(516977) 2012 HZ84: Difference between revisions

(516977) 2012 HZ₈₄
	False-color image of 2012 HZ84 taken by; New Horizons in December 2017
Discovery
Discovered by	New Horizons KBO Search
Discovery site	Las Campanas Obs.
Discovery date	17 April 2012
Designations
MPC designation	(516977) 2012 HZ84
Alternative designations	2012 HZ84
Minor planet category	TNO · NearScat; cubewano · distant
Orbital characteristics
	Epoch 27 April 2019 (JD 2458600.5)
	Uncertainty parameter 4 · 2
Observation arc	5.18 yr (1,893 d)
Aphelion	55.445 AU
Perihelion	37.219 AU
Semi-major axis	46.332 AU
Eccentricity	0.1967
Orbital period (sidereal)	315.38 yr (115,191 d)
Mean anomaly	321.81°
Mean motion	0° 0m 11.16s / day
Inclination	5.4328°
Longitude of ascending node	257.02°
Argument of perihelion	86.064°
Physical characteristics
Mean diameter	74 km (est. at 0.09)
Absolute magnitude (H)	8.9

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(516977) 2012 HZ₈₄ (provisional designation 2012 HZ₈₄) is a small trans-Neptunian object from the Kuiper belt located in the outermost region of the Solar System, approximately 74 kilometers (46 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 17 April 2012, by a team of astronomers using one of the Magellan Telescopes in Chile during the New Horizons KBO Search in order to find a potential flyby target for the New Horizons spacecraft.^[1] In December 2017, this classical Kuiper belt object was imaged by the spacecraft from afar at a record distance from Earth.^[5]

Orbit and classification

2012 HZ₈₄ orbits the Sun at a distance of 37.2–55.4 AU once every 315 years and 5 months (semi-major axis of 46.33 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 5.4° with respect to the ecliptic.^[2]

As a cubewano, also known as classical Kuiper belt object,^[4] 2012 HZ₈₄ is located in between the resonant plutino and twotino populations and has a low-eccentricity orbit. It belongs to the "stirred" hot population, but only just, since the rather arbitrary threshold to the cold population is typically defined for inclinations lower than 5°.

In the object classification of the Deep Ecliptic Survey, however, 2012 HZ₈₄ has a secured SCATNEAR type, which is a combination of the SCAT and NEAR attributes. It means that the object does not cross the orbit of Neptune but has a higher inclination and eccentricity (SCAT) than the survey's CLASSICAL type objects, and it currently interacts with the dominant ice giant Neptune (NEAR), contrary to the much less gravitationally affected objects of the EXTD type.^[3]

The body's observation arc begins with its first observation on 17 April 2012, made by astronomers David Osip, Paul Schechter, David Borncamp, Susan Benecchi and Scott Sheppard of the New Horizons KBO Search (268) team using the Magellan II (Clay) telescope at the Las Campanas Observatory, located in the Atacama desert in Chile.^[1]^[6]

Milestone image

When the New Horizons spacecraft imaged 2012 HZ₈₄ in 2017, it was the farthest from Earth ever captured by a spacecraft. The image was taken by the spacecraft's Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) on 5 December 2017 at more than 6.12 billion kilometers (40.9 AU) away from Earth. This record was previously held by the Voyager 1 spacecraft which took the iconic Pale Blue Dot image at 6.06 billion kilometers from Earth in February 1990.^[5]

In December 2017, New Horizons also imaged the trans-Neptunian object 2012 HE85, which was first observed by the same team of astronomers the night after they discovered 2012 HZ₈₄.^[5] Both objects held this record for little more than one year, until it was superseded on New Year's Eve 2018/19, when New Horizons made its close flyby of 486958 Arrokoth at a new record distance of 6.4 billion kilometers from Earth.^[7]

Numbering and naming

This minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 30 April 2018 and received the number 516977 in the minor planet catalog (M.P.C. 110093).^[8] As of 2020, it has not been named.^[1]

