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{{short description|Species of fungus}}
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{{good article}}
{{speciesbox
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Xeromphalina setulipes'' {{italic title}}
| name = ''Xeromphalina setulipes'' {{Italic title}}
| image =
| image = Xeromphalina setulipes.jpg
| image_width =
| image_caption =
| image_caption =
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| taxon = Xeromphalina setulipes<ref>MycoBank; Index Fungorum</ref>
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
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| authority = Esteve-Rav. & G.Moreno (2010)
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Agaricales]]
| familia = [[Mycenaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Xeromphalina]]''
| species = '''''X. setulipes'''''
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| binomial = ''Xeromphalina setulipes''<ref>MycoBank; Index Fungorum</ref>
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| binomial_authority = Esteve-Rav. & G.Moreno (2010)
| range_map = Localización de la provincia de Ciudad Real.svg
| range_map = Localización de la provincia de Ciudad Real.svg
| range_map_caption = The species is known only from [[Ciudad Real Province]], Spain.
| range_map_caption = The species is known only from [[Ciudad Real Province]], Spain.
}}
}}


'''''Xeromphalina setulipes''''' is a species of [[Mycenaceae]] fungus. First collected in 2005, it was described and [[Valid name (botany)|named]] in 2010 by Fernando Esteve-Raventós and Gabriel Moreno, and is known only from [[oak]] forests in [[Ciudad Real Province]], Spain. The species produces [[mushroom]]s with dark reddish-brown [[pileus (mycology)|caps]] up to {{convert|15|mm|in}} across, dark purplish-brown [[stipe (mycology)|stems]] up to {{convert|45|mm|in}} in height and distinctive, arched, brown [[lamellae (mycology)|gills]]. The mushrooms were found growing directly from the [[acidic soil]] of the [[forest floor]], surrounded by [[detrius|plant waste]], during November.
'''''Xeromphalina setulipes''''' is a species of fungus of the family [[Mycenaceae]]. First collected in 2005, it was described and [[Validly published name (botany)|named]] in 2010 by Fernando Esteve-Raventós and Gabriel Moreno, and is known only from [[oak]] forests in [[Ciudad Real Province]], Spain. The species produces [[mushroom]]s with dark reddish-brown [[pileus (mycology)|caps]] up to {{convert|15|mm|in}} across, dark purplish-brown [[stipe (mycology)|stems]] up to {{convert|45|mm|in}} in height and distinctive, arched, brown [[lamella (mycology)|gills]]. The mushrooms were found growing directly from the [[acidic soil]] of the [[forest floor]], surrounded by [[detritus|plant waste]], during November.


