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{{Short description|1977 film by J. Lee Thompson}}
{{for|the musician|The White Buffalo (band)}}
{{for|the musician|The White Buffalo (musician)}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2019}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
{{Infobox film
| name = The White Buffalo
| name = The White Buffalo
Line 6: Line 9:
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[J. Lee Thompson]]
| director = [[J. Lee Thompson]]
| producer = [[Dino De Laurentiis]]
| producer = Pancho Kohner
| writer = [[Richard Sale (director)|Richard Sale]]
| writer = [[Richard Sale (director)|Richard Sale]]
| based_on = novel by Richard Sale
| based_on = novel by Richard Sale
| starring = [[Charles Bronson]]<br>[[Jack Warden]]<br>[[Will Sampson]]<br>[[Kim Novak]]
| starring = [[Charles Bronson]]<br>[[Jack Warden]]<br>[[Will Sampson]]<br>[[Clint Walker]]<br>[[Slim Pickens]]<br>[[Stuart Whitman]]<br>[[Kim Novak]]
| cinematography = [[Paul Lohmann]]
| cinematography = [[Paul Lohmann]]
| editing = Michael F. Anderson
| editing = Michael F. Anderson
| music = [[John Barry (composer)|John Barry]]
| music = [[John Barry (composer)|John Barry]]
| distributor = [[United Artists]]<br>[[Village Roadshow Pictures]] (Australia)
| distributor = [[United Artists]]
| budget = $6 million<ref name="los"/>
| budget = $6 million<ref name="los"/>
| released = {{Film date|1977|05|06}}
| released = {{Film date|1977|05|06}}
Line 20: Line 23:
| country = United States
| country = United States
}}
}}
⚫
'''''The White Buffalo''''' is a 1977 [[fantasy]] [[Western (genre)|Western]] film directed by [[J. Lee Thompson]] and starring [[Charles Bronson]], [[Kim Novak]], [[Jack Warden]], [[Slim Pickens]] and [[Will Sampson]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/54286/The-White-Buffalo/overview|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601100323/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/54286/The-White-Buffalo/overview|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 1, 2008|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Paul Brenner|date=2008|title=The White Buffalo}}</ref>

⚫
'''''The White Buffalo''''' is a 1977 [[Western (genre)|western]] film directed by [[J. Lee Thompson]] and starring [[Charles Bronson]], [[Kim Novak]], [[Jack Warden]], [[Slim Pickens]] and [[Will Sampson]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/54286/The-White-Buffalo/overview|title=The White Buffalo|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>


==Plot==
==Plot==
{{expand section|date=February 2016}}
{{More plot|date=February 2016}}
[[Wild Bill Hickok]] is haunted by his dreams of a giant white buffalo. So much that he travels the West to find the beast. Along the way, Hickok meets [[Crazy Horse]], who is also searching the plains for the giant white buffalo, who has killed Crazy Horse's daughter. Hickok and Crazy Horse team up to kill the elusive buffalo.
[[Wild Bill Hickok]] is haunted by his dreams of a giant white buffalo, so much that he travels the West to find the beast. Along the way, Hickok meets the great Lakota warrior [[Crazy Horse]], who is also searching the plains for the giant white buffalo, which has killed Crazy Horse's daughter. Hickok and Crazy Horse team up to kill the elusive buffalo.

(In [[Plains Indians]] culture, the [[white buffalo]] is a sacred animal that has great spiritual significance; in particular, it plays a crucial role in the history and religion of the [[Lakota people]] through the story of [[White Buffalo Calf Woman]].)


