Mirosław Iringh: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Slovak publicist and soldier (1914–1985)}} |
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{{Infobox military person |
{{Infobox military person |
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|name = Mirosław Iringh |
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|nickname = Stanko |
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|image = Miroslaw Iringh Stanko.jpg |
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|image_size = 220 |
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|caption= |
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|caption = Mirosław Iringh |
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|rank = Lieutenant |
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|birth_date={{birth date|1914|2|28| |
|birth_date = {{birth date|1914|2|28|df=y}} |
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|birth_place = [[Warsaw]], Poland |
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|death_date={{death date and age|1985|5|28|1914|2|28| |
|death_date = {{death date and age|1985|5|28|1914|2|28|df=y}} |
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|death_place=Warsaw, [[Poland]] |
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| profession=Journalist, Photographer |
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|serviceyears = 1939–1944 |
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| serviceyears=1939-1944 |
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|unit = [[Platoon 535]] |
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|battles = [[Warsaw Uprising]] |
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|awards = [[Order of Ľudovít Štúr]] |
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|laterwork = Journalist, photographer |
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{{Polish Underground State sidebar}} |
{{Polish Underground State sidebar}} |
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'''Mirosław Iringh''' ( |
'''Mirosław "Stanko" Iringh''' (born 28 February 1914 in Warsaw<ref name=TP>Patrycja Bukalska, "Pytania Mirosława Iringha" (Mirosław Iringh's Question), [[Tygodnik Powszechny]], 2005-08-07, [http://tygodnik2003-2007.onet.pl/1547,1240075,1,dzial.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004123955/http://tygodnik2003-2007.onet.pl/1547,1240075,1,dzial.html |date=4 October 2011 }}</ref> died 28 May 1985) - was a Polish-Slovak [[lieutenant]] and a commander of a Slovakian unit - [[Platoon 535]],<ref>Józef Ciągwa, Jan Szpernoga, "Słowacy w Powstaniu Warszawskim. Wybór źródeł, review" (Slovaks in the Warsaw Uprising. Overview of Sources), [http://www.poczytaj.pl/70748]</ref> serving under the command of the [[Poland|Polish]] [[Home Army]] (AK), part of the 1st Company of the Battalion "Tur", "Kryska" Group, [[Mokotow]] region<ref name=podlew>Stanisław Podlewski, "Wolność krzyżami się znaczy", Ośrodek Dokumentacji i Studiów Społecznych, 1989, pg. 67, 547, [https://books.google.com/books?id=rCBKAAAAIAAJ&q=Miros%C5%82aw+Iringh]</ref> - which took part in the [[Warsaw Uprising]],<ref name=podlew/> in particular in the heavy fighting in [[Czerniakow|Czerniaków]] and in [[Praga]].<ref name=muzeum>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rCBKAAAAIAAJ&q=Miros%C5%82aw+Iringh Warsaw Uprising Museum, "WALECZNI SŁOWACY" (Valiant Slovaks)]</ref> |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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Mirosław came from a mixed Polish-Slovak family. His father moved to Warsaw from Slovakia, supposedly because of "political reasons" (at the time Slovakia was part of the [[ |
Mirosław came from a mixed Polish-Slovak family. His father moved to Warsaw from Slovakia, supposedly because of "political reasons" (at the time Slovakia was part of the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] empire) and married a Polish woman, Helena Perzanowska.<ref name=TP/> |
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==September campaign== |
==September campaign== |
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==Joining the resistance== |
==Joining the resistance== |