[[Morphology (biology)|Morphologically]], the dark colour of the gills and stem, lack of a strong taste, and characters of the [[cystidia]] (large [[cell (biology)|cells]] found on the mushrooms) are the most distinguishing characteristics of ''X.&nbsp;setulipes''.<ref name="p581"/> These features allow the species to be readily distinguished from other, similar species, including ''[[Xeromphalina cauticinalis|X.&nbsp;cauticinalis]]'' and ''[[Xeromphalina brunneola|X.&nbsp;brunneola]]''. Its ecology and habitat are also distinct, but it is unclear whether they can serve as certain identifying characteristics. Within the genus ''[[Xeromphalina]]'', ''X.&nbsp;setulipes'' is classified in the [[section (botany)|section]] ''Mutabiles'', along with several other species. It seems most closely related to ''[[Xeromphalina fraxinophila|X.&nbsp;fraxinophila]]'', ''[[Xeromphalina cornui|X.&nbsp;cornui]]'', ''[[Xeromphalina campanelloides|X.&nbsp;campanelloides]]'' and ''X.&nbsp;cauticinalis'', but, according to Esteve-Raventós and colleagues, further analysis is required to accurately judge the relationships between the species of ''Xeromphalina''.
[[Morphology (biology)|Morphologically]], the dark colour of the gills and stem, lack of a strong taste, and characters of the [[cystidia]] (large [[cell (biology)|cells]] found on the mushrooms) are the most distinguishing characteristics of ''X.&nbsp;setulipes''.<ref name="p581"/> These features allow the species to be readily distinguished from other, similar species, including ''[[Xeromphalina cauticinalis|X.&nbsp;cauticinalis]]'' and ''[[Xeromphalina brunneola|X.&nbsp;brunneola]]''. Its ecology and habitat are also distinct, but it is unclear whether they can serve as certain identifying characteristics. Within the genus ''[[Xeromphalina]]'', ''X.&nbsp;setulipes'' is classified in the [[section (botany)|section]] ''Mutabiles'', along with several other species. It seems most closely related to ''[[Xeromphalina fraxinophila|X.&nbsp;fraxinophila]]'', ''[[Xeromphalina cornui|X.&nbsp;cornui]]'', ''[[Xeromphalina campanelloides|X.&nbsp;campanelloides]]'' and ''X.&nbsp;cauticinalis'', but, according to Esteve-Raventós and colleagues, further analysis is required to accurately judge the relationships between the species of ''Xeromphalina''.
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|caption= A [[cladogram]] showing the results of [[internal transcribed spacer]] (ITS) analysis, demonstrating one hypothesis about the relationships between ''X.&nbsp;setulipes'' and some other members of the genus.<ref>Esteve-Raventós ''et al''. 2010, fig. 3</ref>
|caption= A [[cladogram]] showing the results of [[internal transcribed spacer]] (ITS) analysis, demonstrating one hypothesis about the relationships between ''X.&nbsp;setulipes'' and some other members of the genus.<ref>Esteve-Raventós ''et al''. 2010, fig. 3</ref>
|align=left
|align=left
|cladogram={{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:75%;width:{{{width|300}}}px;
|cladogram={{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:75%;width:300px;
|label1=
|label1=
|1= {{clade|1={{clade|1={{clade|1=''[[Xeromphalina cauticinalis|X.&nbsp;cauticinalis]]''
|1= {{clade|1={{clade|1={{clade|1=''[[Xeromphalina cauticinalis|X.&nbsp;cauticinalis]]''
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}}
}}
}}
}}
''Xeromphalina setulipes'' was first [[species description|described]] in 2010 in an article in ''[[Mycological Progress]]'' by Fernando Esteve-Raventós and Gabriel Moreno, both of the [[University of Alcalá]].<ref>Esteve-Raventós ''et al''. 2010, pp. 575, 577</ref> The description was based on specimens collected during 2005 field work in [[Ciudad Real Province]], [[Spain]].<ref>Esteve-Raventós ''et al''. 2010, pp. 575, 578</ref> The [[type specimen]] was collected on 17 November, and was found {{convert|770|m|ft}} above sea level.<ref name="p578">Esteve-Raventós ''et al''. 2010, p. 578</ref> The [[specific name (botany)|specific epithet]] ''setulipes'' is from the [[Latin]] ''[[wikt:setula|setula]]'', meaning "stiff hair", and ''[[wikt:pes|pes]]'', meaning "foot", in reference to the bristly hairs which cover the [[stipe (mycology)|stem]].<ref name="p577">Esteve-Raventós ''et al''. 2010, p. 577</ref>
''Xeromphalina setulipes'' was first [[species description|described]] in 2010 in an article in ''[[Mycological Progress]]'' by Fernando Esteve-Raventós and Gabriel Moreno, both of the [[University of Alcalá]].<ref>Esteve-Raventós ''et al''. 2010, pp. 575, 577</ref> The description was based on specimens collected during 2005 field work in [[Ciudad Real Province]], Spain.<ref>Esteve-Raventós ''et al''. 2010, pp. 575, 578</ref> The [[type specimen]] was collected on 17 November, and was found {{convert|770|m|ft}} above sea level.<ref name="p578">Esteve-Raventós ''et al''. 2010, p. 578</ref> The [[specific name (botany)|specific epithet]] ''setulipes'' is from the Latin ''[[wikt:setula|setula]]'', meaning "stiff hair", and ''[[wikt:pes|pes]]'', meaning "foot", in reference to the bristly hairs that cover the [[stipe (mycology)|stem]].<ref name="p577">Esteve-Raventós ''et al''. 2010, p. 577</ref>