==Main cast==
==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Charles Bronson]] as Wild Bill Hickok
* [[Will Sampson]] as Crazy Horse
* [[Charles Bronson]] as [[Wild Bill Hickok]]
* [[Will Sampson]] as [[Crazy Horse]]
* [[Jack Warden]] as Charlie Zane
* [[Jack Warden]] as Charlie Zane
* [[Slim Pickens]] as Abel Pickney
* [[Slim Pickens]] as Abel Pickney
Line 36: Line 41:
* [[Stuart Whitman]] as Winifred Coxy
* [[Stuart Whitman]] as Winifred Coxy
* [[John Carradine]] as Amos Briggs
* [[John Carradine]] as Amos Briggs
* [[Cara Williams]] as Cassie Ollinger
* [[Douglas Fowley]] as Amos Bixby
* Clifford A. Pellow as Pete Holt
* [[Ed Lauter]] as Captain Tom Custer
* [[Martin Kove]] as Jack McCall
* [[Ed Bakey]] as Ben Corbett
* Scott Walker as Gyp Hook-Hand
* Cliff Carnell as Johnny Varner
* [[Ron Thompson (actor)|Ron Thompson]] as Frozen Dog Pimp
* [[Ron Thompson (actor)|Ron Thompson]] as Frozen Dog Pimp
}}


==Production==
==Production==
The film was based on a novel by Richard Sale published in 1975. Reviewing the novel, [[Larry McMurtry]] said Sale "chose a topic with great possibilities, turned it into a sharpened stake and proceeded to impale himself on it."<ref>Two Not Quite Historic Books: Book World NIGHT OF THE SILENT DRUMS. THE WHITE BUFFALO. By John L. Anderson (Seribner's. 406 pp. $9.95) By Richard Sale (Simon & Schuster. 253 pp. $7.95) Reviewed by Larry McMurtry ''The Washington Post'' 22 Sept. 1975: B5.</ref>
The film was based on a novel by Richard Sale published in 1975. Reviewing the novel, [[Larry McMurtry]] said Sale "chose a topic with great possibilities, turned it into a sharpened stake and proceeded to impale himself on it."<ref>Two Not Quite Historic Books: Book World NIGHT OF THE SILENT DRUMS. THE WHITE BUFFALO. By John L. Anderson (Seribner's. 406 pp. $9.95) By Richard Sale (Simon & Schuster. 253 pp. $7.95) Reviewed by Larry McMurtry ''The Washington Post'' September 22, 1975: B5.</ref>


Film rights were bought by [[Dino De Laurentiis]], who signed Sale to adapt the novel. Sale said De Laurentiis was, along with Daryl Zanuck, one of the finest producers he ever worked with.<ref>"Looking Up to De Laurentiis" Sale, Richard. ''Los Angeles Times'' 12 Dec. 1976: t2.</ref>
Film rights were bought by [[Dino De Laurentiis]], who signed Sale to adapt the novel. Sale said De Laurentiis was, along with Daryl Zanuck, one of the finest producers he ever worked with.<ref>"Looking Up to De Laurentiis" Sale, Richard. ''Los Angeles Times'' December 12, 1976: t2.</ref>


Bronson signed to make the film in July 1975.<ref>"A Tribute to a Good Shepherd"
Bronson signed to make the film in July 1975.<ref>"A Tribute to a Good Shepherd"
Murphy, Mary. ''Los Angeles Times'' 15 Nov 1975: a8.</ref>
Murphy, Mary. ''Los Angeles Times'' November 15, 1975: a8.</ref>


"It's a ''[[Moby Dick]]'' of the west," said director J. Lee Thompson. "It's a film we hope will work on many levels. On the first it is a wonderful, sensitive story between Wild Bill Hickok and the great Indian chief Crazy Horse. On the second it talks of a man having to find himself, seek his destiny, rid himself of fears and become more human."<ref name="los">"An Intrepid Gunfighter Meets Fear" Gallo, William. ''Los Angeles Times'' 25 July 1976: c1.</ref>
"It's a ''[[Moby Dick]]'' of the west," said director J. Lee Thompson. "It's a film we hope will work on many levels. On the first it is a wonderful, sensitive story between Wild Bill Hickok and the great Indian chief Crazy Horse. On the second it talks of a man having to find himself, seek his destiny, rid himself of fears and become more human."<ref name="los">"An Intrepid Gunfighter Meets Fear" Gallo, William. ''Los Angeles Times'' July 25, 1976: c1.</ref>


