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{{short description|Accidental public drowning incident noted for bystander apathy}}
'''Cristina''' and '''Violetta Djeordsevic'''<ref name="Observer">{{cite news |first=Dan |last=McDougall |date= 17 August 2008 |newspaper=The Observer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/aug/17/familyandrelationships.roma |title='Why do the Italians hate us?' |accessdate=10 June 2018}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Other sources spell the surname "Djeordsevic" as "Djordjevic"<ref name="Cronache">{{cite news |first=Josi Gerardo |last=Della Ragione |date=13 October 2009 |newspaper=Cronache di Napoli |location=Naples |language=it |url=http://www.freebacoli.net/2009/10/bambine-rom-annegate-a-torregaveta-a-breve-partira-il-processo/ |title=Bambine rom annegate a Torregaveta: A breve partirà il processo |accessdate=10 June 2018}}</ref> or "Georgevic".<ref name="CorriereCE"/> |group="n"}} or '''Ebrehmovich'''<ref name="comuneNapoli"/>{{#tag:ref|Other sources spell the surname "Ebrehmovich" as "Ebrehemovich"<ref name="IrishTimes">{{cite news |first=Paddy |last=Agnew |date=23 July 2008 |location=Dublin |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/drowning-of-roma-girls-brings-racism-to-surface-1.946304 |title=Drowning of Roma girls brings racism to surface |accessdate=10 June 2018}}</ref> or "Ibramovitc".<ref name="TheIndependent">{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Popham |date=22 July 2008 |newspaper=The Independent |location=London |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110074434/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-picture-that-shames-italy-873743.html |title=The picture that shames Italy |accessdate=10 June 2018}}</ref>|group="n"}} were Italian [[Roma people|Roma]] sisters aged 13 and 11{{#tag:ref|Other sources give their respective ages as 16 and 14,<ref name="TheIndependent"/> "teenage",<ref name="SMH">{{cite news |author=AFP |date=25 July 2008 |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/world/italy-slammed-over-attitudes-after-gypsy-girls-drown/2008/07/25/1216492682383.html |title=Italy slammed over attitudes after gypsy girls drown |accessdate=10 June 2018}}</ref> 12 and 11,<ref name="DailyTelegraph">{{cite news |first=Nick |last=Pisa |date=20 July 2008 |newspaper=Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/2437887/Italians-sunbathe-next-to-drowned-gipsy-children.html |title=Italians sunbathe next to drowned gipsy children |accessdate=10 June 2018}}</ref> or 13 and 12.<ref name="CNN">{{cite news |date=23 July 2008 |publisher=CNN |url= http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/07/21/italy.drowning/index.html |title=Italian outrage over Roma drowning photos |accessdate=10 June 2018}}</ref>|group="n"}} who drowned in the sea at the public beach at Torregaveta in the [[Metropolitan City of Naples]] on 19 July 2008.<ref name="Observer"/> News media circulated photographs of other beach users apparently continuing with their leisure activities indifferent to the nearby bodies of the girls partially covered by beach towels. Commentators interpreted this as symbolising widespread [[anti-Roma sentiment in Italy]].<ref name="Observer"/><ref name="CNNEccleston"/>
{{Infobox person
| name = Cristina Djeordsevic
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1995
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_place = [[Naples]], [[Italy]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2008|07|19|1995}}
| death_place = Naples, Italy
| death_cause = [[Drowning]]
| body_discovered =
| education =
| occupation =
| spouse =
| partner =
| known_for = [[Cause célèbre]]
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Violetta Djeordsevic
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1997
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_place = [[Naples]], [[Italy]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2008|07|19|1997}}
| death_place = Naples, Italy
| death_cause = [[Drowning]]
| body_discovered =
| education =
| occupation =
| spouse =
| partner =
| known_for = [[Cause célèbre]]
}}
'''Cristina''' and '''Violetta Djeordsevic'''<ref name="Observer">{{cite news |first=Dan |last=McDougall |date= 17 August 2008 |newspaper=The Observer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/aug/17/familyandrelationships.roma |title='Why do the Italians hate us?' |access-date=10 June 2018}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Other sources spell the surname "Djeordsevic" as "Djordjevic"<ref name="Cronache">{{cite news |first=Josi Gerardo |last=Della Ragione |date=13 October 2009 |newspaper=Cronache di Napoli |location=Naples |language=it |url=http://www.freebacoli.net/2009/10/bambine-rom-annegate-a-torregaveta-a-breve-partira-il-processo/ |title=Bambine rom annegate a Torregaveta: A breve partirà il processo |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141314/http://www.freebacoli.net/2009/10/bambine-rom-annegate-a-torregaveta-a-breve-partira-il-processo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> or "Georgevic".<ref name="CorriereCE"/> |group="n"}} or '''Ebrehmovich'''<ref name="comuneNapoli"/>{{#tag:ref|Other sources spell the surname "Ebrehmovich" as "Ebrehemovich"<ref name="IrishTimes">{{cite news |first=Paddy |last=Agnew |date=23 July 2008 |location=Dublin |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/drowning-of-roma-girls-brings-racism-to-surface-1.946304 |title=Drowning of Roma girls brings racism to surface |access-date=10 June 2018}}</ref> or "Ibramovitc".<ref name="TheIndependent">{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Popham |date=22 July 2008 |newspaper=The Independent |location=London |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-picture-that-shames-italy-873743.html |title=The picture that shames Italy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110074434/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-picture-that-shames-italy-873743.html |access-date=10 June 2018|archive-date=2011-11-10 }}</ref>|group="n"}} were Italian [[Roma people|Roma]] sisters aged 13 and 11{{#tag:ref|Other sources give their respective ages as 16 and 14,<ref name="TheIndependent"/> "teenage",<ref name="SMH">{{cite news |author=AFP |date=25 July 2008 |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/world/italy-slammed-over-attitudes-after-gypsy-girls-drown/2008/07/25/1216492682383.html |title=Italy slammed over attitudes after gypsy girls drown |access-date=10 June 2018}}</ref> 12 and 11,<ref name="DailyTelegraph">{{cite news |first=Nick |last=Pisa |date=20 July 2008 |newspaper=Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/2437887/Italians-sunbathe-next-to-drowned-gipsy-children.html |title=Italians sunbathe next to drowned gipsy children |access-date=10 June 2018}}</ref> or 13 and 12.<ref name="CNN">{{cite news |date=23 July 2008 |publisher=CNN |url= http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/07/21/italy.drowning/index.html |title=Italian outrage over Roma drowning photos |access-date=10 June 2018}}</ref>|group="n"}} who drowned in the sea at the public beach at Torregaveta in the [[Metropolitan City of Naples]] on 19 July 2008.<ref name="Observer"/> News media circulated photographs of other beach users apparently continuing with their leisure activities indifferent to the nearby bodies of the girls partially covered by beach towels. Commentators interpreted this as symbolising widespread [[anti-Roma sentiment in Italy]].<ref name="Observer"/><ref name="CNNEccleston"/>