Within ''Xeromphalina'', ''X.&nbsp;setulipes'' is part of the [[section (botany)|section]] ''Mutabiles'', which also contains ''[[Xeromphalina campanelloides|X.&nbsp;campanelloides]]'', ''[[Xeromphalina cauticinalis|X.&nbsp;cauticinalis]]'', ''[[Xeromphalina cirris|X.&nbsp;cirris]]'', ''[[Xeromphalina cornui|X.&nbsp;cornui]]'', ''[[Xeromphalina fraxinophila|X.&nbsp;fraxinophila]]'' and ''[[Xeromphalina parvibulbosa|X.&nbsp;parvibulbosa]]''.<ref name="p579">Esteve-Raventós ''et al''. 2010, p. 579</ref> [[phylogenetics|Phylogenetic analysis]] performed by Esteve-Raventós and colleagues concluded that ''X.&nbsp;setulipes'' appears to be most closely related to ''X.&nbsp;fraxinophila'', ''X.&nbsp;cornui'', ''X.&nbsp;campanelloides'' and ''X.&nbsp;cauticinalis'',<ref name="p581">Esteve-Raventós ''et al''. 2010, p. 581</ref> the five of which are clearly separate from the group containing ''[[Xeromphalina campanella|X.&nbsp;campanella]]'', ''[[Xeromphalina kauffmanii|X.&nbsp;kauffmanii]]'', ''[[Xeromphalina brunneola|X.&nbsp;brunneola]]'', and, possibly, ''[[Xeromphalina junipericola|X.&nbsp;junipericola]]''.<ref>Esteve-Raventós ''et al''. 2010, pp. 581–2</ref> Data from the large subunit ([[60S]]) of the nuclear [[ribosomal RNA]] gene suggests that the species is most closely related to ''X.&nbsp;campanelloides'', while [[internal transcribed spacer]] (ITS) data place it closest to a [[clade]] containing ''X.&nbsp;cauticinalis'' and ''X.''&nbsp;[[aff.]]&nbsp;''parvibulbosa'' (an unidentified species similar, but not identical, to ''X.&nbsp;parvibulbosa'').<ref>Esteve-Raventós ''et al''. 2010, figs. 3, 4</ref> Further research, analysing the ITS or [[RPB2]] [[Locus (genetics)|loci]], could serve to help clarify the precise relationships of species and positions of clades within the genus.<ref name="p582">Esteve-Raventós ''et al''. 2010, p. 582</ref>
Within ''Xeromphalina'', ''X.&nbsp;setulipes'' is part of the [[section (botany)|section]] ''Mutabiles'', which also contains ''[[Xeromphalina campanelloides|X.&nbsp;campanelloides]]'', ''[[Xeromphalina cauticinalis|X.&nbsp;cauticinalis]]'', ''[[Xeromphalina cirris|X.&nbsp;cirris]]'', ''[[Xeromphalina cornui|X.&nbsp;cornui]]'', and ''[[Xeromphalina fraxinophila|X.&nbsp;fraxinophila]]''.<ref name="p579">Esteve-Raventós ''et al''. 2010, p. 579</ref> [[phylogenetics|Phylogenetic analysis]] performed by Esteve-Raventós and colleagues concluded that ''X.&nbsp;setulipes'' appears to be most closely related to ''X.&nbsp;fraxinophila'', ''X.&nbsp;cornui'', ''X.&nbsp;campanelloides'' and ''X.&nbsp;cauticinalis'',<ref name="p581">Esteve-Raventós ''et al''. 2010, p. 581</ref> the five of which are clearly separate from the group containing ''[[Xeromphalina campanella|X.&nbsp;campanella]]'', ''[[Xeromphalina kauffmanii|X.&nbsp;kauffmanii]]'', ''[[Xeromphalina brunneola|X.&nbsp;brunneola]]'', and, possibly, ''[[Xeromphalina junipericola|X.&nbsp;junipericola]]''.<ref>Esteve-Raventós ''et al''. 2010, pp. 581–2</ref> Data from the large subunit ([[Eukaryotic Large Ribosomal Subunit (60S)|60S]]) of the nuclear [[ribosomal RNA]] gene suggests that the species is most closely related to ''X.&nbsp;campanelloides'', while [[internal transcribed spacer]] (ITS) data place it closest to a [[clade]] containing ''X.&nbsp;cauticinalis'' and ''X.''&nbsp;[[aff.]]&nbsp;''parvibulbosa'' (an unidentified species similar, but not identical, to ''X.&nbsp;parvibulbosa'').<ref>Esteve-Raventós ''et al''. 2010, figs. 3, 4</ref> Further research, analysing the ITS or [[RPB2]] [[Locus (genetics)|loci]], could serve to help clarify the precise relationships of species and positions of clades within the genus.<ref name="p582">Esteve-Raventós ''et al''. 2010, p. 582</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
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''Xeromphalina setulipes'' produces [[basidiocarp]]s in the form of [[mushroom]]s. Each mushroom has a flattened-convex [[pileus (mycology)|cap]] of between {{convert|8|and|15|mm|in}} in diameter with a depressed centre. It is not particularly [[hygrophanous]] (it does not change color as it loses or absorbs water), and, unlike the caps of related species, is neither grooved nor translucent at the margin. The cap is dark brown, sometimes with reddish colouration. It becomes paler, turning [[tobacco]]-brown, when it dries; this change is more noticeable at the cap margin. The caps of young mushrooms are smooth and hairless, but they wrinkle as they age; however, fine, soft hairs are sometimes visible towards the margin (which is rolled inwards) when the cap is dry. The margin is typically not smooth; instead, it undulates.<ref name="p578"/>
''Xeromphalina setulipes'' produces [[basidiocarp]]s in the form of [[mushroom]]s. Each mushroom has a flattened-convex [[pileus (mycology)|cap]] of between {{convert|8|and|15|mm|in}} in diameter with a depressed centre. It is not particularly [[hygrophanous]] (it does not change color as it loses or absorbs water), and, unlike the caps of related species, is neither grooved nor translucent at the margin. The cap is dark brown, sometimes with reddish colouration. It becomes paler, turning [[tobacco]]-brown, when it dries; this change is more noticeable at the cap margin. The caps of young mushrooms are smooth and hairless, but they wrinkle as they age; however, fine, soft hairs are sometimes visible towards the margin (which is rolled inwards) when the cap is dry. The margin is typically not smooth; instead, it undulates.<ref name="p578"/>