Physical characteristics

According to Johnston's Archive, the object measures 74 kilometers in diameter based on an assumed albedo of 0.09 and an absolute magnitude of 8.9.^[2]^[4] As of 2019, no rotational lightcurve of 2012 HZ₈₄ has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "516977 (2012 HZ84)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 516977 (2012 HZ84)" (2017-06-23 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ ^a ^b "Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 516977". Southwest Research Institute. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Johnston, Wm. Robert (7 October 2018). "List of Known Trans-Neptunian Objects". Johnston's Archive. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c "New Horizons Captures Record-Breaking Images in the Kuiper Belt". NASA. 8 February 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ Buie, M. W.; Parker, A. H.; Tholen, D. J.; Borncamp, D. M.; Osip, D. J.; Schechter, P. L.; et al. (11 March 2014). "2012 HZ84". Minor Planet Electronic Circular. 2014-E67 (2014-E67 (2014)). Bibcode:2014MPEC....E...67B. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ Wall, Mike (4 January 2019). "The Hunt Is On for Moons Around Ultima Thule". Space.com. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 5 January 2019.

External links

The Deep Ecliptic Survey Object Classifications
List of Transneptunian Objects, Minor Planet Center
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (515001)-(520000) – Minor Planet Center
(516977) 2012 HZ84 at AstDyS-2, Asteroids—Dynamic Site
- Ephemeris · Observation prediction · Orbital info · Proper elements · Observational info
(516977) 2012 HZ84 at the JPL Small-Body Database
- Close approach · Discovery · Ephemeris · Orbit viewer · Orbit parameters · Physical parameters

[MPC-object-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "516977 (2012 HZ84)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 5 January 2019.

[jpldata-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 516977 (2012 HZ84)" (2017-06-23 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 5 January 2019.

[Buie-DES-3] "Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 516977". Southwest Research Institute. Retrieved 5 January 2019.

[johnstonsarchive-TNO-list-4] Johnston, Wm. Robert (7 October 2018). "List of Known Trans-Neptunian Objects". Johnston's Archive. Retrieved 5 January 2019.

[NASA-feature-5] "New Horizons Captures Record-Breaking Images in the Kuiper Belt". NASA. 8 February 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2019.

[MPEC-6] Buie, M. W.; Parker, A. H.; Tholen, D. J.; Borncamp, D. M.; Osip, D. J.; Schechter, P. L.; et al. (11 March 2014). "2012 HZ84". Minor Planet Electronic Circular. 2014-E67 (2014-E67 (2014)). Bibcode:2014MPEC....E...67B. Retrieved 5 January 2019.

[Space.com-7] Wall, Mike (4 January 2019). "The Hunt Is On for Moons Around Ultima Thule". Space.com. Retrieved 5 January 2019.