==Deaths==
==Deaths==
Cristina and Violetta were born and raised in the "Campo Autorizzato" (authorised Roma camp) at [[Scampia]]<ref name="Observer"/> or [[Secondigliano]] in Naples<ref name="IrishTimes"/> to Branko and Miriana{{#tag:ref|Other sources spell the name "Miriana" as "Myriana".<ref name="CorriereCE"/>|group="n"}} Djeordsevic, originally from [[former Yugoslavia]] and of [[Eastern Orthodox]] faith.<ref name="Observer"/><ref name="CorriereCE"/>{{#tag:ref|''The Observer'' says Miriana migrated to Italy as a teenager from the border area between [[Serbia]] and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]];<ref name="Observer"/> ''Corriere CE'' quotes her saying she was born in Italy of Croatian heritage.<ref name="CorriereCE"/> Branko's father Milan was from [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]] <ref>{{cite web |first=Violetta |last=Luongo |title=Il bel Spaese: Rom tra rabbia e silenzio |url=https://altritaliani.net/article-il-bel-spaese-rom-tra-rabbia-e/ |website=Altritaliani |accessdate=12 June 2018 |language=it |date=3 March 2010}}</ref>|group="n"}} On the day of their deaths, Cristina and Violetta with their sister Diana (aged 9) and cousin Manuela (aged 16) took the [[Cumana railway]] from the camp to its terminus at Torregaveta, beside a popular public beach next to [[private beach]]es.<ref name="Observer"/><ref name="Cronache"/> The beach is divided between the suburban ''[[comune|comuni]]'' of [[Bacoli]] and [[Monte di Procida]].<ref name="Cronache"/><ref name="TheIndependent"/> The girls were hawking trinkets to holidaymakers and also, according to some reports, begging.<ref name="IrishTimes"/><ref name="Observer"/>
Cristina and Violetta were born and raised in the "Campo Autorizzato" (authorised camp) at [[Scampia]]<ref name="Observer"/> or [[Secondigliano]] in Naples<ref name="IrishTimes"/> to Branko and Miriana{{#tag:ref|Other sources spell the name "Miriana" as "Myriana".<ref name="CorriereCE"/>|group="n"}} Djeordsevic, originally from [[former Yugoslavia]] and of [[Eastern Orthodox]] faith.<ref name="Observer"/><ref name="CorriereCE"/>{{#tag:ref|''The Observer'' says Miriana migrated to Italy as a teenager from the border area between [[Serbia]] and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]];<ref name="Observer"/> ''Corriere CE'' quotes her saying she was born in Italy of Croatian heritage.<ref name="CorriereCE"/> Branko's father Milan was from [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]]<ref>{{cite web |first=Violetta |last=Luongo |title=Il bel Spaese: Rom tra rabbia e silenzio |url=https://altritaliani.net/article-il-bel-spaese-rom-tra-rabbia-e/ |website=Altritaliani |access-date=12 June 2018 |language=it |date=3 March 2010}}</ref>|group="n"}} On the day of their deaths, Cristina and Violetta with their sister Diana (aged 9) and cousin Manuela (aged 16) took the [[Cumana railway]] from the camp to its terminus at Torregaveta, beside a popular public beach next to [[private beach]]es.<ref name="Observer"/><ref name="Cronache"/> The beach is divided between the suburban ''[[comune|comuni]]'' of [[Bacoli]] and [[Monte di Procida]].<ref name="Cronache"/><ref name="TheIndependent"/> The girls were hawking trinkets to holidaymakers and also, according to some reports, begging.<ref name="IrishTimes"/><ref name="Observer"/>