Much of the film was shot on a soundstage in Los Angeles, with location shots in Colorado and New Mexico. For the buffalo scenes, producer Laurentiis hired [[Carlo Rambaldi]] to design an animatronic full-size bison that would slide around on tracks. This was based on his larger-scale work on their previous collaboration ''[[King Kong (1976 film)|King Kong]]'' (1976).<ref>"'Mad as Hell' in Beverly Hills" Lee, Grant. ''Los Angeles Times'' 17 Nov. 1976: f17.</ref>
Much of the film was shot on a soundstage in Los Angeles, with location shots in Colorado and New Mexico. For the buffalo scenes, producer Laurentiis hired [[Carlo Rambaldi]] to design an animatronic full-size bison that would slide around on tracks. This was based on his larger-scale work on their previous collaboration ''[[King Kong (1976 film)|King Kong]]'' (1976).<ref>"'Mad as Hell' in Beverly Hills" Lee, Grant. ''Los Angeles Times'' November 17, 1976: f17.</ref>


Actors [[Ed Lauter]] and David Roya were similarly involved in ''King Kong'', along with composer [[John Barry (composer)|John Barry]].
Actors [[Ed Lauter]] and David Roya were similarly involved in ''King Kong'', along with composer [[John Barry (composer)|John Barry]].


==Reception==
==Reception==
===Critical response===
The film had only a sporadic release in various "test engagements" and was not screened for critics.<ref name="murf">Murphy, Arthur D. (September 21, 1977). "Film Reviews: The White Buffalo". ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''. 18.</ref>
The film had only a sporadic release in various "test engagements" and was not screened for critics.<ref name="murf">Murphy, Arthur D. (September 21, 1977). "Film Reviews: The White Buffalo". ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''. 18.</ref>


On [[Metacritic]] the film has a [[weighted mean|weighted average score]] of 25 out of 100, based on 4 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-white-buffalo|title=The White Buffalo (1977) reviews|work=[[Metacritic]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|access-date= April 4, 2020}}</ref>
On [[Metacritic]] the film has a [[weighted mean|weighted average score]] of 25 out of 100, based on 4 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-white-buffalo|title=The White Buffalo (1977) reviews|work=[[Metacritic]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|access-date= April 4, 2020}}</ref> [[Gene Siskel]] of the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' gave the film 2 stars out of 4 and called it "a hunting story to be read in the broadest terms. Hickock, who hates Indians, and Crazy Horse, who hates white men, grow to respect each other through the film. Courage kills racism. It's a shame this theme isn't developed more. The script, based on a Richard Sale novel, instead takes side trips into a standard barroom shootout and a Charles Bronson reunion with an old lady friend (Kim Novak)."<ref>Siskel, Gene (June 8, 1977). "The White Buffalo". ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. Section 2, p. 6.</ref> Arthur D. Murphy of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote, "Withheld for months from reviewers, 'The White Buffalo' is a turkey ... The trade has to wonder how a project like this gets off the ground, when the dialog is enough to invite jeers from an audience. The title beast looks like a hung-over carnival prize despite attempts at camouflage via hokey sound track noise, busy John Barry scoring, murky photography and fast editing."<ref name="murf" /> Gary Arnold of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' stated that the film "is destined for almost instant obscurity in domestic release, a consummation that can't come a minute too soon for director J. Lee Thompson, star Charles Bronson and everyone else in an exposed position on this fiasco." He thought the buffalo looked very fake and "[t]he producer under a white sheet chanting 'boogie-boogie-boogie' would have been more effective."<ref>Arnold, Gary (June 3, 1977). "The Movie". ''[[The Washington Post]]''. B1, B9.</ref> [[Jonathan Rosenbaum]] of ''[[The Monthly Film Bulletin]]'' wrote, "One would have to consult Richard Sale's novel to determine whether the freakish gaps, detours and red herrings are ascribable (in whole or in part) to the original source. As the movie version stands, the bewildering lack of motivation for Hickock's recurring white buffalo nightmare—from which he invariably wakes blasting away with pistols in each hand—suggests, along with a lot of other inponderables, that a great deal of background exposition has either been eliminated or drastically reduced, leaving a peculiarly disassembled narrative in its wake ... Equally bizarre and inexact is the title beast itself—a clumsy mechanical contrivance resembling a giant shaggy toy whose roars bear an uncomfortable similarity to the sounds of a growling stomach."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rosenbaum |first=Jonathan |date=February 1978 |title=The White Buffalo |journal=[[The Monthly Film Bulletin]] |volume=45 |issue=529 |pages=32–33 }}</ref>