[MPC-Circulars-Archive-8] "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 5 January 2019.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{DISPLAYTITLE:{{mp|(516977) 2012 HZ|84}}}}
 {{Infobox planet
- | minorplanet         = yes
+ | minorplanet     = yes
- | background          = #C2E0FF
+ | name            = (516977) {{mp|2012 HZ|84}}
- | image               = 2012 HZ84 by New Horizons.jpg
+ | background      = #C2E0FF
+ | image           = 2012 HZ84 by New Horizons.jpg
- | image_size          = 265
+ | image_scale      =
- | alt                 = False-color image of {{mp|2012 HZ|84}} taken by ''New Horizons'' in December 2017
+ | caption         = False-color image of {{mp|2012 HZ|84}} taken by<br />''[[New Horizons]]'' in December 2017
- | caption             = False-color image of {{mp|2012 HZ|84}} taken by ''New Horizons'' in December 2017
+ | image_alt       = False-color image of 2012 HZ84 taken by ''New Horizons'' in December 2017
+ | discovery_ref   = <ref name="MPC-object" />
- | name                = {{mp|(516977) 2012 HZ|84}}
- | discoverer          = [[New Horizons KBO Search]]
+ | discoverer      = [[New Horizons KBO Search]]
+ | discovery_site  = [[Las Campanas Observatory|Las Campanas Obs.]]
- | discovered          = 2012 April 17
- | mpc_name            = {{mp|(516977) 2012 HZ|84}}
+ | discovered      = 17 April 2012
- | alt_names           =
+ | mpc_name        = (516977) {{mp|2012 HZ|84}}
- | mp_category         = [[Kuiper belt object|KBO]]
+ | alt_names       = {{mp|2012 HZ|84}}
+ | pronounced      =
- | orbit_ref           = <ref>[https://minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=516977 IAU Minor Planet Center]</ref>
+ | named_after     = <!--[[xafter]]<br />{{small|()}}<ref name="MPC-object" />-->
- | epoch               = 2019 April 27.0 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2458600.5)
+ | mp_category     = [[Trans-Neptunian object|TNO]]<ref name="jpldata" />{{·}}NearScat<ref name="Buie-DES" /><br />[[cubewano]]<ref name="johnstonsarchive-TNO-list" />{{·}}[[Distant minor planet|distant]]<ref name="MPC-object" />
- | semimajor           = {{val|46.3255||u=AU}}
+ | orbit_ref       = <ref name="jpldata" />
- | perihelion          = {{val|37.2230|0.0028|u=AU}}
- | aphelion            = {{val|55.428||u=AU}}
+ | epoch           = 27 April 2019 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2458600.5)
+ | uncertainty     = 4{{·}}2<ref name="MPC-object" />
- | eccentricity        = {{val|0.19649|0.00011}}
+ | observation_arc = 5.18 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (1,893 d)
- | period              = {{val|315.38|0.27|u=Julian year}} ({{val|115200|100|u=Julian day}}<ref name=JPL>JPL</ref>
- | inclination         = {{val|5.43265|0.00015|u=°}}
+ | aphelion        = 55.445 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
- | asc_node            = {{val|257.02352|0.00067|u=°}}
+ | perihelion      = 37.219 AU
- | arg_peri            = {{val|86.048|0.014|u=°}}
+ | semimajor       = 46.332 AU
- | mean_anomaly        = {{val|321.8078||u=°}}
+ | eccentricity    = 0.1967
- | avg_speed           =
+ | period          = 315.38 yr (115,191 d)
+ | mean_anomaly    = {{val|321.81|ul=°}}
- | dimensions          = ≈ 74 km
+ | mean_motion     = {{Deg2DMS|0.0031|sup=ms}} / day
- | radius              =
- | mass                =
+ | inclination     = 5.4328°
- | density             =
+ | asc_node        = 257.02°
- | surface_grav        =
+ | arg_peri        = 86.064°
+ | mean_diameter   = {{val|74|ul=km}} {{small|(est. at [[Geometric albedo|0.09]])}}<ref name="johnstonsarchive-TNO-list" />
- | escape_velocity     =
- | sidereal_day        =
+ | rotation        =
- | spectral_type       =
+ | albedo          =
- | abs_magnitude       = 8.9
+ | spectral_type   =
+ | abs_magnitude   = 8.9<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="jpldata" />
- | albedo              =
- | temperature         =
- | mean_motion         = {{Deg2DMS|0.0031259|sup=ms}} / day
- | rotation            =
- | observation_arc     = 1893 days (5.18 yr)
- | uncertainty         = 2
- | moid                = {{Convert|36.215|AU|Tm|abbr=on}}
- | jupiter_moid        = {{Convert|32.2672|AU|Tm|abbr=on}}
 }}
-'''{{mp|(516977) 2012 HZ|84}}''' is a [[trans-Neptunian object]] that was discovered in 2012 during the search for objects for investigation by the ''[[New Horizons]]'' spacecraft. It was imaged at a distance by that craft.