The four girls decided to enter the sea, despite rough waves and not knowing how to swim.<ref name="TheIndependent"/><ref name="SMH"/><ref name="DailyTelegraph"/> The sea at the beach has dangerous currents and there had been at least 10 drownings in the previous 15 years.<ref name="Geremicca">{{cite news |first=Fabrizio |last=Geremicca |date=24 July 2008 |newspaper=Corriere del Mezzogiorno |url=https://corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it/campania/cronache/articoli/2008/07_Luglio/24/torregaveta_spiaggia_indifferen.shtml |title=Torregaveta, reportage sulla spiaggia dei morti e dell'indifferenza |language=it |accessdate=10 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="Cronache"/> There was no [[lifeguard]] or warning notices; the area is poor and public funds were scarce.<ref name="Cronache"/><ref name="Observer"/> One eyewitness said nobody else was in the water at the time.<ref name="DailyTelegraph"/> Cristina and Violetta were further out and were swept underwater against rocks.<ref name="Observer"/><ref name="CNNEccleston">{{cite news |first=Jennifer |last=Eccleston |date=23 July 2008 |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/07/21/gypsy.reaction/index.html |title=Italian media appalled by Neapolitan tragedy |accessdate=10 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="CNN"/> Manuela and Diana called for help, and lifeguards from nearby private beaches arrived.<ref name="Observer"/><ref name="CNN"/><ref name="IrishTimes"/> The coastguard arrived within 10 minutes but the girls had drowned, so they notified the municipal [[morgue]] and left.<ref name="Observer"/><ref name="CNN"/><ref name="DailyTelegraph"/> The police took away the surviving girls to contact their parents.<ref name="Observer"/><ref name="TheIndependent"/> A beach towel covered each corpse except for the feet.<ref name="TheIndependent"/><ref name="CNN"/>
The four girls decided to enter the sea, despite rough waves and not knowing how to swim.<ref name="TheIndependent"/><ref name="SMH"/><ref name="DailyTelegraph"/> The sea at the beach has dangerous currents and there had been at least 10 drownings in the previous 15 years.<ref name="Geremicca">{{cite news |first=Fabrizio |last=Geremicca |date=24 July 2008 |newspaper=Corriere del Mezzogiorno |url=https://corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it/campania/cronache/articoli/2008/07_Luglio/24/torregaveta_spiaggia_indifferen.shtml |title=Torregaveta, reportage sulla spiaggia dei morti e dell'indifferenza |language=it |access-date=10 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="Cronache"/> There was no [[lifeguard]] or warning notices; the area is poor and public funds were scarce.<ref name="Cronache"/><ref name="Observer"/> One eyewitness said nobody else was in the water at the time.<ref name="DailyTelegraph"/> Cristina and Violetta were further out and were swept underwater against rocks.<ref name="Observer"/><ref name="CNNEccleston">{{cite news |first=Jennifer |last=Eccleston |date=23 July 2008 |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/07/21/gypsy.reaction/index.html |title=Italian media appalled by Neapolitan tragedy |access-date=10 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="CNN"/> Manuela and Diana called for help, and lifeguards from nearby private beaches arrived.<ref name="Observer"/><ref name="CNN"/><ref name="IrishTimes"/> The coastguard arrived within 10 minutes but the girls had drowned, so they notified the municipal [[morgue]] and left.<ref name="Observer"/><ref name="CNN"/><ref name="DailyTelegraph"/> The police took away the surviving girls to contact their parents.<ref name="Observer"/><ref name="TheIndependent"/> A beach towel covered each corpse except for the feet.<ref name="TheIndependent"/><ref name="CNN"/>


A "crowd of curious onlookers that had formed around the bodies quickly dispersed".<ref name="CNN"/> The bodies remained on the beach until the morgue personnel arrived, after an interval variously reported as one<ref name="DailyTelegraph"/> or three<ref name="Observer"/> hours. During this time, "beach life resumed" with people sunbathing, picnicking, or playing.<ref name="TheIndependent"/><ref name="Observer"/><ref name="IrishTimes"/><ref name="DailyTelegraph"/> Eventually the bodies were placed in coffins and carried away.<ref name="CNN"/><ref name="CNNEccleston"/>
A "crowd of curious onlookers that had formed around the bodies quickly dispersed".<ref name="CNN"/> The bodies remained on the beach until the morgue personnel arrived, after an interval variously reported as one<ref name="DailyTelegraph"/> or three<ref name="Observer"/> hours. During this time, "beach life resumed" with people sunbathing, picnicking, or playing.<ref name="TheIndependent"/><ref name="Observer"/><ref name="IrishTimes"/><ref name="DailyTelegraph"/> Eventually the bodies were placed in coffins and carried away.<ref name="CNN"/><ref name="CNNEccleston"/>


==Response==
==Response==
Photographs were published on the front pages of ''[[La Repubblica]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Indifferenza, male peggiore dei rifiuti |url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2008/07/21/indifferenza-male-peggiore-dei-rifiuti.html?refresh_ce |accessdate=11 June 2018 |work=La Repubblica |issue=21 July 2008 |language=it}}</ref> and ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'', as well as online and in foreign media.<ref name="Observer"/><ref name="CNN"/> One showed the girls' corpses with a couple having a picnic in the background;<ref name="Observer"/> another a coffin being carried past people in [[sunlounger]]s.<ref name="CNN"/> Italians described as having condemned the scene included the "liberal elite",<ref name="Observer"/> newspapers, and civil liberties groups,<ref name="CNN"/> as well as Cardinal [[Crescenzio Sepe]], the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Naples|Archbishop of Naples]], who posted on his [[blog]] that it represented the "coarsening of human sentiment".<ref name="CNNEccleston"/><ref name="Observer"/><ref name="TheIndependent"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sepe |first1=Crescenzio |title=L'indifferenza non è un sentimento per gli essere umani: Violetta e Cristina |url=http://blog.chiesadinapoli.it:80/wordpress/?p=31 |work=I messaggi del Cardinale Sepe |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310094424/http://blog.chiesadinapoli.it/wordpress/?p=31 |archivedate=10 March 2010 |language=it |date=21 July 2008 |access-date=20 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Laura Boldrini]], Italy's [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] representative, expressed "worry at the circumstances of how the tragedy unfolded".<ref name="DailyTelegraph"/>
Photographs were published on the front pages of ''[[La Repubblica]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Indifferenza, male peggiore dei rifiuti |url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2008/07/21/indifferenza-male-peggiore-dei-rifiuti.html?refresh_ce |access-date=11 June 2018 |work=La Repubblica |issue=21 July 2008 |language=it}}</ref> and ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'', as well as online and in foreign media.<ref name="Observer"/><ref name="CNN"/> One showed the girls' corpses with a couple having a picnic in the background;<ref name="Observer"/> another a coffin being carried past people in [[sunlounger]]s.<ref name="CNN"/> Italians described as having condemned the scene included the "liberal elite",<ref name="Observer"/> newspapers, and civil liberties groups,<ref name="CNN"/> as well as Cardinal [[Crescenzio Sepe]], the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Naples|Archbishop of Naples]], who posted on his [[blog]] that it represented the "coarsening of human sentiment".<ref name="CNNEccleston"/><ref name="Observer"/><ref name="TheIndependent"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sepe |first1=Crescenzio |title=L'indifferenza non è un sentimento per gli essere umani: Violetta e Cristina |url=http://blog.chiesadinapoli.it:80/wordpress/?p=31 |work=I messaggi del Cardinale Sepe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310094424/http://blog.chiesadinapoli.it/wordpress/?p=31 |archive-date=10 March 2010 |language=it |date=21 July 2008 |access-date=20 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Laura Boldrini]], Italy's [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] representative, expressed "worry at the circumstances of how the tragedy unfolded".<ref name="DailyTelegraph"/>