[[Gene Siskel]] of the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' gave the film 2 stars out of 4 and called it "a hunting story to be read in the broadest terms. Hickok, who hates Indians, and Crazy Horse, who hates white men, grow to respect each other through the film. Courage kills racism. It's a shame this theme isn't developed more. The script, based on a Richard Sale novel, instead takes side trips into a standard barroom shootout and a Charles Bronson reunion with an old lady friend (Kim Novak)."<ref>Siskel, Gene (June 8, 1977). "The White Buffalo". ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. Section 2, p. 6.</ref>
==Additional notes==
In the film, Wild Bill Hickok often wears dark glasses. There is a factual basis to this characterization. In 1876, Hickok was diagnosed by a doctor in Kansas City, Missouri, with [[glaucoma]] and "ophthalmia". Actually, he was probably afflicted with [[trachoma]], a common vision disorder of the time.


Arthur D. Murphy of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote, "Withheld for months from reviewers, 'The White Buffalo' is a turkey ... The trade has to wonder how a project like this gets off the ground, when the dialog is enough to invite jeers from an audience. The title beast looks like a hung-over carnival prize despite attempts at camouflage via hokey sound track noise, busy John Barry scoring, murky photography and fast editing."<ref name="murf" /> Gary Arnold of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' stated that the film "is destined for almost instant obscurity in domestic release, a consummation that can't come a minute too soon for director J. Lee Thompson, star Charles Bronson and everyone else in an exposed position on this fiasco." He thought the buffalo looked very fake and "[t]he producer under a white sheet chanting 'boogie-boogie-boogie' would have been more effective."<ref>Arnold, Gary (June 3, 1977). "The Movie". ''[[The Washington Post]]''. B1, B9.</ref>
The film screened on TV under the title '''''Hunt to Kill'''''.<ref>HE REJECTS PEEPING-TOM COMEDIES

Ryan, Desmond. ''Philadelphia Inquirer'' 14 Aug. 1983: H.4.</ref>
[[Jonathan Rosenbaum]] of ''[[The Monthly Film Bulletin]]'' wrote, "One would have to consult Richard Sale's novel to determine whether the freakish gaps, detours and red herrings are ascribable (in whole or in part) to the original source. As the movie version stands, the bewildering lack of motivation for Hickok's recurring white buffalo nightmare—from which he invariably wakes blasting away with pistols in each hand—suggests, along with a lot of other inponderables, that a great deal of background exposition has either been eliminated or drastically reduced, leaving a peculiarly disassembled narrative in its wake ... Equally bizarre and inexact is the title beast itself—a clumsy mechanical contrivance resembling a giant shaggy toy whose roars bear an uncomfortable similarity to the sounds of a growling stomach."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rosenbaum |first=Jonathan |date=February 1978 |title=The White Buffalo |journal=[[The Monthly Film Bulletin]] |volume=45 |issue=529 |pages=32–33 }}</ref>

"''The White Buffalo''" holds a 20% rating on [[Rotten Tomatoes]] based on five reviews.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_white_buffalo | title=The White Buffalo - Rotten Tomatoes | website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | date=May 5, 2015 }}</ref>

==Notes==
The film screened on TV under the title '''''Hunt to Kill'''''.<ref>He Rejects Peeping – Tom Comedies, Ryan, Desmond. ''[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]'', August 14, 1983: H.4.</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references />