The cylindrical stem measures between {{convert|30|and|45|mm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} in length by {{convert|1|and|2|mm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} in width, though it is slightly thicker at the very bottom. It is stiff, but can be somewhat flexible. The colour is a dark brown, sometimes approaching black, with purplish hints. It appears smooth, but is actually covered in minute tufts. The hairs at the base of the stem are somewhat more visible, and are an amber colour. The [[lamellae (mycology)|gills]] are subdistant (neither close to, nor distant from, one another) and are of a distinctive shape; they are decurrent, that is, they extend down the stem, and are noticeably arched. The gills can be up to {{convert|2|mm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} thick, and sometimes split into two. The gills are a tobacco-brown no matter the age of the mushroom, though the edges can be paler (sometimes whitish) and [[wiktionary:crenulate|crenulate]]. The [[trama (mycology)|flesh]] is firm but flexible, and the same colour as the surface. It has an indistinct smell, and a taste that is not bitter.<ref name="p578"/>
The cylindrical stem measures between {{convert|30|and|45|mm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} in length by {{convert|1|and|2|mm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} in width, though it is slightly thicker at the very bottom. It is stiff, but can be somewhat flexible. The colour is a dark brown, sometimes approaching black, with purplish hints. It appears smooth, but is actually covered in minute tufts. The hairs at the base of the stem are somewhat more visible, and are an amber colour. The [[lamella (mycology)|gills]] are subdistant (neither close to, nor distant from, one another) and are of a distinctive shape; they are decurrent, that is, they extend down the stem, and are noticeably arched. The gills can be up to {{convert|2|mm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} thick, and sometimes split into two. The gills are a tobacco-brown no matter the age of the mushroom, though the edges can be paler (sometimes whitish) and [[wiktionary:crenulate|crenulate]]. The [[trama (mycology)|flesh]] is firm but flexible, and the same colour as the surface. It has an indistinct smell, and a taste that is not bitter.<ref name="p578"/>


===Microscopic characteristics===
===Microscopic characteristics===
''Xeromphalina setulipes'' has smooth, [[ellipsoid]] to somewhat [[cylindrical]] spores that measure from 5.0 to 7.3 [[micrometre]]s (μm) by 2.9 to 3.7&nbsp;μm. They are [[Amyloid (mycology)|amyloid]], meaning that they [[staining|stain]] a dark colour in [[Melzer's reagent]] or [[Lugol's solution]], and have thin [[cell wall]]s. The four-spored (occasionally two-spored) [[basidia]] are shaped like narrow clubs, sometimes approaching cylindrical, and measure between 21 and 30&nbsp;μm long by 4.5 to 5.5&nbsp;μm wide. The [[sterigmata]], the narrow prongs that connect the spores to the basidia, can measure up to 3&nbsp;μm in length. The edge of the gill is primarily made up of cheilocystidia ([[cystidia]] on the gill edge) but there are also some basidia. The [[hyaline]] (translucent) cheilocystidia have an irregular, sometimes vaguely cylindrical shape, and measure between 30 and 80&nbsp;μm by 3 to 7&nbsp;μm. They are packed together, extending outwards from the gill in a manner reminiscent of [[coral]], as is sometimes seen in members of the genus ''[[Mycena]]''. The abundant caulocystidia (cystidia on the stem) project prominently, and are visible to the naked eye as the minute hairs on the stem. They measure between 30 and 60&nbsp;μm by 5 to 10&nbsp;μm. They are swollen in the middle, tapering at each end, but are irregular in shape and are often curved. The particularly thick cell walls can be as much as 2.5&nbsp;μm wide. The caulocystidia are yellowish-brown. There are a large number of circumcystidia (cystidia found on the margin of the cap), which are similar to the cheilocystidia. They typically have thick cell walls, and numerous projections of various sorts grow from their sides. The circumcystidia form a mass reminiscent of coral.<ref name="p578"/>
''Xeromphalina setulipes'' has smooth, [[ellipsoid]] to somewhat [[cylindrical]] spores that measure from 5.0 to 7.3 [[micrometre]]s (μm) by 2.9 to 3.7&nbsp;μm. They are [[Amyloid (mycology)|amyloid]], meaning that they [[staining|stain]] a dark colour in [[Melzer's reagent]] or [[Lugol's solution]], and have thin [[cell wall]]s. The four-spored (occasionally two-spored) [[basidia]] are shaped like narrow clubs, sometimes approaching cylindrical, and measure between 21 and 30&nbsp;μm long by 4.5 to 5.5&nbsp;μm wide. The [[sterigma]]ta, the narrow prongs that connect the spores to the basidia, can measure up to 3&nbsp;μm in length. The edge of the gill is primarily made up of cheilocystidia ([[cystidia]] on the gill edge) but there are also some basidia. The [[hyaline]] (translucent) cheilocystidia have an irregular, sometimes vaguely cylindrical shape, and measure between 30 and 80&nbsp;μm by 3 to 7&nbsp;μm. They are packed together, extending outwards from the gill in a manner reminiscent of [[coral]], as is sometimes seen in members of the genus ''[[Mycena]]''. The abundant caulocystidia (cystidia on the stem) project prominently, and are visible to the naked eye as the minute hairs on the stem. They measure between 30 and 60&nbsp;μm by 5 to 10&nbsp;μm. They are swollen in the middle, tapering at each end, but are irregular in shape and are often curved. The particularly thick cell walls can be as much as 2.5&nbsp;μm wide. The caulocystidia are yellowish-brown. There are a large number of circumcystidia (cystidia found on the margin of the cap), which are similar to the cheilocystidia. They typically have thick cell walls, and numerous projections of various sorts grow from their sides. The circumcystidia form a mass reminiscent of coral.<ref name="p578"/>


