to Wild Flowers by Michelin

[3] British Geological Survey - Karst Aquifers

[4] BSBI distribution maps

[5] Nature Spot - Field Scabious

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of flowering plant in the honeysuckle family Caprifoliaceae}}
+{{Multiple issues|
 {{Page numbers needed|date=September 2010}}
 {{No footnotes|date=April 2009}}
+}}
+{{Speciesbox
+|image = Knautia arvensis flower (side view) - Keila.jpg
+|genus = Knautia
+|species = arvensis
+|authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Thomas Coulter|Coult.]]
+}}
+'''''Knautia arvensis''''', commonly known as '''field scabious''', is a herbaceous [[perennial]] species of [[flowering plant]] in the honeysuckle family [[Caprifoliaceae]].
-{{taxobox
-|image = Acker-Witwenblume Knautia arvensis.jpg
-|regnum = [[Plantae]]
-|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
-|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
-|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
-|ordo = [[Dipsacales]]
-|familia = [[Caprifoliaceae]]
-|genus = ''[[Knautia]]''
-|species = '''''K. arvensis'''''
-|binomial = ''Knautia arvensis''
-|binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Thomas Coulter|Coult.]]
-|}}
+== Description ==
-{{Commons|Knautia arvensis}}
+[[File:Acker-Witwenblume Knautia arvensis.jpg|thumb|Nectar-rich inflorescence attracts many insects]]
+It is a perennial plant that grows between {{cvt|25|and|100|cm}}. It prefers grassy places and dry soils, avoiding heavy soils, and flowers between July and September. The flowers are borne on inflorescences in the form of heads; each head contains many small florets. The head is flatter than in similar species, such as [[Succisa pratensis|devil's bit scabious (''Succisa pratensis'')]] and [[Scabiosa columbaria|small scabious (''Scabiosa columbaria'')]]. There are 4 [[stamens]] in each floret, and 1 notched long stigma. The fruit is nut like, cylindrical and hairy, {{cvt|5|-|6|mm}} in size. It has a [[tap root]]. The stem has long stiff hairs angled downwards. The leaves form a basal [[Rosette (botany)|rosette]], are paired on the stem, the lowest typically {{cvt|300|mm}} long, spear shaped, whereas the upper are smaller. There are no [[stipules]].
-'''''Knautia arvensis''''', commonly known as '''field scabious''', is a species in the genus ''[[Knautia]]''.
-It is a [[perennial]] plant that grows between 25 and 100&nbsp;cm.  It prefers grassy places and dry soils, avoiding heavy soils, and flowers between July and September.  The flowered head is flatter than similar species devils bit scabious and small scabious.  There are 4 [[stamens]] in each flower, and 1 notched long stigma.
-The fruit is nut like, cylindrical and hairy, 5–6&nbsp;mm in size.
-It has a [[tap root]].  The stem has long stiff hairs angled downwards.   There are no [[stipules]].
-The leaves form a basal [[Rosette (botany)|rosette]], are paired on the stem, the lowest typically 300&nbsp;mm long, spear shaped, whereas the upper are smaller.
-It is occasionally used by the [[marsh fritillary]] as a foodplant instead of its usual foodplant of devils bit scabious (''[[Succisa pratensis]]'').  It is also the foodplant of the narrow-bordered bee hawk-moth (''[[Hemaris tityus]]'').
+== Ecology ==
+It is occasionally used by the [[marsh fritillary]] as a foodplant instead of its usual foodplant of devils bit scabious (''[[Succisa pratensis]]'').<ref>Kingfisher Field Guides: Wild Flowers of Britain and Northern Europe</ref>  It is also the foodplant of the narrow-bordered bee hawk-moth (''[[Hemaris tityus]]'').
 ==Name==
-Species of scabious were used to treat [[scabies]], and many other afflictions of the skin including sores caused by the [[bubonic plague]]<sup>1</sup>.  The word scabies comes from the [[Latin]] word for "scratch" (scabere).  Another name for this plant is gipsy rose<sup>3</sup>.
+Species of scabious were used to treat [[scabies]], and many other afflictions of the skin including sores caused by the [[bubonic plague]]. The word scabies comes from the [[Latin]] word ''scabere'' 'scratch'. Another name for this plant is gipsy rose.<ref>The I-Spy Guide to Wild Flowers by Michelin</ref>
 The genus Knautia is named after a 17th-century German botanist, ''[[Christian Knaut]]''.
+==Habitat==
+Commonly found on roadsides and field margins, and in [[meadows]], it is particularly abundant where there is chalk bedrock.<ref>[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/research/groundwater/about/karstAquifers/home.html British Geological Survey - Karst Aquifers]</ref><ref>[https://bsbi.org/maps?taxonid=2cd4p9h.xyv BSBI distribution maps]</ref><ref>[https://www.naturespot.org.uk/species/field-scabious Nature Spot - Field Scabious]</ref>
+== Gallery ==
 <gallery>
-Image:Knautia arvensis - harilik äiatar.jpg|
+File:Knautia arvensis - harilik äiatar.jpg
-Image:Aphantopus hyperantus knautia arvensis pl.jpg|with ''[[Aphantopus hyperantus]]''
+File:Aphantopus hyperantus knautia arvensis pl.jpg|with ''[[Aphantopus hyperantus]]''
-Bombus sylvarum (male) - Knautia arvensis - Keila2.jpg
+File:Bombus sylvarum (male) - Knautia arvensis - Keila2.jpg
+File:Knautia arvensis inflorescence (top view) - Keila.jpg
-Image:Knautia_arvensis-01_(xndr).jpg
-Image:knauti_arvensis_blatt.jpeg|leaves
+File:Knauti arvensis blatt.jpeg|leaves
-Image:XN_Knautia_arvensis_00.jpg|Young fruit
+File:XN Knautia arvensis 00.jpg|Young fruit
-Image:Knautia arvensis W.jpg|basal leaf - note that in this species it is lobed, whereas [[Succisa pratensis|Devils Bit scabious]] it is not
+File:Knautia arvensis W.jpg|basal leaf - note that in this species it is lobed, whereas [[Succisa pratensis|Devils Bit scabious]] it is not
-Image:Knautie des champs (Belarus).jpg|Knautia arvensis (Belarus)
+File:Knautie des champs (Belarus).jpg|In Belarus
+File:Knautia arvensis phenology.gif|alt=A flower blooms and is pollinated|Field scabious phenology
 </gallery>
 ==References==
+{{Reflist}}
-# Kingfisher Field Guides - Wild Flowers of Britain and Northern Europe
-# Usborne Spotter's Handbook of Birds, Trees, Wildflowers
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q27648}}
-# The I-Spy Guide to Wild flowers by Michelin
+[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
-{{Commons category|Knautia arvensis}}
+[[Category:Knautia|arvensis]]
-[[Category:Caprifoliaceae]]
 {{Dipsacales-stub}}