+'''{{mp|(516977) 2012 HZ|84}}''' ([[Minor planet provisional designation|provisional designation]] '''{{mp|2012 HZ|84}}''') is a small [[trans-Neptunian object]] from the [[Kuiper belt]] located in the outermost region of the [[Solar System]], approximately {{convert|74|km|mi|abbr=off|sigfig=2|sp=us}} in diameter. It was discovered on 17 April 2012, by a team of astronomers using one of the [[Magellan Telescopes]] in Chile during the [[New Horizons KBO Search]] in order to find a potential flyby target for the ''[[New Horizons]]'' spacecraft.<ref name="MPC-object" /> In December 2017, this [[classical Kuiper belt object]] was imaged by the spacecraft from afar at a record distance from Earth.<ref name="NASA-feature" />
+== Orbit and classification ==
+{{mp|2012 HZ|84}} orbits the Sun at a distance of 37.2–55.4&nbsp;[[Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 315 years and 5 months ([[semi-major axis]] of 46.33&nbsp;AU). Its orbit has an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.20 and an [[orbital inclination|inclination]] of 5.4[[Degree (angle)|°]] with respect to the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" />
+As a [[cubewano]], also known as [[classical Kuiper belt object]],<ref name="johnstonsarchive-TNO-list" /> {{mp|2012 HZ|84}} is located in between the resonant [[plutino]] and [[twotino]] populations and has a low-eccentricity orbit. It belongs to the "stirred" [[Hot classical|hot population]], but only just, since the rather arbitrary threshold to the [[Cold classical|cold population]] is typically defined for inclinations lower than 5°.
+In the object classification of the [[Deep Ecliptic Survey]], however, {{mp|2012 HZ|84}} has a secured SCATNEAR type, which is a combination of the SCAT and NEAR attributes. It means that the object does not cross the orbit of [[Neptune]] but has a higher inclination and eccentricity (SCAT) than the survey's CLASSICAL type objects, and it currently interacts with the dominant ice giant Neptune (NEAR), contrary to the much less gravitationally affected objects of the EXTD type.<ref name="Buie-DES" />
+The body's [[observation arc]] begins with its first observation on 17 April 2012, made by astronomers David Osip, [[Paul Schechter]], David Borncamp, [[Susan D. Kern|Susan Benecchi]] and [[Scott Sheppard]] of the [[New Horizons KBO Search]] {{Obscode|268}} team using the [[Magellan Telescopes|Magellan II (Clay) telescope]] at the [[Las Campanas Observatory]], located in the Atacama desert in Chile.<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="MPEC" />
+== Milestone image ==
+[[File:New Horizons KEM Trajectory.png|thumb|left|Trajectory of ''New Horizons'' and other nearby Kuiper belt objects]]
+When the ''[[New Horizons]]'' spacecraft imaged {{mp|2012 HZ|84}} in 2017, it was the farthest from Earth ever captured by a spacecraft. The image was taken by the spacecraft's [[Long Range Reconnaissance Imager]] (LORRI) on 5 December 2017 at more than 6.12 billion kilometers (40.9&nbsp;AU) away from Earth. This record was previously held by the ''[[Voyager&nbsp;1]]'' spacecraft which took the iconic ''[[Pale Blue Dot]]'' image at 6.06 billion kilometers from Earth in February 1990.<ref name="NASA-feature" />
+In December 2017, ''New Horizons'' also imaged the trans-Neptunian object {{mpl|2012 HE|85}}, which was first observed by the same team of astronomers the night after they discovered {{mp|2012 HZ|84}}.<ref name="NASA-feature" /> Both objects held this record for little more than one year, until it was superseded on New Year's Eve 2018/19, when ''New Horizons'' made its close flyby of [[486958 Arrokoth]] at a new record distance of 6.4 billion kilometers from Earth.<ref name="Space.com" />
+== Numbering and naming ==
+This [[minor planet]] was [[Minor planet designation|numbered]] by the [[Minor Planet Center]] on 30 April 2018 and received the number {{LoMP|516977|516977}} in the [[LOMP|minor planet catalog]] ({{small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 110093}}).<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive" /> As of 2020, it has not been [[List of named minor planets (numerical)|named]].<ref name="MPC-object" />
+== Physical characteristics ==