The flesh in the gills is composed of cylindrical [[hyphae]] measuring between 4 and 8&nbsp;μm thick that run parallel to one another. The hyphae typically have fairly thin, smooth walls, but they can have a small amount of brown [[pigment]], which stains orange-brown in [[potassium hydroxide]]. The [[pileipellis]], the uppermost layer of hyphae in the cap, forms a [[Pileipellis#Cutis|cutis]] made up of cylindrical, slightly thicker-walled hyphae of between 5 and 10&nbsp;μm wide. They can be interwoven or primarily extending from the margin to the centre. The pigmentation is yellowish-brown and stains reddish-brown in potassium hydroxide. The hyphae below the pileipellis run parallel to one another and measure between 4 and 8&nbsp;μm in width. Their yellowish-brown pigment stains orange-brown in potassium hydroxide. The [[stipitipellis]], the uppermost layer of hyphae on the stem, also forms a cutis. The cylindrical hyphae run parallel to one another and have thick cell walls. They have a dark red-brown pigment, which stains darker still in potassium hydroxide. [[Clamp connection]]s are present.<ref name="p578"/>
The flesh in the gills is composed of cylindrical [[hypha]]e measuring between 4 and 8&nbsp;μm thick that run parallel to one another. The hyphae typically have fairly thin, smooth walls, but they can have a small amount of brown [[pigment]], which stains orange-brown in [[potassium hydroxide]]. The [[pileipellis]], the uppermost layer of hyphae in the cap, forms a [[Pileipellis#Cutis|cutis]] made up of cylindrical, slightly thicker-walled hyphae of between 5 and 10&nbsp;μm wide. They can be interwoven or primarily extending from the margin to the centre. The pigmentation is yellowish-brown and stains reddish-brown in potassium hydroxide. The hyphae below the pileipellis run parallel to one another and measure between 4 and 8&nbsp;μm in width. Their yellowish-brown pigment stains orange-brown in potassium hydroxide. The [[stipitipellis]], the uppermost layer of hyphae on the stem, also forms a cutis. The cylindrical hyphae run parallel to one another and have thick cell walls. They have a dark red-brown pigment, which stains darker still in potassium hydroxide. [[Clamp connection]]s are present.<ref name="p578"/>


===Similar species===
===Similar species===
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==Habitat, distribution and ecology==
==Habitat, distribution and ecology==
''Xeromphalina setulipes'' is only known from the [[type location (biology)|type locality]] in the [[province of Ciudad Real]], Spain.<ref name="p578"/> Members of the [[Mycenaceae]] are [[saprotrophic]],<ref>Cannon and Kirk 2007, pp. 225–6</ref> and ''X.&nbsp;setulipes'' was found in woodland made up of [[Quercus suber|cork oak]] (''Quercus suber'') and [[Quercus faginea|Portuguese oak]] (''Quercus faginea''), with undergrowth consisting of [[gum rockrose]] (''Cistus ladanifer''), [[Juniperus oxycedrus|prickly juniper]] (''Juniperus oxycedrus''), and various [[Erica|heathers]] (''Erica'' species).<ref name="p578"/> The mushrooms were growing in clusters on the [[forest floor]] from [[acid soil]], surrounded by dead plant matter.<ref name="p578"/> The species's ecological patterns may be useful identifying characteristics, distinct from other, similar species.<ref name="p581"/> The mushrooms were found in autumn, and collected in November.<ref>Esteve-Raventós ''et al.'' 2010, pp. 575, 578</ref>
''Xeromphalina setulipes'' is only known from the [[type location (biology)|type locality]] in the [[province of Ciudad Real]], Spain.<ref name="p578"/> Members of the [[Mycenaceae]] are [[saprotrophic]],<ref>Cannon and Kirk 2007, pp. 225–6</ref> and ''X.&nbsp;setulipes'' was found in woodland made up of [[Quercus suber|cork oak]] (''Quercus suber'') and [[Quercus faginea|Portuguese oak]] (''Quercus faginea''), with undergrowth consisting of [[gum rockrose]] (''Cistus ladanifer''), [[Juniperus oxycedrus|prickly juniper]] (''Juniperus oxycedrus''), and various [[Erica (plant)|heathers]] (''Erica'' species).<ref name="p578"/> The mushrooms were growing in clusters on the [[forest floor]] from [[acid soil]], surrounded by dead plant matter.<ref name="p578"/> The species's ecological patterns may be useful identifying characteristics, distinct from other, similar species.<ref name="p581"/> The mushrooms were found in autumn, and collected in November.<ref>Esteve-Raventós ''et al.'' 2010, pp. 575, 578</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|27em}}