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At the beginning of 1943, together with [[Adam Chalupec]], Mirosław Iringh organized the "Underground Slovak National Committee" (SKN), which made contact with the representatives of the Home Army, and established civilian and military relations.<ref name=Pol>"Udział Słowaków w Powstaniu Warszawskim" (The Participation of Slovaks in the Warsaw Uprising), Polonus, [www.polonus.sk/downloads.php?cat_id=2&download_id=12 ]</ref> At the end of 1943 an agreement was reached between the SKN and the Home Army command, which called for the formation of a separate Slovak military unit within the structure of the Home Army - Platoon 535.<ref name=Pol/> The unit was to be distinguished by armbands and a regimental standard in Slovak national colors, white-blue-red, as opposed to the red and white colors of the rest of the Home Army soldiers.<ref name=Pol/> Iringh's armband was made by the wife of one of the Polish members of SKN, Jadwiga Szantarek-Szczudłowska. She sewed it out of a French broad riband [[military decoration]] which had been bestowed on her husband (Col. Mieczysław Szczudłowski) by [[Marshal Foch]] - the colors of the French flag are the same as that of the Slovak one.<ref name=TP/> Because of the similarity in colors, during the Warsaw Uprising, the civilians of Warsaw sometimes mistook the Slovak partisans for Frenchmen.<ref name=TP/> |
At the beginning of 1943, together with [[Adam Chalupec]], Mirosław Iringh organized the "Underground Slovak National Committee" (SKN), which made contact with the representatives of the Home Army, and established civilian and military relations.<ref name=Pol>"Udział Słowaków w Powstaniu Warszawskim" (The Participation of Slovaks in the Warsaw Uprising), Polonus, [http://www.polonus.sk/downloads.php?cat_id=2&download_id=12 ]</ref> At the end of 1943 an agreement was reached between the SKN and the Home Army command, which called for the formation of a separate Slovak military unit within the structure of the Home Army - Platoon 535.<ref name=Pol/> The unit was to be distinguished by armbands and a regimental standard in Slovak national colors, white-blue-red, as opposed to the red and white colors of the rest of the Home Army soldiers.<ref name=Pol/> Iringh's armband was made by the wife of one of the Polish members of SKN, Jadwiga Szantarek-Szczudłowska. She sewed it out of a French broad riband [[military decoration]] which had been bestowed on her husband (Col. Mieczysław Szczudłowski) by [[Marshal Foch]] - the colors of the French flag are the same as that of the Slovak one.<ref name=TP/> Because of the similarity in colors, during the Warsaw Uprising, the civilians of Warsaw sometimes mistook the Slovak partisans for Frenchmen.<ref name=TP/> |
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During the Nazi occupation Iringh held a Slovak passport which allowed him certain "privileges" unavailable to Poles, which he used for anti-Nazi underground activity. For example, he was allowed to own a radio (ownership of these by Poles was illegal) which he used to monitor Allied news reports from the West<ref name=Pol/> which he then used as basis for articles in the underground newspapers.<ref name=TP/> The Slovak passport also saved him from being taken in so called [[Łapanka]]s (street round up), which made him a natural choice for a smuggler and distributor of the [[Bibula]] (Polish underground press).<ref name=TP/> According to the memoirs of his wife, Waleria (who was also active in the underground) on one occasion the Łapanka took place on a tram, while Iringh was carrying a brief case full of illegal newspapers. Iringh approached the German policeman in charge and stated that he was a foreigner and in turn he was asked for his documents. Mirosław handed the suitcase full of illegal contraband to the policeman and calmly looked for his passport. Once he had produced it, the suitcase was handed back and he was free to leave.<ref name=TP/> Iringh also prepared anti-Nazi pamphlets in Slovak which were distributed to the Slovak communities in Warsaw and [[Lwow]], as well as to [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] soldiers stationed in Warsaw, who although serving as allies of Germany were often quite sympathetic to the Polish resistance (and many of whom were of Slovak background).<ref name=TP/> |
During the Nazi occupation Iringh held a Slovak passport which allowed him certain "privileges" unavailable to Poles, which he used for anti-Nazi underground activity. For example, he was allowed to own a radio (ownership of these by Poles was illegal) which he used to monitor Allied news reports from the West<ref name=Pol/> which he then used as basis for articles in the underground newspapers.<ref name=TP/> The Slovak passport also saved him from being taken in so called [[Łapanka]]s (street round up), which made him a natural choice for a smuggler and distributor of the [[Bibula]] (Polish underground press).<ref name=TP/> According to the memoirs of his wife, Waleria (who was also active in the underground) on one occasion the Łapanka took place on a tram, while Iringh was carrying a brief case full of illegal newspapers. Iringh approached the German policeman in charge and stated that he was a foreigner and in turn he was asked for his documents. Mirosław handed the suitcase full of illegal contraband to the policeman and calmly looked for his passport. Once he had produced it, the suitcase was handed back and he was free to leave.<ref name=TP/> Iringh also prepared anti-Nazi pamphlets in Slovak which were distributed to the Slovak communities in Warsaw and [[Lwow]], as well as to [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] soldiers stationed in Warsaw, who although serving as allies of Germany were often quite sympathetic to the Polish resistance (and many of whom were of Slovak background).<ref name=TP/> |