Commentators linked the incident to a recent upsurge in anti-Roma populist discourse, including confrontations in working-class neighbourhoods and sensationalist media coverage of alleged Roma criminality.<ref name="SMH"/><ref name="Observer"/><ref name="IrishTimes"/> In May rumours that a Roma woman had abducted a baby led to violence and arson in two Roma camps in Naples.<ref name="Observer"/><ref name="BBC">{{cite news |date=28 May 2008 |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7423165.stm |title=Italy condemned for 'racism wave' |accessdate=10 June 2018}}</ref> [[Roberto Maroni]], the [[Italian Minister of the Interior|Minister of the Interior]] in the [[Berlusconi I Cabinet|Berlusconi-led government]], had announced a scheme to register all Roma by photograph or fingerprint.<ref name="TheIndependent"/><ref name="DailyTelegraph"/><ref name="IrishTimes"/><ref name="CNNEccleston"/><ref name="Observer"/> An [[Naples waste management issue|ongoing garbage collection strike]] was also souring the public mood in Naples. [[Agence France-Presse]] said Italians had made "little reaction to the outcry",<ref name="SMH"/> and that Cardinal Sepe was "alone among leading figures to condemn the sunbathers' apparent indifference".<ref name="SMH"/>
Commentators linked the incident to a recent upsurge in anti-Roma populist discourse, including confrontations in working-class neighbourhoods and sensationalist media coverage of alleged Roma criminality.<ref name="SMH"/><ref name="Observer"/><ref name="IrishTimes"/> In May rumours that a Roma woman had abducted a baby led to violence and arson in two Roma camps in Naples.<ref name="Observer"/><ref name="BBC">{{cite news |date=28 May 2008 |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7423165.stm |title=Italy condemned for 'racism wave' |access-date=10 June 2018}}</ref> [[Roberto Maroni]], the [[Italian Minister of the Interior|Minister of the Interior]] in the [[Berlusconi I Cabinet|Berlusconi-led government]], had announced a scheme to register all Roma by photograph or fingerprint.<ref name="TheIndependent"/><ref name="DailyTelegraph"/><ref name="IrishTimes"/><ref name="CNNEccleston"/><ref name="Observer"/> An [[Naples waste management issue|ongoing garbage collection strike]] was also souring the public mood in Naples. [[Agence France-Presse]] said Italians had made "little reaction to the outcry",<ref name="SMH"/> and that Cardinal Sepe was "alone among leading figures to condemn the sunbathers' apparent indifference".<ref name="SMH"/>


Francesco Iannuzzi, mayor of Monte di Procida, blamed the incident on the delay in the morgue staff arriving at the scene; he denied the charge of indifference on the basis that many had tried to save the girls; he doubted whether the crowd could have known the girls' ethnicity.<ref name="IrishTimes"/><ref name="DailyTelegraph"/><ref name="TheIndependent"/> [[Sergio Romano (writer)|Sergio Romano]], while acknowledging the crowd's indifference, like Iannuzzi questioned the racist dimension, pointing out a similar instance of a non-Roma body on a beach in northern Italy in 1997.<ref name="SMH"/> One of the photographers asked of the beachgoers, "what were they supposed to do?"<ref name="CNNEccleston"/> An article in ''Nanni Magazine'' suggested that [[foreshortening]] in the published photographs made the beachgoers appear closer to the bodies than was the case.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dello Russo |first1=Valentina |title=Italiani e Rom secondo gli altri |url=http://www.nannimagazine.it/notizie/cronaca/italia/immigrazione/29/07/2008/Italiani-e-Rom-secondo-gli-altri/1258 |website=www.nannimagazine.it |accessdate=13 June 2018 |language=it |date=29 July 2008}}</ref> Some locals said that those who remained on the beach were "Ukrainians or Poles".<ref name="Geremicca"/>
Francesco Iannuzzi, mayor of Monte di Procida, blamed the incident on the delay in the morgue staff arriving at the scene; he denied the charge of indifference on the basis that many had tried to save the girls; he doubted whether the crowd could have known the girls' ethnicity.<ref name="IrishTimes"/><ref name="DailyTelegraph"/><ref name="TheIndependent"/> [[Sergio Romano (writer)|Sergio Romano]], while acknowledging the crowd's indifference, like Iannuzzi questioned the racist dimension, pointing out a similar instance of a non-Roma body on a beach in northern Italy in 1997.<ref name="SMH"/> Of those whose photographs had been published, one asked of the beachgoers, "what were they supposed to do?";<ref name="CNNEccleston"/> one told [[France 24]] that concerned bystanders had kept vigil by the bodies, and his photograph showed "a rare moment when they moved away".<ref>{{cite news |title=Indifferent holidaymakers sunbathe next to dead Roma girls |url=https://observers.france24.com/en/20080723-holidaymakers-drowned-roma-girls-naples |access-date=2 December 2021 |work=The Observers |publisher=France 24 |date=23 July 2008 |language=en}}</ref> An article in ''Nanni Magazine'' suggested that [[foreshortening]] in the published photographs made the beachgoers appear closer to the bodies than was the case.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dello Russo |first1=Valentina |title=Italiani e Rom secondo gli altri |url=http://www.nannimagazine.it/notizie/cronaca/italia/immigrazione/29/07/2008/Italiani-e-Rom-secondo-gli-altri/1258 |website=www.nannimagazine.it |access-date=13 June 2018 |language=it |date=29 July 2008 |archive-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613014708/http://www.nannimagazine.it/notizie/cronaca/italia/immigrazione/29/07/2008/Italiani-e-Rom-secondo-gli-altri/1258 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some locals said that those who remained on the beach were "Ukrainians or Poles".<ref name="Geremicca"/>