===Bibliography===
===Bibliography===
*{{cite web |title= ''Xeromphalina setulipes'' Esteve-Rav. & G. Moreno, ''Mycol. Progr.'' 9(3): 575-583 (2010)|url= http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=516618|publisher= [[Index Fungorum]]. [[CAB International]]|accessdate= 30 August 2011}}
*{{cite web |title= ''Xeromphalina setulipes'' Esteve-Rav. & G. Moreno, ''Mycol. Progr.'' 9(3): 575–583 (2010)|url= http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=516618|publisher= [[Index Fungorum]]|access-date= 30 August 2011}}
*{{cite web |title=''Xeromphalina setulipes'' Esteve-Rav. & G. Moreno 2010 |url=http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=516618 |publisher=[[MycoBank]]. International Mycological Association |accessdate=6 January 2011}}
*{{cite web |title=''Xeromphalina setulipes'' Esteve-Rav. & G. Moreno 2010 |url=http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=516618 |publisher=[[MycoBank]]. International Mycological Association |access-date=6 January 2011}}
*{{Cite book |author=Cannon, Paul F.; Kirk, Paul M.|title=Fungal Families of the World |publisher=[[CAB International]] |year=2007 |isbn=0-85199-827-5}}
*{{Cite book |author1=Cannon, Paul F. |author2=Kirk, Paul M. |title=Fungal Families of the World |publisher=CAB International |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-85199-827-5}}
*{{cite journal |author= Esteve-Raventós, Fernando; Moreno, Gabriel; Manjón, Jose Luis; Alvarado, Pablo|year= 2010|title= ''Xeromphalina setulipes'' (hygrophoroid clade, Agaricales), a new Mediterranean species|journal= [[Mycological Progress]]|volume= 9|issue= 3|pages= 575–583|doi= 10.1007/s11557-010-0665-6}}
*{{cite journal |author1=Esteve-Raventós, Fernando |author2=Moreno, Gabriel |author3=Manjón, Jose Luis |author4=Alvarado, Pablo |year= 2010|title= ''Xeromphalina setulipes'' (hygrophoroid clade, Agaricales), a new Mediterranean species|journal= [[Mycological Progress]]|volume= 9|issue= 3|pages= 575–583|doi= 10.1007/s11557-010-0665-6|s2cid=39261470 }}

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{{featured article}}
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[[Category:Mycenaceae]]
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[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 2010]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 2010]]
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[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
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[[Category:Mycenaceae]]
[[Category:Fungus species]]

Latest revision as of 03:41, 21 January 2024

Xeromphalina setulipes
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Mycenaceae
Genus: Xeromphalina
Species:
X. setulipes[1]
Binomial name
Xeromphalina setulipes[1]
Esteve-Rav. & G.Moreno (2010)
The species is known only from Ciudad Real Province, Spain.

Xeromphalina setulipes is a species of fungus of the family Mycenaceae. First collected in 2005, it was described and named in 2010 by Fernando Esteve-Raventós and Gabriel Moreno, and is known only from oak forests in Ciudad Real Province, Spain. The species produces mushrooms with dark reddish-brown caps up to 15 millimetres (0.59 in) across, dark purplish-brown stems up to 45 millimetres (1.8 in) in height and distinctive, arched, brown gills. The mushrooms were found growing directly from the acidic soil of the forest floor, surrounded by plant waste, during November.

Morphologically, the dark colour of the gills and stem, lack of a strong taste, and characters of the cystidia (large cells found on the mushrooms) are the most distinguishing characteristics of X. setulipes.[2] These features allow the species to be readily distinguished from other, similar species, including X. cauticinalis and X. brunneola. Its ecology and habitat are also distinct, but it is unclear whether they can serve as certain identifying characteristics. Within the genus Xeromphalina, X. setulipes is classified in the section Mutabiles, along with several other species. It seems most closely related to X. fraxinophila, X. cornui, X. campanelloides and X. cauticinalis, but, according to Esteve-Raventós and colleagues, further analysis is required to accurately judge the relationships between the species of Xeromphalina.

