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[[Image:Emblema OrdendSantaMariadEspaña.svg|thumb|right|200px|Emblem of the Order.]]
[[Image:Emblema OrdendSantaMariadEspaña.svg|thumb|right|200px|Emblem of the Order.]]
The '''Order of Saint Mary of Spain''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: '''Orden de Santa María de España'''), also known as the '''Order of the Star''', was a [[Spain|Spanish]] [[Military order (society)|military order]] concentrating in naval activity created by [[Alfonso X of Castile]], King of León and Castile in 1270.
The '''Order of Saint Mary of Spain''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: '''Orden de Santa María de España'''), also known as the '''Order of the Star''', was a Spanish [[Military order (society)|military order]] concentrating in naval activity created by [[Alfonso X of Castile]], King of León and Castile in 1270.


{{History of Spain}}
{{History of Spain}}


== History ==
== History ==

=== Origins ===
=== Origins ===
The order was founded around the year 1270 by King [[Alfonso X of Castile]] with the purpose of aiding the naval defenses of the [[Crown of Castile]]. It was founded similarly to the [[Order of Calatrava]] and its members were made up of nobles, knights and clergy.


Since 1273 it was integrated by order of the king with the [[Cistercians]] and its uniform was a black robe and a red cape with a gold star, inside of which was embroidered the arms of the Crown.
The order was founded around the year 1270 by King [[Alfonso X of Castile]] with the purpose of aiding the naval defenses of the [[Crown of Castile]]. It was founded similarly to the [[Order of Calatrava]] and its members were made up of nobles, knights and clergy.

Since 1273, it was integrated by order of the king with the [[Cistercians]] and its uniform was a black robe and a red cape with a gold star, inside of which was embroidered the arms of the Crown.


The [[Códice de Florencia]] of the [[Cantigas de Santa Maria]] has a cantiga dedicated to this order. Unfortunately, of the four books of cantigas preserved, that of Florence is the only one with lines of empty staves, so the music of this ballad was not conserved.
The [[Códice de Florencia]] of the [[Cantigas de Santa Maria]] has a cantiga dedicated to this order. Unfortunately, of the four books of cantigas preserved, that of Florence is the only one with lines of empty staves, so the music of this ballad was not conserved.


=== Headquarters ===
=== Headquarters ===

The mother headquarters of the order were founded in [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]], in a [[Cistercians|Cistercian]] convent that was built by order of the king with the express wish that he be buried there upon his death. The order was put under the invocation of the [[Virgen del Rosell]], whose medieval carvings have been found in Cartagena.
The mother headquarters of the order were founded in [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]], in a [[Cistercians|Cistercian]] convent that was built by order of the king with the express wish that he be buried there upon his death. The order was put under the invocation of the [[Virgen del Rosell]], whose medieval carvings have been found in Cartagena.


Some historians believe that the [[Cartagena Cathedral]] is really a temple for this convent.
Some historians believe that the [[Cartagena Cathedral]] is really a temple for this convent.


The order also had bases in the ports of [[San Sebastián]], [[La Coruña]], and [[El Puerto de Santa María]]; all dependent on Cartagena.
The order also had bases in the ports of [[San Sebastián]], [[A Coruña|La Coruña]], and [[El Puerto de Santa María]]; all dependent on Cartagena.


=== Dissolution ===
=== Dissolution ===
On the 23rd of June, 1280, the defeat at the [[Battle of Moclín (1280)|Battle of Moclín]] effectively wiped out the membership of the [[Order of Santiago]]. Castilian troops under the command of [[Gonzalo Ruiz Girón]], Grand Master of the Order of Santiago and [[Sancho IV of Castile|Sancho el Bravo]] (Although Sancho did not actually participate in the battle), were slaughtered by Muslim forces under the command of [[Muhammad II of Granada|Muhammad II]]. The battle was a major disaster for the Order of Santiago which claimed the lives of many of its members, including that of Gonzalo Ruiz Girón, who died of wounds received in the battle.<ref>González Jiménez, ''Alfonso X el Sabio'', capítulo XII, ppg. 336-337</ref>