The girls were given an Eastern Orthodox funeral service in the Roma camp in Naples, attended by 300 Roma and city and regional representatives.<ref name="TheIndependent"/><ref name="CorriereCE">{{cite news |title=Due bimbe rom annegate: "Uccise dall’indifferenza" |url=https://www.corrierece.it/notizie-cronaca/2008/07/24/due-bimbe-rom-annegate-uccise.html |accessdate=12 June 2018 |work=Corriere CE |date=24 July 2008 |language=it-IT}}</ref> It was followed by a 10-day [[Wake (ceremony)|wake]].<ref name="Observer"/> They were buried in [[Qualiano]] cemetery.<ref name="CorriereCE"/> The local Catholic parish and the [[Community of Sant'Egidio]] organised a memorial mass at nearby [[Ercolano]] on 23 July "to send a message of love and solidarity".<ref name="SMH"/><ref name="Geremicca"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agenziasir.it/quotidiano/2008/7/23/violetta-e-cristina-diocesi-di-pozzuoli-messa-in-suffraggio-venerdi/ |title=Violetta e Cristina: Diocesi di Pozzuoli, Messa in Suffraggio Venerdì |author=[[Diocese of Pozzuoli]] |date=July 2008 |accessdate=11 June 2018 |publisher=Servizio Informazione Religiosa |language=it}}; {{cite web |title=Un Messaggio di Amore e di Solidarieta |url=http://www.psgna.org/ilpunto/27ViolettaCristina.htm |website=www.psgna.org |publisher=Parish of San Gennaro all'Olmo |accessdate=12 June 2018 |location=Naples |language=it}}</ref> A meeting of [[Naples#Governance|Naples ''comune'' council]] agreed unanimously to name a street after the girls.<ref name="comuneNapoli">{{cite web |title=Il consiglio comunale - sedute consiliari |url=http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/7883/UT/ |website=www.comune.napoli.it |publisher=Comune of Naples |accessdate=12 June 2018 |language=it |date=29–30 July 2008 |quote=Due gli ordini del giorno approvati all'unanimità dall'Assise. ... Il secondo, firmato da tutti i gruppi consiliari, che chiede di dedicare una strada cittadina, ancora senza nome, a Violetta e Cristina Ebrehmovich.}}</ref> Sant'Egidio held anniversary prayer services in later years.<ref>
The girls were given an Eastern Orthodox funeral service in the Roma camp in Naples, attended by 300 Roma and city and regional representatives.<ref name="TheIndependent"/><ref name="CorriereCE">{{cite news |title=Due bimbe rom annegate: "Uccise dall'indifferenza" |url=https://www.corrierece.it/notizie-cronaca/2008/07/24/due-bimbe-rom-annegate-uccise.html |access-date=12 June 2018 |work=Corriere CE |date=24 July 2008 |language=it-IT}}</ref> It was followed by a 10-day [[Wake (ceremony)|wake]].<ref name="Observer"/> They were buried in [[Qualiano]] cemetery.<ref name="CorriereCE"/> The local Catholic parish and the [[Community of Sant'Egidio]] organised a memorial mass at nearby [[Ercolano]] on 23 July "to send a message of love and solidarity".<ref name="SMH"/><ref name="Geremicca"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agenziasir.it/quotidiano/2008/7/23/violetta-e-cristina-diocesi-di-pozzuoli-messa-in-suffraggio-venerdi/ |title=Violetta e Cristina: Diocesi di Pozzuoli, Messa in Suffraggio Venerdì |author=Diocese of Pozzuoli |author-link=Diocese of Pozzuoli |date=July 2008 |access-date=11 June 2018 |publisher=Servizio Informazione Religiosa |language=it}}; {{cite web |title=Un Messaggio di Amore e di Solidarieta |url=http://www.psgna.org/ilpunto/27ViolettaCristina.htm |website=www.psgna.org |publisher=Parish of San Gennaro all'Olmo |access-date=12 June 2018 |location=Naples |language=it}}</ref> A meeting of [[Naples#Governance|Naples ''comune'' council]] agreed unanimously to name a street after the girls.<ref name="comuneNapoli">{{cite web |title=Il consiglio comunale - sedute consiliari |url=http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/7883/UT/ |website=www.comune.napoli.it |publisher=Comune of Naples |access-date=12 June 2018 |language=it |date=29–30 July 2008 |quote=Due gli ordini del giorno approvati all'unanimità dall'Assise. ... Il secondo, firmato da tutti i gruppi consiliari, che chiede di dedicare una strada cittadina, ancora senza nome, a Violetta e Cristina Ebrehmovich.}}</ref> Sant'Egidio held anniversary prayer services in later years.<ref>
{{cite web |title=Napoli: Preghiera per Violetta e Cristina. |publisher=Community of Sant'Egidio |url=http://archive.santegidio.org/pageID/3/langID/it/itemID/3039/Napoli-Preghiera-per-Violetta-e-Cristina-A-un-anno-dalla-loro-scomparsa-la-Comunit%C3%A0-di-SantEgidio-ricorda-le-due-bambine-rom-morte-nellindifferenza-sulla-spiaggia-San-Pietro-a-Maiella-Piazza-Miraglia-ore-1830.html |accessdate=12 June 2018 |language=it-IT |date=18 July 2009 }}
{{cite web |title=Napoli: Preghiera per Violetta e Cristina. |publisher=Community of Sant'Egidio |url=http://archive.santegidio.org/pageID/3/langID/it/itemID/3039/Napoli-Preghiera-per-Violetta-e-Cristina-A-un-anno-dalla-loro-scomparsa-la-Comunit%C3%A0-di-SantEgidio-ricorda-le-due-bambine-rom-morte-nellindifferenza-sulla-spiaggia-San-Pietro-a-Maiella-Piazza-Miraglia-ore-1830.html |access-date=12 June 2018 |language=it-IT |date=18 July 2009 }}
{{cite web |title=Napoli (Italia): Nel quartiere di Scampia, una preghiera in memoria di Violetta e Cristina, le ragazze rom morte due anni fa in mare |publisher=Community of Sant'Egidio |url=http://archive.santegidio.org/pageID/3/langID/it/itemID/3527/Napoli-Italia-Nel-quartiere-di-Scampia-una-preghiera-in-memoria-di-Violetta-e-Cristina-le-ragazze-rom-morte-due-anni-fa-in-mare.html |accessdate=12 June 2018 |language=it-IT |date=19 July 2010}}
{{cite web |title=Napoli (Italia): Nel quartiere di Scampia, una preghiera in memoria di Violetta e Cristina, le ragazze rom morte due anni fa in mare |publisher=Community of Sant'Egidio |url=http://archive.santegidio.org/pageID/3/langID/it/itemID/3527/Napoli-Italia-Nel-quartiere-di-Scampia-una-preghiera-in-memoria-di-Violetta-e-Cristina-le-ragazze-rom-morte-due-anni-fa-in-mare.html |access-date=12 June 2018 |language=it-IT |date=19 July 2010}}
{{cite web |title=Sant'Egidio ricorda Violetta e Cristina, piccole rom morte tra l'indifferenza di tanti |publisher=Community of Sant'Egidio |url=http://archive.santegidio.org/pageID/3/langID/it/itemID/5369/Sant-Egidio-ricorda-Violetta-e-Cristina-piccole-rom-morte-tra-l-indifferenza-di-tanti.html |accessdate=12 June 2018 |language=it-IT |date=29 July 2012}}
{{cite web |title=Sant'Egidio ricorda Violetta e Cristina, piccole rom morte tra l'indifferenza di tanti |publisher=Community of Sant'Egidio |url=http://archive.santegidio.org/pageID/3/langID/it/itemID/5369/Sant-Egidio-ricorda-Violetta-e-Cristina-piccole-rom-morte-tra-l-indifferenza-di-tanti.html |access-date=12 June 2018 |language=it-IT |date=29 July 2012}}
</ref>
</ref>