+According to Johnston's Archive, the object measures 74 kilometers in diameter based on an assumed [[Astronomical albedo|albedo]] of 0.09 and an [[absolute magnitude]] of 8.9.<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="johnstonsarchive-TNO-list" /> As of 2019, no rotational [[lightcurve]] of {{mp|2012 HZ|84}} has been obtained from [[Photometry (astronomy)|photometric]] observations. The body's [[rotation period]], [[Poles of astronomical bodies|pole]] and shape remain unknown.<ref name="jpldata" />
 == References ==
-{{reflist}}
+{{reflist|30em|refs=
+<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
+  |type       = 2017-06-23 last obs.
+  |title      = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 516977 (2012 HZ84)
+  |url        = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2516977
+  |publisher  = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
+  |accessdate = 5 January 2019}}</ref>
+<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web
+  |title      = 516977 (2012 HZ84)
+  |work       = Minor Planet Center
+  |url        = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=516977
+  |accessdate = 5 January 2019}}</ref>
+<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive">{{cite web
+  |title      = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive
+  |work       = Minor Planet Center
+  |url        = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html
+  |accessdate = 5 January 2019}}</ref>
+<ref name="MPEC">{{Cite journal
+  |display-authors = 6
+  |first1     = M. W. |last1 = Buie
+  |first2     = A. H. |last2 = Parker
+  |first3     = D. J. |last3 = Tholen
+  |first4     = D. M. |last4 = Borncamp
+  |first5     = D. J. |last5 = Osip
+  |first6     = P. L. |last6 = Schechter
+  |first7     = S. D. |last7 = Benecchi
+  |first8     = B. A. |last8 = McLeod
+  |first9     = M. |last9 = Conroy
+  |date       = 11 March 2014
+  |title      = 2012 HZ84
+  |url        = https://minorplanetcenter.net//mpec/K14/K14E67.html
+  |journal    = [[Minor Planet Electronic Circular]]
+  |volume = 2014-E67 |issue      = 2014-E67 (2014)
+  |bibcode    = 2014MPEC....E...67B
+  |access-date= 5 January 2019}}</ref>
+<ref name="johnstonsarchive-TNO-list">{{cite web
+  |title      = List of Known Trans-Neptunian Objects
+  |work       = Johnston's Archive
+  |date       = 7 October 2018
+  |last       = Johnston |first= Wm. Robert
+  |url        = http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/tnoslist.html
+  |accessdate = 5 January 2019}}</ref>
+<ref name="NASA-feature">{{cite web
+  |title      = New Horizons Captures Record-Breaking Images in the Kuiper Belt
+  |work       = NASA
+  |date       = 8 February 2018
+  |url        = https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-captures-record-breaking-images-in-the-kuiper-belt
+  |accessdate = 5 January 2019}}</ref>
+<ref name="Buie-DES">{{cite web
+  |title      = Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 516977
+  |work       = [[Southwest Research Institute]]
+  |url        = https://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/kbo/astrom/516977.html
+  |accessdate = 5 January 2019}}</ref>
+<ref name="Space.com">{{cite web
+  |last       = Wall |first=Mike
+  |title      = The Hunt Is On for Moons Around Ultima Thule
+  |date       = 4 January 2019
+  |work       = [[Space.com]]
+  |url        = https://www.space.com/42894-ultima-thule-moons-new-horizons.html
+  |accessdate = 5 January 2019}}</ref>
+}} <!-- end of reflist -->
 == External links ==
+* [https://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/kbo/desclass.html The Deep Ecliptic Survey Object Classifications]
+* [https://minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/TNOs.html List of Transneptunian Objects], Minor Planet Center
+* [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs515001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (515001)-(520000)] – Minor Planet Center
 * {{AstDys|516977}}
-* {{JPL small body|id=2012 HZ84}}
+* {{JPL small body|id=2516977}}
-{{Minor planets navigator| |number=516977 |PageName={{mp|(516977) 2012 HZ|84}}| }}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
+{{Minor planets navigator | |number=516977 |PageName={{mp |(516977) 2012 HZ |84}} | }}
 {{Small Solar System bodies}}
+{{New Horizons}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:516977}}
 [[Category:Classical Kuiper belt objects]]
-[[Category:Numbered minor planets]]
+[[Category:Discoveries by the New Horizons KBO Search]]
 [[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 2012|20120417]]
-{{centaurTNO-stub}}