In order to prevent the extinction of the Order of Santiago due to the loss of men at [[Moclín]], King [[Alfonso X of Castile]] integrated the members of the Order of Santa María into that of Santiago and named the new Grand Master [[Pedro Núñez]]. This integration effectively ended the Order of Santa Maria.<ref>González Jiménez, ''Relaciones de las Ordenes Militares castellanas con la Corona (siglos XII-XIII)'', págs. 220-221</ref>
On the 23rd of June, 1280, the defeat at the [[Battle of Moclín (1280)|Battle of Moclín]] effectively wiped out the membership of the [[Order of Santiago]]. Castilian troops under the command of [[Gonzalo Ruiz Girón]], Grand Master of the Order of Santiago and [[Sancho IV of Castile|Sancho el Bravo]] (Although Sancho did not actually participate in the battle), were slaughtered by Muslim forces under the command of [[Muhammad II of Granada|Muhammad II]]. The battle was a major disaster for the Order of Santiago which claimed the lives of many of its members, including that of Gonzalo Ruiz Girón who died of wounds received in the battle.<ref>González Jiménez, ''Alfonso X el Sabio'', capítulo XII, ppg. 336-337</ref>


A further reason for its disbandment and integration into the Order of Santiago was its ineffectiveness in the battle against Castile's enemies at sea. In the order's only great expedition, the armada of Santa María de España was totally annihilated at the naval [[Battle of Algeciras (1278)|Battle of Algeciras]].
In order to prevent the extinction of the Order of Santiago due to the loss of men at [[Moclín]], King [[Alfonso X of Castile]] integrated the members of the Order of Santa María into that of Santiago and named the new Grand Master [[Pedro Núñez]]. This integration effectively ended the Order of Santa Maria.<ref>González Jiménez, ''Relaciones de las Ordenes Militares castellanas con la Corona (siglos XII-XIII)'', págs. 220-221</ref>

A further reason for its disbandment and integration into the Order of Santiago was its ineffectiveness in the battle against Castile's enemies at sea. In the order's only great expedition, the armada of Santa María de España was totally annihilated at the naval [[Battle of Algeciras (1278)|Battle of Algeciras]].


== Modern Reformation ==
== Modern Reformation ==
On August 13, 2008, a [[Catholic]] [[religious order]] was formed in [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]] which proclaimed its hereditary roots with the Order of Santa María. It also proclaimed, amongst other things, the cult of [[advocación mariana]], which honors the [[Virgen del Rosell]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ordensantamaria.es/presentacion/ |title= Presentación |publisher= Orden de Santa María de España }}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

On August 13, 2008, a [[Catholic]] [[religious order]] was formed in [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]] which proclaimed its hereditary roots with the Order of Santa María. It also proclaimed, amongst other things, the cult of [[advocación mariana]], which honors the [[Virgen del Rosell]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ordensantamaria.es/presentacion/ |title= Presentación |publisher= Orden de Santa María de España }}</ref>


<gallery>
<gallery>
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=== Notes ===
=== Notes ===


{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Spanish military orders]]
* [[Alfonso X of Castile]]
* [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Spain]]
* [[Order of Santiago]]
* [[Reconquista]]