Roberto Malini of human rights body EveryOne Group cast doubt on the official version of events, suggesting a cover up for homicide.<ref name="CNN"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Malini |first1=Roberto |title=Two children of the Roma ethnic group drown in Naples |url=http://www.everyonegroup.com:80/EveryOne/MainPage/Entries/2008/7/22_Two_children_of_the_Roma_ethnic_group_drown_in_Naples.html |publisher=EveryOne Group — Group for International Cooperation on Human Rights Culture |accessdate=12 June 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802071008/http://www.everyonegroup.com/EveryOne/MainPage/Entries/2008/7/22_Two_children_of_the_Roma_ethnic_group_drown_in_Naples.html |archivedate=2 August 2008 |language=en |date=22 July 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> The girls' mother denied this and insisted that they had drowned.<ref name="Observer"/> In October 2009, the girls' next of kin brought a lawsuit against Bacoli and Monte di Procida municipalities for failure to provide the required marine safety measures at the beach.<ref name="Cronache"/>
Roberto Malini of human rights body EveryOne Group cast doubt on the official version of events, suggesting a cover up for homicide.<ref name="CNN"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Malini |first1=Roberto |title=Two children of the Roma ethnic group drown in Naples |url=http://www.everyonegroup.com:80/EveryOne/MainPage/Entries/2008/7/22_Two_children_of_the_Roma_ethnic_group_drown_in_Naples.html |publisher=EveryOne Group — Group for International Cooperation on Human Rights Culture |access-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802071008/http://www.everyonegroup.com/EveryOne/MainPage/Entries/2008/7/22_Two_children_of_the_Roma_ethnic_group_drown_in_Naples.html |archive-date=2 August 2008 |language=en |date=22 July 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> The girls' mother denied this and insisted that they had drowned.<ref name="Observer"/> In October 2009, the girls' next of kin brought a lawsuit against Bacoli and Monte di Procida municipalities for failure to provide the required marine safety measures at the beach.<ref name="Cronache"/>


''SEPSA — Spettatori all'esequie di passeggeri senz'anima'', a 2009 play by {{ill|Mimmo Borrelli|it}}, is based on two events: the Torregaveta drownings and the death, also in Naples, of Petru Bîrlădeanu, a Romanian [[street musician]] killed by crossfire in a [[Camorra]] shootout.<ref>{{cite news |title=L’alba teatrale di Mimmo Borrelli a Torregaveta |url=http://www.montediprocida.com/wp/2015/09/lalba-teatrale-di-mimmo-borrelli-a-torregaveta/ |accessdate=12 June 2018 |work=www.montediprocida.com |publisher=Monte di Procida council |date=20 September 2009 |language=it-IT}}; {{cite news |title=Staţia de metrou Cumana din Napoli se numește "Petru Bîrlădeanu", dedicată românului ucis de Camorra |url=http://www.gazetaromaneasca.com/observator/comunitate/statia-de-metrou-cumana-din-napoli-se-numeste-petru-birladeanu-dedicata-romanului-ucis-de-camorra/ |accessdate=12 June 2018 |work=Gazeta Românească Italia |date=2 June 2016 |language=ro}}</ref>
''SEPSA — Spettatori all'esequie di passeggeri senz'anima'', a 2009 play by {{ill|Mimmo Borrelli|it}}, is based on two events: the Torregaveta drownings and the death, also in Naples, of Petru Bîrlădeanu, a Romanian [[street musician]] killed by crossfire in a [[Camorra]] shootout.<ref>{{cite news |title=L'alba teatrale di Mimmo Borrelli a Torregaveta |url=http://www.montediprocida.com/wp/2015/09/lalba-teatrale-di-mimmo-borrelli-a-torregaveta/ |access-date=12 June 2018 |work=www.montediprocida.com |publisher=Monte di Procida council |date=20 September 2009 |language=it-IT}}; {{cite news |title=Staţia de metrou Cumana din Napoli se numește "Petru Bîrlădeanu", dedicată românului ucis de Camorra |url=http://www.gazetaromaneasca.com/observator/comunitate/statia-de-metrou-cumana-din-napoli-se-numeste-petru-birladeanu-dedicata-romanului-ucis-de-camorra/ |access-date=12 June 2018 |work=Gazeta Românească Italia |date=2 June 2016 |language=ro}}</ref>


