Funj people: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|An ethnic group in present-day Sudan}} |
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[[File:King sennar 1821.jpg|thumb|A Sennar King around 1821, a member of the Funj ethnic group.]] |
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{{More references|date=July 2022}} |
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The '''Funj''' are an ethnic group in present-day [[Sudan]]. Their origins are not clearly known, but they are recorded as moving into [[Nubia]] from the [[Sudd]] to the south in the early 16th century, fleeing the pressure of the [[Shilluk people|Shilluk]].<ref>{{Britannica|222412|Funj}}</ref> Arriving in Nubia, they absorbed the empire built up by [[Abdallah Jamma]] and set up the [[Funj Sultanate of Sinnar]] that ruled the area for several centuries. |
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The '''Funj''' are an ethnic group in present-day [[Sudan]]. The Funj set up the [[Funj Sultanate]] with Abdallah Jamma and ruled the area for several centuries. The Funj rose in southern Nubia and had overthrown the remnants of the old Christian kingdom of [[Alodia]]. In 1504 a Funj leader named [[Amara Dunqas]], founded the Black Sultanate at Sannar (the capital). The Black Sultanate soon became the keystone of the Funj Empire. |
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The Funj monarchy had become [[Arabized]] by the time the kingdom collapsed in 1821, adopting [[Arabic language|Arabic]] as their common language.{{fact|date=January 2017}} |
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The origins of the Funj are not clearly known. There is only limited evidence for a pre-Arabic Funj language.{{sfn|Gerhards|2023|p=141}} There are three different hypotheses regarding their origin. The Funj claimed to be descendants of [[Banu Umayya]] through those who escaped the slaughter of their family by the [[Abbasids]] and fled to [[Abyssinia]] and thence into the [[Nubians|Nubian]] territory. Since the [[Ja'alin tribe|Ja'alin]] claimed descent from the Abbasids and the [[Abdallab]] from the [[Juhayna]], the Funj may have claimed Umayyad descent to express their superiority to their subject peoples.{{sfn|Hasan|1967|p=174}} |
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[[James Bruce]], in his book ''[[Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile]]'', theorized that the Funj descend from the [[Shilluk people]]. Bruce wrote his book after 22 years of travel through [[North Africa]] and [[Ethiopia]] in the 18th century. The third hypothesis is that they are descendants of the remnants of the Kingdom of [[Alodia]] Nubians who escaped further south to replenish their supplies and resources and returned to establish their state. The most cited theory is that they are Nubians who mixed with [[Arabs]]. |
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== Notable people == |
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* [[Nasra bint ʿAdlan]], noblewoman and power broker |
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==Notes== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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* {{cite journal |last=Gerhards |first=Gabriel |year=2023 |title=Präarabische Sprachen der Ja‘aliyin und Ababde in der europäischen Literatur des 19. Jahrhunderts |journal=Der Antike Sudan |volume=34 |pages=135–152 |publisher=Sudanarchäologische Gesellschaft zu Berlin e.V |url=https://www.academia.edu/110748602/Pr%C3%A4arabische_Sprachen_der_Ja_aliyin_und_Ababde_in_der_europ%C3%A4ischen_Literatur_des_19_Jahrhunderts |language=German}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Hasan |first=Yusuf Fadl| title=The Arabs and the Sudan From the Seventh to the Early Sixteenth Century |year=1967 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press|oclc=33206034 }} |
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*{{cite journal |last=Spaulding |first=Jay |title=The Funj: A Reconsideration |year=1972 |journal=The Journal of African History |
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|volume=13| issue = 1 |pages=39–53 |publisher=Cambridge University |doi=10.1017/S0021853700000256 |s2cid=161129633 }} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Funj|short=x}} |
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Funj|short=x}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Funj People}} |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Sudan]] |
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[[Category:Muslim communities in Africa]] |
[[Category:Muslim communities in Africa]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Nubians in Sudan]] |
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{{Sudan-ethno-group-stub}} |
{{Sudan-ethno-group-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 15:45, 27 January 2024
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2022) |
The Funj are an ethnic group in present-day Sudan. The Funj set up the Funj Sultanate with Abdallah Jamma and ruled the area for several centuries. The Funj rose in southern Nubia and had overthrown the remnants of the old Christian kingdom of Alodia. In 1504 a Funj leader named Amara Dunqas, founded the Black Sultanate at Sannar (the capital). The Black Sultanate soon became the keystone of the Funj Empire.
The origins of the Funj are not clearly known. There is only limited evidence for a pre-Arabic Funj language.[1] There are three different hypotheses regarding their origin. The Funj claimed to be descendants of Banu Umayya through those who escaped the slaughter of their family by the Abbasids and fled to Abyssinia and thence into the Nubian territory. Since the Ja'alin claimed descent from the Abbasids and the Abdallab from the Juhayna, the Funj may have claimed Umayyad descent to express their superiority to their subject peoples.[2]
James Bruce, in his book Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile, theorized that the Funj descend from the Shilluk people. Bruce wrote his book after 22 years of travel through North Africa and Ethiopia in the 18th century. The third hypothesis is that they are descendants of the remnants of the Kingdom of Alodia Nubians who escaped further south to replenish their supplies and resources and returned to establish their state. The most cited theory is that they are Nubians who mixed with Arabs.
Notable people
[edit]- Nasra bint ʿAdlan, noblewoman and power broker
Notes
[edit]- ^ Gerhards 2023, p. 141.
- ^ Hasan 1967, p. 174.
References
[edit]- Gerhards, Gabriel (2023). "Präarabische Sprachen der Ja'aliyin und Ababde in der europäischen Literatur des 19. Jahrhunderts". Der Antike Sudan (in German). 34. Sudanarchäologische Gesellschaft zu Berlin e.V: 135–152.
- Hasan, Yusuf Fadl (1967). The Arabs and the Sudan From the Seventh to the Early Sixteenth Century. Edinburgh University Press. OCLC 33206034.
- Spaulding, Jay (1972). "The Funj: A Reconsideration". The Journal of African History. 13 (1). Cambridge University: 39–53. doi:10.1017/S0021853700000256. S2CID 161129633.
External links
[edit]- . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
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