=== Bibliography ===
=== Bibliography ===


* {{cite book |last = García Fitz |first = Francisco |publisher = Universidad de Sevilla |title = Castilla y León frente al Islam. Estrategias de expansión y tácticas militares (siglos XI-XIII) |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xFO1dGwHK60C&pg=PA95&dq=desastre+moclin+1280&hl=es&ei=WpKkS9L0EoyOjAe9-rX0CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=false |edition = 1ª |year = 2005 |location = Madrid |isbn = 84-472-0421-9 }}
* {{cite book |last = García Fitz |first = Francisco |publisher = Universidad de Sevilla |title = Castilla y León frente al Islam. Estrategias de expansión y tácticas militares (siglos XI-XIII) |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xFO1dGwHK60C&dq=desastre+moclin+1280&pg=PA95 |edition = 1ª |year = 2005 |location = Madrid |isbn = 84-472-0421-9 }}
* {{cite book |last = González Jiménez |first = Manuel |publisher = Editorial Ariel |title = Alfonso X el Sabio |edition = 1ª |date=October 2004 |location = Barcelona |isbn = 84-344-6758-5 }}
* {{cite book |last = González Jiménez |first = Manuel |publisher = Editorial Ariel |title = Alfonso X el Sabio |edition = 1ª |date=October 2004 |location = Barcelona |isbn = 84-344-6758-5 }}
* {{cite journal |last = González Jiménez |first = Manuel |year = 1991 |title = Relaciones de las Ordenes Militares castellanas con la Corona (siglos XII-XIII) |journal = Historia, instituciones, documentos |number = 18 |pages = 209–222 |publisher = Universidad de Sevilla: Departamento de Historia Medieval y Ciencias y Técnicas Historiográficas |location = Sevilla |issn = 0210-7716 |url = http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=58243 }}
* {{cite journal |last = González Jiménez |first = Manuel |year = 1991 |title = Relaciones de las Ordenes Militares castellanas con la Corona (siglos XII-XIII) |journal = Historia, Instituciones, Documentos |number = 18 |pages = 209–222 |publisher = Universidad de Sevilla: Departamento de Historia Medieval y Ciencias y Técnicas Historiográficas |location = Sevilla |issn = 0210-7716 |url = http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=58243 }}
* {{cite book |last = Ibáñez de Segovia Peralta y Mendoza |first = Gaspar; Marqués de Mondéjar |editor = Joaquín Ibarra |title = Memorias historicas del Rei D. Alonso el Sabio i observaciones a su chronica |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NCkE93FlcSQC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false |year = 1777 |location = Madrid }}
* {{cite book |last = Ibáñez de Segovia Peralta y Mendoza |first = Gaspar; Marqués de Mondéjar |editor = Joaquín Ibarra |title = Memorias historicas del Rei D. Alonso el Sabio i observaciones a su chronica |publisher = en casa de D. Joachin Ibarra |url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NCkE93FlcSQC |year = 1777 |location = Madrid }}
* {{cite book |last = Lafuente Alcántara |first = Miguel
* {{cite book |last = Lafuente Alcántara |first = Miguel
|author2=Miguel Lafuente Alcántara |publisher = Editorial Maxtor |title = Historia de Granada, comprendiendo la de sus cuatro provincias. Tomo I |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vgSrL2H6MWMC&pg=RA1-PA340&dq=batalla+moclin+1280&lr=&cd=44#v=onepage&q=batalla%20moclin%201280&f=false |year = 2008 |location = Valladolid |isbn = 84-9761-505-0 }}
|author2=Miguel Lafuente Alcántara |publisher = Editorial Maxtor |title = Historia de Granada, comprendiendo la de sus cuatro provincias. Tomo I |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vgSrL2H6MWMC&dq=batalla+moclin+1280&pg=RA1-PA340 |year = 2008 |location = Valladolid |isbn = 978-84-9761-505-1 }}
* {{cite journal |last = Torres Fontes |first = Juan |year = 1977 |title = La Orden de Santa María de España |journal = Miscelánea medieval murciana |volume = 3 |pages = 73–118 |publisher = Universidad de Murcia |location = Murcia |issn = 0210-4903 |url = http://revistas.um.es/mimemur/article/viewFile/4281/4151 }}
* {{cite journal |last = Torres Fontes |first = Juan |year = 1977 |title = La Orden de Santa María de España |journal = Miscelánea medieval murciana |volume = 3 |pages = 73–118 |publisher = Universidad de Murcia |location = Murcia |issn = 0210-4903 |url = http://revistas.um.es/mimemur/article/viewFile/4281/4151 }}