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Iringh was also a photographer of the fighting and civilian everyday life during the insurrection.<ref name=Pol/> Many of his photographs are part of the collection of the [[National Library of Poland]]. Before the war, Iringh was a journalist, a profession which he tried to resume after the war.<ref>Władysław Jewsiewicki, "Powstanie warszawskie 1944: okiem polskiej kamery" (Warsaw Uprising 1944: through the eyes of Polish camera), Interpress, 1989, pg. 72, [ |
Iringh was also a photographer of the fighting and civilian everyday life during the insurrection.<ref name=Pol/> Many of his photographs are part of the collection of the [[National Library of Poland]]. Before the war, Iringh was a journalist, a profession which he tried to resume after the war.<ref>Władysław Jewsiewicki, "Powstanie warszawskie 1944: okiem polskiej kamery" (Warsaw Uprising 1944: through the eyes of Polish camera), Interpress, 1989, pg. 72, [https://books.google.com/books?id=qyHTAAAAMAAJ&q=Miros%C5%82aw+Iringh+zdjecia]</ref> He wrote for the newspapers [[Život]] (the newspaper of the Slovakian Community in Poland, which Iringh helped to organize),<ref>[http://www.tsp.org.pl/download/zivot/historia.pdf Jan Spernoga, Zivot, "550 cislot Zivota"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123034225/http://www.tsp.org.pl/download/zivot/historia.pdf |date=23 November 2008 }}</ref> [[Gazeta Lubelska]],<ref name=TP/> and [[Życie Warszawy]].<ref name=m1944/> |
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==Warsaw Uprising and Platoon 535== |
==Warsaw Uprising and Platoon 535== |
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[[Image:535 pluton Slowakow powstanie.jpg |
[[Image:535 pluton Slowakow powstanie.jpg|right|thumb|The "Slovak Platoon" in 1944 (photo by Maria Budzanowska). Note the Slovak flag and armbands.]] |
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During the Warsaw Uprising Mirosław led his platoon in heavy fighting in the Czernakow district (although some soldiers of the platoon got trapped in other parts of Warsaw and were unable to join the main group - instead they fought independently in Praga).<ref name=TP/> Iringh's unit was strengthened by a number of foreign, non-Slovak, soldiers who were present in Warsaw and who also wanted to fight the Germans, and additionally by several escaped Soviet POWs.<ref name=TP/> According to the memoirs of former platoon members, Iringh was a commander noted for his frankness and directness, he always looked serious and never made jokes, which enabled him to enforce strict discipline in his unit.<ref name=TP/> At the same time he cared greatly for his soldiers, took part in direct fighting himself, even though at the time he was sick with [[pneumonia]].<ref name=TP/> One of the AK nurses assigned to his unit, Danuta Pietraszak (now Michałowska) remembers him as "Emaciated, in a [[hard hat]] instead of a [[helmet]], always with a cigarette, constantly coughing. He was in control of everyone, even our [[Georgians]]" (the last being a reference to the escaped Soviet POWs who were part of the unit).<ref name=TP/> |
During the Warsaw Uprising Mirosław led his platoon in heavy fighting in the Czernakow district (although some soldiers of the platoon got trapped in other parts of Warsaw and were unable to join the main group - instead they fought independently in Praga).<ref name=TP/> Iringh's unit was strengthened by a number of foreign, non-Slovak, soldiers who were present in Warsaw and who also wanted to fight the Germans, and additionally by several escaped Soviet POWs.<ref name=TP/> According to the memoirs of former platoon members, Iringh was a commander noted for his frankness and directness, he always looked serious and never made jokes, which enabled him to enforce strict discipline in his unit.<ref name=TP/> At the same time he cared greatly for his soldiers, took part in direct fighting himself, even though at the time he was sick with [[pneumonia]].<ref name=TP/> One of the AK nurses assigned to his unit, Danuta Pietraszak (now Michałowska) remembers him as "Emaciated, in a [[hard hat]] instead of a [[helmet]], always with a cigarette, constantly coughing. He was in control of everyone, even our [[Georgians]]" (the last being a reference to the escaped Soviet POWs who were part of the unit).<ref name=TP/> |