==Footnotes==
==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group="n"}}
{{Reflist|group="n"}}


==Citations==
==Citations==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==See also==
==See also==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Djeordsevic, Cristina and Violetta}}
[[Category:Accidental deaths in Italy]]
[[Category:Anti-Romanyism in Europe]]
[[Category:Romani advocacy]]
[[Category:Romani-related controversies]]
[[Category:Romani in Italy]]
[[Category:Deaths by person]]
[[Category:2008 in Italy]]
[[Category:History of Naples]]
[[Category:Racism in Italy]]
[[Category:Deaths by drowning]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Italian Romani people]]
[[Category:2008 in Italy]]
[[Category:Italian people of Yugoslav descent]]
[[Category:21st century in Naples]]
[[Category:Antiziganism in Europe]]
[[Category:Child deaths]]
[[Category:Crowd psychology]]
[[Category:Crowd psychology]]
[[Category:Women deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in Italy]]
[[Category:Deaths by drowning in Italy]]
[[Category:Italian people of Yugoslav descent]]
[[Category:Italian Romani people]]
[[Category:Racism in Italy]]
[[Category:Romani advocacy]]
[[Category:Romani in Italy]]
[[Category:Romani-related controversies]]
[[Category:Sister duos]]

Latest revision as of 01:35, 19 January 2024

Cristina Djeordsevic
Born1995
DiedJuly 19, 2008(2008-07-19) (aged 12–13)
Naples, Italy
Cause of deathDrowning
Known forCause célèbre
Violetta Djeordsevic
Born1997
DiedJuly 19, 2008(2008-07-19) (aged 10–11)
Naples, Italy
Cause of deathDrowning
Known forCause célèbre

Cristina and Violetta Djeordsevic[1][n 1] or Ebrehmovich[4][n 2] were Italian Roma sisters aged 13 and 11[n 3] who drowned in the sea at the public beach at Torregaveta in the Metropolitan City of Naples on 19 July 2008.[1] News media circulated photographs of other beach users apparently continuing with their leisure activities indifferent to the nearby bodies of the girls partially covered by beach towels. Commentators interpreted this as symbolising widespread anti-Roma sentiment in Italy.[1][10]

Deaths

[edit]

Cristina and Violetta were born and raised in the "Campo Autorizzato" (authorised camp) at Scampia[1] or Secondigliano in Naples[5] to Branko and Miriana[n 4] Djeordsevic, originally from former Yugoslavia and of Eastern Orthodox faith.[1][3][n 5] On the day of their deaths, Cristina and Violetta with their sister Diana (aged 9) and cousin Manuela (aged 16) took the Cumana railway from the camp to its terminus at Torregaveta, beside a popular public beach next to private beaches.[1][2] The beach is divided between the suburban comuni of Bacoli and Monte di Procida.[2][6] The girls were hawking trinkets to holidaymakers and also, according to some reports, begging.[5][1]

The four girls decided to enter the sea, despite rough waves and not knowing how to swim.[6][7][8] The sea at the beach has dangerous currents and there had been at least 10 drownings in the previous 15 years.[12][2] There was no lifeguard or warning notices; the area is poor and public funds were scarce.[2][1] One eyewitness said nobody else was in the water at the time.[8] Cristina and Violetta were further out and were swept underwater against rocks.[1][10][9] Manuela and Diana called for help, and lifeguards from nearby private beaches arrived.[1][9][5] The coastguard arrived within 10 minutes but the girls had drowned, so they notified the municipal morgue and left.[1][9][8] The police took away the surviving girls to contact their parents.[1][6] A beach towel covered each corpse except for the feet.[6][9]

A "crowd of curious onlookers that had formed around the bodies quickly dispersed".[9] The bodies remained on the beach until the morgue personnel arrived, after an interval variously reported as one[8] or three[1] hours. During this time, "beach life resumed" with people sunbathing, picnicking, or playing.[6][1][5][8] Eventually the bodies were placed in coffins and carried away.[9][10]

Response

[edit]

Photographs were published on the front pages of La Repubblica[13] and Corriere della Sera, as well as online and in foreign media.[1][9] One showed the girls' corpses with a couple having a picnic in the background;[1] another a coffin being carried past people in sunloungers.[9] Italians described as having condemned the scene included the "liberal elite",[1] newspapers, and civil liberties groups,[9] as well as Cardinal Crescenzio Sepe, the Archbishop of Naples, who posted on his blog that it represented the "coarsening of human sentiment".[10][1][6][14] Laura Boldrini, Italy's UNHCR representative, expressed "worry at the circumstances of how the tragedy unfolded".[8]

Commentators linked the incident to a recent upsurge in anti-Roma populist discourse, including confrontations in working-class neighbourhoods and sensationalist media coverage of alleged Roma criminality.[7][1][5] In May rumours that a Roma woman had abducted a baby led to violence and arson in two Roma camps in Naples.[1][15] Roberto Maroni, the Minister of the Interior in the Berlusconi-led government, had announced a scheme to register all Roma by photograph or fingerprint.[6][8][5][10][1] An ongoing garbage collection strike was also souring the public mood in Naples. Agence France-Presse said Italians had made "little reaction to the outcry",[7] and that Cardinal Sepe was "alone among leading figures to condemn the sunbathers' apparent indifference".[7]

Francesco Iannuzzi, mayor of Monte di Procida, blamed the incident on the delay in the morgue staff arriving at the scene; he denied the charge of indifference on the basis that many had tried to save the girls; he doubted whether the crowd could have known the girls' ethnicity.[5][8][6] Sergio Romano, while acknowledging the crowd's indifference, like Iannuzzi questioned the racist dimension, pointing out a similar instance of a non-Roma body on a beach in northern Italy in 1997.[7] Of those whose photographs had been published, one asked of the beachgoers, "what were they supposed to do?";[10] one told France 24 that concerned bystanders had kept vigil by the bodies, and his photograph showed "a rare moment when they moved away".[16] An article in Nanni Magazine suggested that foreshortening in the published photographs made the beachgoers appear closer to the bodies than was the case.[17] Some locals said that those who remained on the beach were "Ukrainians or Poles".[12]