{{Authority control}}
== See also ==
* [[Spanish military orders]]
* [[Alfonso X of Castile]]
* [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Spain]]
* [[Order of Santiago]]
* [[Reconquista]]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Order of Santa Maria de Espana}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Order of Santa Maria de Espana}}
[[Category:Catholic chivalric orders|Santa Maria de Espana, Order of]]
[[Category:Catholic orders of chivalry|Santa Maria de Espana, Order of]]
[[Category:History of Cartagena, Spain]]
[[Category:History of Cartagena, Spain]]
[[Category:Military orders]]
[[Category:Military orders (monastic society)]]
[[Category:Orders of knighthood awarded to heads of state, consorts and sovereign family members|Santa Maria de Espana, Order of]]
[[Category:Orders of chivalry awarded to heads of state, consorts and sovereign family members|Santa Maria de Espana, Order of]]
[[Category:Orders of knighthood of Spain|Santa Maria de Espana, Order of]]
[[Category:Orders of chivalry of Spain|Santa Maria de Espana, Order of]]
[[Category:History of Catholicism in Spain]]
[[Category:History of Catholicism in Spain]]
[[Category:Reconquista]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the Reconquista]]
[[Category:1270 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:1270 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:13th-century establishments in Castile]]
[[Category:13th-century establishments in Castile]]

Latest revision as of 10:35, 19 January 2024

Emblem of the Order.

The Order of Saint Mary of Spain (Spanish: Orden de Santa María de España), also known as the Order of the Star, was a Spanish military order concentrating in naval activity created by Alfonso X of Castile, King of León and Castile in 1270.

History

[edit]

Origins

[edit]

The order was founded around the year 1270 by King Alfonso X of Castile with the purpose of aiding the naval defenses of the Crown of Castile. It was founded similarly to the Order of Calatrava and its members were made up of nobles, knights and clergy.

Since 1273 it was integrated by order of the king with the Cistercians and its uniform was a black robe and a red cape with a gold star, inside of which was embroidered the arms of the Crown.

The Códice de Florencia of the Cantigas de Santa Maria has a cantiga dedicated to this order. Unfortunately, of the four books of cantigas preserved, that of Florence is the only one with lines of empty staves, so the music of this ballad was not conserved.

Headquarters

[edit]

The mother headquarters of the order were founded in Cartagena, in a Cistercian convent that was built by order of the king with the express wish that he be buried there upon his death. The order was put under the invocation of the Virgen del Rosell, whose medieval carvings have been found in Cartagena.

Some historians believe that the Cartagena Cathedral is really a temple for this convent.

The order also had bases in the ports of San Sebastián, La Coruña, and El Puerto de Santa María; all dependent on Cartagena.

Dissolution

[edit]

On the 23rd of June, 1280, the defeat at the Battle of Moclín effectively wiped out the membership of the Order of Santiago. Castilian troops under the command of Gonzalo Ruiz Girón, Grand Master of the Order of Santiago and Sancho el Bravo (Although Sancho did not actually participate in the battle), were slaughtered by Muslim forces under the command of Muhammad II. The battle was a major disaster for the Order of Santiago which claimed the lives of many of its members, including that of Gonzalo Ruiz Girón, who died of wounds received in the battle.[1]

In order to prevent the extinction of the Order of Santiago due to the loss of men at Moclín, King Alfonso X of Castile integrated the members of the Order of Santa María into that of Santiago and named the new Grand Master Pedro Núñez. This integration effectively ended the Order of Santa Maria.[2]

A further reason for its disbandment and integration into the Order of Santiago was its ineffectiveness in the battle against Castile's enemies at sea. In the order's only great expedition, the armada of Santa María de España was totally annihilated at the naval Battle of Algeciras.

Modern Reformation

[edit]

On August 13, 2008, a Catholic religious order was formed in Cartagena which proclaimed its hereditary roots with the Order of Santa María. It also proclaimed, amongst other things, the cult of advocación mariana, which honors the Virgen del Rosell.[3]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ González Jiménez, Alfonso X el Sabio, capítulo XII, ppg. 336-337
  2. ^ González Jiménez, Relaciones de las Ordenes Militares castellanas con la Corona (siglos XII-XIII), págs. 220-221
  3. ^ "Presentación". Orden de Santa María de España.[permanent dead link]

See also

[edit]

Bibliography

[edit]