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==After the war== |
==After the war== |
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He was persecuted by communist authorities for having been a member of the AK and was refused employment for many years.<ref name=Pol/> Initially he worked as a |
He was persecuted by communist authorities for having been a member of the AK and was refused employment for many years.<ref name=Pol/> Initially he worked as a freelance writer for various newspapers. However, in 1951 he lost his job due to his past membership in the Home Army.<ref name=TP/> His wife was given a choice of either divorcing him, or also losing her job. She refused, and they both became unemployed.<ref name=TP/> As a result, Iringh tried to support his family, even though by this time he was quite ill, by taking photographs and selling them on the street to passers-by.<ref name=TP/> In 1956 he started to work for the Association of Czechs and Slovaks in Poland although he was soon once again fired on the basis of an absurd accusation that he was plotting to separate the [[Orava (region)|Orava]] and Polish [[Spisz]] regions from Poland and join them to [[Czechoslovakia]].<ref name=TP/> |
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He died of lung cancer in 1985 |
He died of lung cancer in 1985 and is buried in Warsaw's [[Powązki Cemetery]].<ref name=TP/> |
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==Legacy== |
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[[Image:MPW Slowacy Iringh.jpg|thumb|right| |
[[Image:MPW Slowacy Iringh.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Portion of the exhibit dedicated to Platoon 535 led by Mirosław Iringh at the [[Warsaw Uprising Museum]]]] |
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In June 2005, Mirosław Iringh's daughters transferred a collection of memorabilia about Iringh and Platoon 535 to the [[Warsaw Uprising Museum]] in |
In June 2005, Mirosław Iringh's daughters transferred a collection of memorabilia about Iringh and Platoon 535 to the [[Warsaw Uprising Museum]] in Warsaw where they are currently on display.<ref name=Pol/> On 31 August 2007 Iringh's daughter, Bogusława Iringh–Nagórska, accepted in her father's name the decoration of the Order of [[Order of Ľudovít Štúr]], 2nd Class, bestowed upon him posthumously by the [[President of Slovakia]] [[Ivan Gašparovič]].<ref name=Pol/> |
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For his wartime achievements, he also received the following medals: [[Warsaw Cross of the Uprising]], [[Partisan Cross]], [[Armia Krajowa Cross]], [[Cross of Valor (Poland)|Cross of Valor]] (four times), [[Cross of Merit (Poland)|Cross of Merit]] (twice), [[Order of Polonia Restituta]] (Officer's Cross), and [[Virtuti Militari]] (V class).<ref name=m1944>{{cite web|url=http://www.1944.pl/historia/powstancze-biogramy/Miroslaw_Iringh |title=Powstańcze Biogramy - Mirosław Iringh |publisher=1944.pl |date= |accessdate=8 May 2012}}</ref> |
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One of the squares in the Czerniakow part of Warsaw, where his unit engaged in heavy fighting with the [[Germans]] is named after him.<ref name=TP/> |
One of the squares in the Czerniakow part of Warsaw, where his unit engaged in heavy fighting with the [[Germans]] is named after him.<ref name=TP/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{ |
{{Reflist}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
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| NAME = Iringh, Miroslaw |
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = |
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| DATE OF BIRTH = February 28, 1914 |
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| ⚫ | |||
| DATE OF DEATH = 1985 |
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| PLACE OF DEATH = Warsaw, [[Poland]] |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Iringh, Miroslaw}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Iringh, Miroslaw}} |
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[[Category:1914 births]] |
[[Category:1914 births]] |
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[[Category:1985 deaths]] |
[[Category:1985 deaths]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Deaths from lung cancer in Poland]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Home Army members]] |