Taxonomy

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X. cauticinalis

X. aff. parvibulbosa

X. setulipes

A cladogram showing the results of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) analysis, demonstrating one hypothesis about the relationships between X. setulipes and some other members of the genus.[3]

Xeromphalina setulipes was first described in 2010 in an article in Mycological Progress by Fernando Esteve-Raventós and Gabriel Moreno, both of the University of Alcalá.[4] The description was based on specimens collected during 2005 field work in Ciudad Real Province, Spain.[5] The type specimen was collected on 17 November, and was found 770 metres (2,530 ft) above sea level.[6] The specific epithet setulipes is from the Latin setula, meaning "stiff hair", and pes, meaning "foot", in reference to the bristly hairs that cover the stem.[7]

Within Xeromphalina, X. setulipes is part of the section Mutabiles, which also contains X. campanelloides, X. cauticinalis, X. cirris, X. cornui, and X. fraxinophila.[8] Phylogenetic analysis performed by Esteve-Raventós and colleagues concluded that X. setulipes appears to be most closely related to X. fraxinophila, X. cornui, X. campanelloides and X. cauticinalis,[2] the five of which are clearly separate from the group containing X. campanella, X. kauffmanii, X. brunneola, and, possibly, X. junipericola.[9] Data from the large subunit (60S) of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene suggests that the species is most closely related to X. campanelloides, while internal transcribed spacer (ITS) data place it closest to a clade containing X. cauticinalis and X. aff. parvibulbosa (an unidentified species similar, but not identical, to X. parvibulbosa).[10] Further research, analysing the ITS or RPB2 loci, could serve to help clarify the precise relationships of species and positions of clades within the genus.[11]

Description

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Xeromphalina setulipes
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Gills on hymenium
Cap is convex or flat
Hymenium is decurrent
Stipe is bare
Ecology is saprotrophic

Xeromphalina setulipes produces basidiocarps in the form of mushrooms. Each mushroom has a flattened-convex cap of between 8 and 15 millimetres (0.31 and 0.59 in) in diameter with a depressed centre. It is not particularly hygrophanous (it does not change color as it loses or absorbs water), and, unlike the caps of related species, is neither grooved nor translucent at the margin. The cap is dark brown, sometimes with reddish colouration. It becomes paler, turning tobacco-brown, when it dries; this change is more noticeable at the cap margin. The caps of young mushrooms are smooth and hairless, but they wrinkle as they age; however, fine, soft hairs are sometimes visible towards the margin (which is rolled inwards) when the cap is dry. The margin is typically not smooth; instead, it undulates.[6]

The cylindrical stem measures between 30 and 45 mm (1 and 2 in) in length by 1 and 2 mm (0.04 and 0.08 in) in width, though it is slightly thicker at the very bottom. It is stiff, but can be somewhat flexible. The colour is a dark brown, sometimes approaching black, with purplish hints. It appears smooth, but is actually covered in minute tufts. The hairs at the base of the stem are somewhat more visible, and are an amber colour. The gills are subdistant (neither close to, nor distant from, one another) and are of a distinctive shape; they are decurrent, that is, they extend down the stem, and are noticeably arched. The gills can be up to 2 mm (0.08 in) thick, and sometimes split into two. The gills are a tobacco-brown no matter the age of the mushroom, though the edges can be paler (sometimes whitish) and crenulate. The flesh is firm but flexible, and the same colour as the surface. It has an indistinct smell, and a taste that is not bitter.[6]

Microscopic characteristics

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Xeromphalina setulipes has smooth, ellipsoid to somewhat cylindrical spores that measure from 5.0 to 7.3 micrometres (μm) by 2.9 to 3.7 μm. They are amyloid, meaning that they stain a dark colour in Melzer's reagent or Lugol's solution, and have thin cell walls. The four-spored (occasionally two-spored) basidia are shaped like narrow clubs, sometimes approaching cylindrical, and measure between 21 and 30 μm long by 4.5 to 5.5 μm wide. The sterigmata, the narrow prongs that connect the spores to the basidia, can measure up to 3 μm in length. The edge of the gill is primarily made up of cheilocystidia (cystidia on the gill edge) but there are also some basidia. The hyaline (translucent) cheilocystidia have an irregular, sometimes vaguely cylindrical shape, and measure between 30 and 80 μm by 3 to 7 μm. They are packed together, extending outwards from the gill in a manner reminiscent of coral, as is sometimes seen in members of the genus Mycena. The abundant caulocystidia (cystidia on the stem) project prominently, and are visible to the naked eye as the minute hairs on the stem. They measure between 30 and 60 μm by 5 to 10 μm. They are swollen in the middle, tapering at each end, but are irregular in shape and are often curved. The particularly thick cell walls can be as much as 2.5 μm wide. The caulocystidia are yellowish-brown. There are a large number of circumcystidia (cystidia found on the margin of the cap), which are similar to the cheilocystidia. They typically have thick cell walls, and numerous projections of various sorts grow from their sides. The circumcystidia form a mass reminiscent of coral.[6]