The girls were given an Eastern Orthodox funeral service in the Roma camp in Naples, attended by 300 Roma and city and regional representatives.[6][3] It was followed by a 10-day wake.[1] They were buried in Qualiano cemetery.[3] The local Catholic parish and the Community of Sant'Egidio organised a memorial mass at nearby Ercolano on 23 July "to send a message of love and solidarity".[7][12][18] A meeting of Naples comune council agreed unanimously to name a street after the girls.[4] Sant'Egidio held anniversary prayer services in later years.[19]

Roberto Malini of human rights body EveryOne Group cast doubt on the official version of events, suggesting a cover up for homicide.[9][20] The girls' mother denied this and insisted that they had drowned.[1] In October 2009, the girls' next of kin brought a lawsuit against Bacoli and Monte di Procida municipalities for failure to provide the required marine safety measures at the beach.[2]

SEPSA — Spettatori all'esequie di passeggeri senz'anima, a 2009 play by Mimmo Borrelli [it], is based on two events: the Torregaveta drownings and the death, also in Naples, of Petru Bîrlădeanu, a Romanian street musician killed by crossfire in a Camorra shootout.[21]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ Other sources spell the surname "Djeordsevic" as "Djordjevic"[2] or "Georgevic".[3]
  2. ^ Other sources spell the surname "Ebrehmovich" as "Ebrehemovich"[5] or "Ibramovitc".[6]
  3. ^ Other sources give their respective ages as 16 and 14,[6] "teenage",[7] 12 and 11,[8] or 13 and 12.[9]
  4. ^ Other sources spell the name "Miriana" as "Myriana".[3]
  5. ^ The Observer says Miriana migrated to Italy as a teenager from the border area between Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina;[1] Corriere CE quotes her saying she was born in Italy of Croatian heritage.[3] Branko's father Milan was from Macedonia[11]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x McDougall, Dan (17 August 2008). "'Why do the Italians hate us?'". The Observer. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Della Ragione, Josi Gerardo (13 October 2009). "Bambine rom annegate a Torregaveta: A breve partirà il processo". Cronache di Napoli (in Italian). Naples. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Due bimbe rom annegate: "Uccise dall'indifferenza"". Corriere CE (in Italian). 24 July 2008. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
  4. ^ a b "Il consiglio comunale - sedute consiliari". www.comune.napoli.it (in Italian). Comune of Naples. 29–30 July 2008. Retrieved 12 June 2018. Due gli ordini del giorno approvati all'unanimità dall'Assise. ... Il secondo, firmato da tutti i gruppi consiliari, che chiede di dedicare una strada cittadina, ancora senza nome, a Violetta e Cristina Ebrehmovich.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Agnew, Paddy (23 July 2008). "Drowning of Roma girls brings racism to surface". The Irish Times. Dublin. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Popham, Peter (22 July 2008). "The picture that shames Italy". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 2011-11-10. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g AFP (25 July 2008). "Italy slammed over attitudes after gypsy girls drown". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i Pisa, Nick (20 July 2008). "Italians sunbathe next to drowned gipsy children". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Italian outrage over Roma drowning photos". CNN. 23 July 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Eccleston, Jennifer (23 July 2008). "Italian media appalled by Neapolitan tragedy". CNN. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  11. ^ Luongo, Violetta (3 March 2010). "Il bel Spaese: Rom tra rabbia e silenzio". Altritaliani (in Italian). Retrieved 12 June 2018.
  12. ^ a b c Geremicca, Fabrizio (24 July 2008). "Torregaveta, reportage sulla spiaggia dei morti e dell'indifferenza". Corriere del Mezzogiorno (in Italian). Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  13. ^ "Indifferenza, male peggiore dei rifiuti". La Repubblica (in Italian). No. 21 July 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  14. ^ Sepe, Crescenzio (21 July 2008). "L'indifferenza non è un sentimento per gli essere umani: Violetta e Cristina". I messaggi del Cardinale Sepe (in Italian). Archived from the original on 10 March 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
  15. ^ "Italy condemned for 'racism wave'". BBC. 28 May 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  16. ^ "Indifferent holidaymakers sunbathe next to dead Roma girls". The Observers. France 24. 23 July 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  17. ^ Dello Russo, Valentina (29 July 2008). "Italiani e Rom secondo gli altri". www.nannimagazine.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  18. ^ Diocese of Pozzuoli (July 2008). "Violetta e Cristina: Diocesi di Pozzuoli, Messa in Suffraggio Venerdì" (in Italian). Servizio Informazione Religiosa. Retrieved 11 June 2018.; "Un Messaggio di Amore e di Solidarieta". www.psgna.org (in Italian). Naples: Parish of San Gennaro all'Olmo. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
  19. ^ "Napoli: Preghiera per Violetta e Cristina" (in Italian). Community of Sant'Egidio. 18 July 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2018. "Napoli (Italia): Nel quartiere di Scampia, una preghiera in memoria di Violetta e Cristina, le ragazze rom morte due anni fa in mare" (in Italian). Community of Sant'Egidio. 19 July 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2018. "Sant'Egidio ricorda Violetta e Cristina, piccole rom morte tra l'indifferenza di tanti" (in Italian). Community of Sant'Egidio. 29 July 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
  20. ^ Malini, Roberto (22 July 2008). "Two children of the Roma ethnic group drown in Naples". EveryOne Group — Group for International Cooperation on Human Rights Culture. Archived from the original on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
  21. ^ "L'alba teatrale di Mimmo Borrelli a Torregaveta". www.montediprocida.com (in Italian). Monte di Procida council. 20 September 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2018.; "Staţia de metrou Cumana din Napoli se numește "Petru Bîrlădeanu", dedicată românului ucis de Camorra". Gazeta Românească Italia (in Romanian). 2 June 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2018.

See also

[edit]