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[[Category:Burials at Powązki Cemetery]] |
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[[Category:Polish people of Slovak descent]] |
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[[cs:Miroslav Iringh]] |
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[[Category:Warsaw Uprising insurgents]] |
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[[pl:Mirosław Iringh]] |
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[[Category:Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)]] |
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[[sk:Miroslav Iringh]] |
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[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta]] |
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[[Category:Recipients of the Virtuti Militari]] |
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Latest revision as of 22:44, 23 January 2024
Mirosław Iringh | |
|---|---|
 Mirosław Iringh | |
| Nickname(s) | Stanko |
| Born | 28 February 1914 Warsaw, Poland |
| Died | 28 May 1985 (aged 71) Warsaw, Poland |
| Years of service | 1939–1944 |
| Rank | Lieutenant |
| Unit | Platoon 535 |
| Battles / wars | Warsaw Uprising |
| Awards | Order of Ľudovít Štúr |
| Other work | Journalist, photographer |
| Part of a series on the |
| Polish Underground State |
|---|
 |
Mirosław "Stanko" Iringh (born 28 February 1914 in Warsaw[1] died 28 May 1985) - was a Polish-Slovak lieutenant and a commander of a Slovakian unit - Platoon 535,[2] serving under the command of the Polish Home Army (AK), part of the 1st Company of the Battalion "Tur", "Kryska" Group, Mokotow region[3] - which took part in the Warsaw Uprising,[3] in particular in the heavy fighting in Czerniaków and in Praga.[4]
Background
[edit]Mirosław came from a mixed Polish-Slovak family. His father moved to Warsaw from Slovakia, supposedly because of "political reasons" (at the time Slovakia was part of the Austro-Hungarian empire) and married a Polish woman, Helena Perzanowska.[1]
September campaign
[edit]In September 1939, after the Nazi invasion of Poland, together with his father Stanisław, he took part in the defense of Warsaw in the ranks of the Czech and Slovak Volunteer Legion.[5] After his father died in this battle, Mirosław took the conspiratorial name "Stanko" in honor of his father.[5]
Joining the resistance
[edit]At the beginning of 1943, together with Adam Chalupec, Mirosław Iringh organized the "Underground Slovak National Committee" (SKN), which made contact with the representatives of the Home Army, and established civilian and military relations.[5] At the end of 1943 an agreement was reached between the SKN and the Home Army command, which called for the formation of a separate Slovak military unit within the structure of the Home Army - Platoon 535.[5] The unit was to be distinguished by armbands and a regimental standard in Slovak national colors, white-blue-red, as opposed to the red and white colors of the rest of the Home Army soldiers.[5] Iringh's armband was made by the wife of one of the Polish members of SKN, Jadwiga Szantarek-Szczudłowska. She sewed it out of a French broad riband military decoration which had been bestowed on her husband (Col. Mieczysław Szczudłowski) by Marshal Foch - the colors of the French flag are the same as that of the Slovak one.[1] Because of the similarity in colors, during the Warsaw Uprising, the civilians of Warsaw sometimes mistook the Slovak partisans for Frenchmen.[1]
During the Nazi occupation Iringh held a Slovak passport which allowed him certain "privileges" unavailable to Poles, which he used for anti-Nazi underground activity. For example, he was allowed to own a radio (ownership of these by Poles was illegal) which he used to monitor Allied news reports from the West[5] which he then used as basis for articles in the underground newspapers.[1] The Slovak passport also saved him from being taken in so called Łapankas (street round up), which made him a natural choice for a smuggler and distributor of the Bibula (Polish underground press).[1] According to the memoirs of his wife, Waleria (who was also active in the underground) on one occasion the Łapanka took place on a tram, while Iringh was carrying a brief case full of illegal newspapers. Iringh approached the German policeman in charge and stated that he was a foreigner and in turn he was asked for his documents. Mirosław handed the suitcase full of illegal contraband to the policeman and calmly looked for his passport. Once he had produced it, the suitcase was handed back and he was free to leave.[1] Iringh also prepared anti-Nazi pamphlets in Slovak which were distributed to the Slovak communities in Warsaw and Lwow, as well as to Hungarian soldiers stationed in Warsaw, who although serving as allies of Germany were often quite sympathetic to the Polish resistance (and many of whom were of Slovak background).[1]