==External links==
==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0076915|The White Buffalo}}
* {{IMDb title|0076915|The White Buffalo}}
* {{Amg movie|54286}}
* {{AllMovie title|54286}}
* [https://letterboxd.com/film/the-white-buffalo/ The White Buffalo] at Letterbox DVD
* [http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/22290/White-Buffalo-The/ The White Buffalo] at [[TCMDB]]


{{J. Lee Thompson}}
{{J. Lee Thompson}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:White Buffalo, The}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:White Buffalo, The}}
[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1970s Western (genre) drama films]]
[[Category:1977 drama films]]
[[Category:American Western (genre) drama films]]
[[Category:American Western (genre) fantasy films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Crazy Horse]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Wild Bill Hickok]]
[[Category:Films about animals]]
[[Category:Films about animals]]
[[Category:Films about hunters]]
[[Category:Films directed by J. Lee Thompson]]
[[Category:Films scored by John Barry (composer)]]
[[Category:Films scored by John Barry (composer)]]
[[Category:Films directed by J. Lee Thompson]]
[[Category:Films set in 1874]]
[[Category:Films featuring hunters]]
[[Category:Films set in South Dakota]]
[[Category:United Artists films]]
[[Category:United Artists films]]
[[Category:Weird West]]
[[Category:1970s English-language films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Wild Bill Hickok]]
[[Category:1970s American films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Crazy Horse]]

Latest revision as of 02:42, 26 January 2024

For the musician, see The White Buffalo (musician).

The White Buffalo
Theatrical release poster
Directed byJ. Lee Thompson
Written byRichard Sale
Based onnovel by Richard Sale
Produced byPancho Kohner
StarringCharles Bronson
Jack Warden
Will Sampson
Clint Walker
Slim Pickens
Stuart Whitman
Kim Novak
CinematographyPaul Lohmann
Edited byMichael F. Anderson
Music byJohn Barry
Distributed byUnited Artists
Release date
  • May 6, 1977 (1977-05-06)
Running time
97 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$6 million[1]

The White Buffalo is a 1977 fantasy Western film directed by J. Lee Thompson and starring Charles Bronson, Kim Novak, Jack Warden, Slim Pickens and Will Sampson.[2]

Plot

[edit]

Wild Bill Hickok is haunted by his dreams of a giant white buffalo, so much that he travels the West to find the beast. Along the way, Hickok meets the great Lakota warrior Crazy Horse, who is also searching the plains for the giant white buffalo, which has killed Crazy Horse's daughter. Hickok and Crazy Horse team up to kill the elusive buffalo.

(In Plains Indians culture, the white buffalo is a sacred animal that has great spiritual significance; in particular, it plays a crucial role in the history and religion of the Lakota people through the story of White Buffalo Calf Woman.)

Cast

[edit]

Production

[edit]

The film was based on a novel by Richard Sale published in 1975. Reviewing the novel, Larry McMurtry said Sale "chose a topic with great possibilities, turned it into a sharpened stake and proceeded to impale himself on it."[3]

Film rights were bought by Dino De Laurentiis, who signed Sale to adapt the novel. Sale said De Laurentiis was, along with Daryl Zanuck, one of the finest producers he ever worked with.[4]

Bronson signed to make the film in July 1975.[5]

"It's a Moby Dick of the west," said director J. Lee Thompson. "It's a film we hope will work on many levels. On the first it is a wonderful, sensitive story between Wild Bill Hickok and the great Indian chief Crazy Horse. On the second it talks of a man having to find himself, seek his destiny, rid himself of fears and become more human."[1]

Much of the film was shot on a soundstage in Los Angeles, with location shots in Colorado and New Mexico. For the buffalo scenes, producer Laurentiis hired Carlo Rambaldi to design an animatronic full-size bison that would slide around on tracks. This was based on his larger-scale work on their previous collaboration King Kong (1976).[6]

Actors Ed Lauter and David Roya were similarly involved in King Kong, along with composer John Barry.