The flesh in the gills is composed of cylindrical hyphae measuring between 4 and 8 μm thick that run parallel to one another. The hyphae typically have fairly thin, smooth walls, but they can have a small amount of brown pigment, which stains orange-brown in potassium hydroxide. The pileipellis, the uppermost layer of hyphae in the cap, forms a cutis made up of cylindrical, slightly thicker-walled hyphae of between 5 and 10 μm wide. They can be interwoven or primarily extending from the margin to the centre. The pigmentation is yellowish-brown and stains reddish-brown in potassium hydroxide. The hyphae below the pileipellis run parallel to one another and measure between 4 and 8 μm in width. Their yellowish-brown pigment stains orange-brown in potassium hydroxide. The stipitipellis, the uppermost layer of hyphae on the stem, also forms a cutis. The cylindrical hyphae run parallel to one another and have thick cell walls. They have a dark red-brown pigment, which stains darker still in potassium hydroxide. Clamp connections are present.[6]

Similar species

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The similar X. cauticinalis

Xeromphalina setulipes shows some similarities to X. cauticinalis. They share the amber-coloured hair towards the base of the stem and both grow on soil, as opposed to directly onto wood. Further, X. cauticinalis can display caulocystidia of the same distinctive shape as those of X. setulipes (though these are mixed with the other shapes more typical of the genus). X. cauticinalis mushrooms are typically of a different colour; for instance, the area at the top of the stem is paler than the rest, compared to the entirely dark stem of X. setulipes. Furthermore, X. cauticinalis has a very bitter taste.[12] X. setulipes shares with X. brunneola its dark colouration and some microscopic traits. However, the two clearly differ in the shape of both the cheilocystidia and the pileocystidia, the width of the spores (the spores of X. brunneola measure between 2 and 3 μm in width) and the fact it is found specifically in softwood woodland. Furthermore, the two do not appear to be closely related.[13]

Other species within Mutabiles include X. campanelloides, which can be differentiated by the shape of the thin-walled caulocystidia and yellow flesh in the stem. X. cornui grows in softwood forests with Sphagnum moss. Both the cap and the top of stem sport yellow grains. X. fraxinophila produces larger mushrooms and has yellow gills. X. parvibulbosa, while potentially featuring similar caulocystidia to X. setulipes, has a bitter or sour taste.[13]

Habitat, distribution and ecology

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Xeromphalina setulipes is only known from the type locality in the province of Ciudad Real, Spain.[6] Members of the Mycenaceae are saprotrophic,[14] and X. setulipes was found in woodland made up of cork oak (Quercus suber) and Portuguese oak (Quercus faginea), with undergrowth consisting of gum rockrose (Cistus ladanifer), prickly juniper (Juniperus oxycedrus), and various heathers (Erica species).[6] The mushrooms were growing in clusters on the forest floor from acid soil, surrounded by dead plant matter.[6] The species's ecological patterns may be useful identifying characteristics, distinct from other, similar species.[2] The mushrooms were found in autumn, and collected in November.[15]

References

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  1. ^ MycoBank; Index Fungorum
  2. ^ a b c Esteve-Raventós et al. 2010, p. 581
  3. ^ Esteve-Raventós et al. 2010, fig. 3
  4. ^ Esteve-Raventós et al. 2010, pp. 575, 577
  5. ^ Esteve-Raventós et al. 2010, pp. 575, 578
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Esteve-Raventós et al. 2010, p. 578
  7. ^ Esteve-Raventós et al. 2010, p. 577
  8. ^ Esteve-Raventós et al. 2010, p. 579
  9. ^ Esteve-Raventós et al. 2010, pp. 581–2
  10. ^ Esteve-Raventós et al. 2010, figs. 3, 4
  11. ^ Esteve-Raventós et al. 2010, p. 582
  12. ^ Esteve-Raventós et al. 2010, pp. 579–80
  13. ^ a b Esteve-Raventós et al. 2010, p. 580
  14. ^ Cannon and Kirk 2007, pp. 225–6
  15. ^ Esteve-Raventós et al. 2010, pp. 575, 578

Bibliography

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  • "Xeromphalina setulipes Esteve-Rav. & G. Moreno, Mycol. Progr. 9(3): 575–583 (2010)". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  • "Xeromphalina setulipes Esteve-Rav. & G. Moreno 2010". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
  • Cannon, Paul F.; Kirk, Paul M. (2007). Fungal Families of the World. CAB International. ISBN 978-0-85199-827-5.
  • Esteve-Raventós, Fernando; Moreno, Gabriel; Manjón, Jose Luis; Alvarado, Pablo (2010). "Xeromphalina setulipes (hygrophoroid clade, Agaricales), a new Mediterranean species". Mycological Progress. 9 (3): 575–583. doi:10.1007/s11557-010-0665-6. S2CID 39261470.

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