Iringh was also a photographer of the fighting and civilian everyday life during the insurrection.[5] Many of his photographs are part of the collection of the National Library of Poland. Before the war, Iringh was a journalist, a profession which he tried to resume after the war.[6] He wrote for the newspapers Život (the newspaper of the Slovakian Community in Poland, which Iringh helped to organize),[7] Gazeta Lubelska,[1] and Życie Warszawy.[8]
Warsaw Uprising and Platoon 535
[edit]
During the Warsaw Uprising Mirosław led his platoon in heavy fighting in the Czernakow district (although some soldiers of the platoon got trapped in other parts of Warsaw and were unable to join the main group - instead they fought independently in Praga).[1] Iringh's unit was strengthened by a number of foreign, non-Slovak, soldiers who were present in Warsaw and who also wanted to fight the Germans, and additionally by several escaped Soviet POWs.[1] According to the memoirs of former platoon members, Iringh was a commander noted for his frankness and directness, he always looked serious and never made jokes, which enabled him to enforce strict discipline in his unit.[1] At the same time he cared greatly for his soldiers, took part in direct fighting himself, even though at the time he was sick with pneumonia.[1] One of the AK nurses assigned to his unit, Danuta Pietraszak (now Michałowska) remembers him as "Emaciated, in a hard hat instead of a helmet, always with a cigarette, constantly coughing. He was in control of everyone, even our Georgians" (the last being a reference to the escaped Soviet POWs who were part of the unit).[1]
After the war
[edit]He was persecuted by communist authorities for having been a member of the AK and was refused employment for many years.[5] Initially he worked as a freelance writer for various newspapers. However, in 1951 he lost his job due to his past membership in the Home Army.[1] His wife was given a choice of either divorcing him, or also losing her job. She refused, and they both became unemployed.[1] As a result, Iringh tried to support his family, even though by this time he was quite ill, by taking photographs and selling them on the street to passers-by.[1] In 1956 he started to work for the Association of Czechs and Slovaks in Poland although he was soon once again fired on the basis of an absurd accusation that he was plotting to separate the Orava and Polish Spisz regions from Poland and join them to Czechoslovakia.[1]
He died of lung cancer in 1985 and is buried in Warsaw's Powązki Cemetery.[1]
Legacy
[edit]
In June 2005, Mirosław Iringh's daughters transferred a collection of memorabilia about Iringh and Platoon 535 to the Warsaw Uprising Museum in Warsaw where they are currently on display.[5] On 31 August 2007 Iringh's daughter, Bogusława Iringh–Nagórska, accepted in her father's name the decoration of the Order of Order of Ľudovít Štúr, 2nd Class, bestowed upon him posthumously by the President of Slovakia Ivan Gašparovič.[5]
For his wartime achievements, he also received the following medals: Warsaw Cross of the Uprising, Partisan Cross, Armia Krajowa Cross, Cross of Valor (four times), Cross of Merit (twice), Order of Polonia Restituta (Officer's Cross), and Virtuti Militari (V class).[8]
One of the squares in the Czerniakow part of Warsaw, where his unit engaged in heavy fighting with the Germans is named after him.[1]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Patrycja Bukalska, "Pytania Mirosława Iringha" (Mirosław Iringh's Question), Tygodnik Powszechny, 2005-08-07, [1] Archived 4 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Józef Ciągwa, Jan Szpernoga, "Słowacy w Powstaniu Warszawskim. Wybór źródeł, review" (Slovaks in the Warsaw Uprising. Overview of Sources), [2]
- ^ a b Stanisław Podlewski, "Wolność krzyżami się znaczy", Ośrodek Dokumentacji i Studiów Społecznych, 1989, pg. 67, 547, [3]
- ^ Warsaw Uprising Museum, "WALECZNI SŁOWACY" (Valiant Slovaks)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Udział Słowaków w Powstaniu Warszawskim" (The Participation of Slovaks in the Warsaw Uprising), Polonus, [4]
- ^ Władysław Jewsiewicki, "Powstanie warszawskie 1944: okiem polskiej kamery" (Warsaw Uprising 1944: through the eyes of Polish camera), Interpress, 1989, pg. 72, [5]
- ^ Jan Spernoga, Zivot, "550 cislot Zivota" Archived 23 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "Powstańcze Biogramy - Mirosław Iringh". 1944.pl. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
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