Reception

[edit]

Critical response

[edit]

The film had only a sporadic release in various "test engagements" and was not screened for critics.[7]

On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 25 out of 100, based on 4 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[8]

Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 2 stars out of 4 and called it "a hunting story to be read in the broadest terms. Hickok, who hates Indians, and Crazy Horse, who hates white men, grow to respect each other through the film. Courage kills racism. It's a shame this theme isn't developed more. The script, based on a Richard Sale novel, instead takes side trips into a standard barroom shootout and a Charles Bronson reunion with an old lady friend (Kim Novak)."[9]

Arthur D. Murphy of Variety wrote, "Withheld for months from reviewers, 'The White Buffalo' is a turkey ... The trade has to wonder how a project like this gets off the ground, when the dialog is enough to invite jeers from an audience. The title beast looks like a hung-over carnival prize despite attempts at camouflage via hokey sound track noise, busy John Barry scoring, murky photography and fast editing."[7] Gary Arnold of The Washington Post stated that the film "is destined for almost instant obscurity in domestic release, a consummation that can't come a minute too soon for director J. Lee Thompson, star Charles Bronson and everyone else in an exposed position on this fiasco." He thought the buffalo looked very fake and "[t]he producer under a white sheet chanting 'boogie-boogie-boogie' would have been more effective."[10]

Jonathan Rosenbaum of The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote, "One would have to consult Richard Sale's novel to determine whether the freakish gaps, detours and red herrings are ascribable (in whole or in part) to the original source. As the movie version stands, the bewildering lack of motivation for Hickok's recurring white buffalo nightmare—from which he invariably wakes blasting away with pistols in each hand—suggests, along with a lot of other inponderables, that a great deal of background exposition has either been eliminated or drastically reduced, leaving a peculiarly disassembled narrative in its wake ... Equally bizarre and inexact is the title beast itself—a clumsy mechanical contrivance resembling a giant shaggy toy whose roars bear an uncomfortable similarity to the sounds of a growling stomach."[11]

"The White Buffalo" holds a 20% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on five reviews.[12]

Notes

[edit]

The film screened on TV under the title Hunt to Kill.[13]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "An Intrepid Gunfighter Meets Fear" Gallo, William. Los Angeles Times July 25, 1976: c1.
  2. ^ Paul Brenner (2008). "The White Buffalo". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 1, 2008.
  3. ^ Two Not Quite Historic Books: Book World NIGHT OF THE SILENT DRUMS. THE WHITE BUFFALO. By John L. Anderson (Seribner's. 406 pp. $9.95) By Richard Sale (Simon & Schuster. 253 pp. $7.95) Reviewed by Larry McMurtry The Washington Post September 22, 1975: B5.
  4. ^ "Looking Up to De Laurentiis" Sale, Richard. Los Angeles Times December 12, 1976: t2.
  5. ^ "A Tribute to a Good Shepherd" Murphy, Mary. Los Angeles Times November 15, 1975: a8.
  6. ^ "'Mad as Hell' in Beverly Hills" Lee, Grant. Los Angeles Times November 17, 1976: f17.
  7. ^ a b Murphy, Arthur D. (September 21, 1977). "Film Reviews: The White Buffalo". Variety. 18.
  8. ^ "The White Buffalo (1977) reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
  9. ^ Siskel, Gene (June 8, 1977). "The White Buffalo". Chicago Tribune. Section 2, p. 6.
  10. ^ Arnold, Gary (June 3, 1977). "The Movie". The Washington Post. B1, B9.
  11. ^ Rosenbaum, Jonathan (February 1978). "The White Buffalo". The Monthly Film Bulletin. 45 (529): 32–33.
  12. ^ "The White Buffalo - Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. May 5, 2015.
  13. ^ He Rejects Peeping – Tom Comedies, Ryan, Desmond. Philadelphia Inquirer, August 14, 1983: H.4.
[edit]
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