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{{Short description|18th-century military units}} |
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| ⚫ | In 1611, the Spanish Dominicans founded in the city of Manila the [[University of Santo Tomas]]. In 1780, in it were created four Militia Companies, without a fixed number of posts, therefore dependent on the total number of pupils studying there.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} In 1785, the termination of these university militias would have been decreed and only when needed would they have been rearmed.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} |
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The '''Royal University Militias''' were eighteenth-century Spanish colonial military units in the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines|Philippines]]. |
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==History and uniformology== |
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| ⚫ | In 1611, the Spanish Dominicans founded in the city of [[Manila]] the [[University of Santo Tomas]]. In 1780, in it were created four Militia Companies, without a fixed number of posts, therefore dependent on the total number of pupils studying there.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} In 1785, the termination of these university militias would have been decreed and only when needed would they have been rearmed.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} |
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This unit wore a green coat lined with white linen, with a red collar and facings. Vest and breeches were also green with gold buttons. Shod with black cordovan shoes and white silk stockings. On their heads they wore a hat made of felt, with three points, with gold braid hemmed at its edge and a red cockade.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} |
This unit wore a green [[Tunic (military)|coat]] lined with white linen, with a red collar and [[Facing colour|facings]]. Vest and breeches were also green with gold buttons. Shod with black [[Shell cordovan|cordovan]] shoes and white silk stockings. On their heads they wore a [[Tricorne|hat]] made of felt, with three points, with gold [[braid]] hemmed at its edge and a red [[cockade]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} |
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These Royal University militia companies were part of the colonial militia organized after the [[British occupation of Manila]]—6 October 1762 through 31 May 1764, or one year, seven months, and twenty-five days—to augment the capabilities of the Spanish colonial army in the Philippines. These Spanish colonial militia units which existed for five years, were first raised in 1762 when two hundred student volunteers were formed into four companies to fight the British. After the disbandment of the Royal University Militias in 1785, the UST military unit would reemerge 151 years later, in 1936, as an American colonial ROTC unit.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} |
These Royal University militia companies were part of the colonial militia organized after the [[British occupation of Manila]]—6 October 1762 through 31 May 1764, or one year, seven months, and twenty-five days—to augment the capabilities of the Spanish colonial army in the Philippines. These Spanish colonial militia units which existed for five years, were first raised in 1762 when two hundred student volunteers were formed into four companies to fight the British. After the disbandment of the Royal University Militias in 1785, the UST military unit would reemerge 151 years later, in 1936, as an American colonial ROTC unit.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} |
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| ⚫ | Until 2001 when compulsory military service was abolished in Spain, [[University Militias]] ([[:es:Milicias Universitarias|Milicias Universitarias]]) also known as I.M.E.C. were a method for Spaniards to fulfill military service obligation. Militiamen who completed military training became reserve officers or reserve non-commissioned officers. The program is still active, and there exists one for each of Spain's services: [[Spanish Army|Army]], [[Spanish Navy (Armada Española)|Navy]] (I.M.E.C.A.R.), and [[Spanish Air Force|Air Force]]. {{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} |
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In the same manner that the Royal University Militias' Spanish uniforms resembled French infantry uniforms of the period [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84269136], the UST ROTC also had French-inspired uniforms consisting of pale-blue [[Dress uniform|full-dress]] coats and trousers whose color resembled the horizon blue of French [[World War I]] field uniforms. The unit also used [[Adrian helmet]] tin replicas, similar to commercially produced aluminum, cork, and felt Adrian helmet replicas privately purchased by French officers for use during parades and ceremonies. UST during this period used uniforms styled after those of France—whose [[French Revolution|Revolution]] inspired the leaders of the [[Philippine Revolution|Revolution]] four decades earlier—probably because the second highest-ranking officer of the [[Philippine Commonwealth Army|American colonial army]] at that time, Brig. Gen. [[Filipinos in the French military|Basilio Valdes]], was a UST graduate who had served in the French military during the Great War, and may have influenced the choice of uniforms at his alma mater. |
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== See also == |
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By contrast, the American colony's other cadet corps sported different looks: khakis and ''guinit'' helmets—which closely resembled British Wolseley [[Pith helmet|sun helmets]], and which were used by the [[University of the Philippines]] even before the colonial regular army had been formed—gave the [[University of the Philippines ROTC|UP Corps of Cadets]] a British appearance; whereas [[Philippine Military Academy|PMA]] remained loyal to the colonial master and opted for West-Point-style uniforms, which at one time were also used by [[Ateneo de Manila University|Ateneo]]. |
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* [[Luzon Grenadiers]] |
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* [[University of Santo Tomas Golden Corps of Cadets]] |
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About 180 years after UST students went to [[Seven Years' War|war]] in 1762, UST students again participated in a [[World war|global conflict]] when UST ROTC cadets became artillerymen of the colonial army's [[2nd Infantry Division (Philippines)|Second Regular Division]], which fought in the [[Battle of Bataan|Bataan]] during the [[Pacific War]]. |
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* [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps (Philippines)]] |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | Until 2001 when compulsory military service was abolished in Spain, [[University Militias]] ([[:es:Milicias Universitarias|Milicias Universitarias]]) also known as I.M.E.C. were a method for Spaniards to fulfill military service obligation. Militiamen who completed military training became reserve officers or reserve non-commissioned officers. The program is still active, and there exists one for each of Spain's services: [[Spanish Army|Army]], [[Spanish Navy (Armada Española)|Navy]] (I.M.E.C.A.R.), and [[Spanish Air Force|Air Force]]. {{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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* Alía Plana, Jesús María. ''El Ejército Español en Filipinas: El Periodo Romántico.'' Madrid: Tabapress, 1993. |
* Alía Plana, Jesús María. ''El Ejército Español en Filipinas: El Periodo Romántico.'' Madrid: Tabapress, 1993. |
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* Ministerio de Defensa. ''Uniformes del Ejército de América y Filipinas.'' Vol. 3: ''(Sur de los Estados Unidos, Real Cuerpo de Ingenieros, Médicos y Oficiales Civiles de la Administratión Militar. Filipinas)'' Madrid: Artegraf |
* Ministerio de Defensa. ''Uniformes del Ejército de América y Filipinas.'' Vol. 3: ''(Sur de los Estados Unidos, Real Cuerpo de Ingenieros, Médicos y Oficiales Civiles de la Administratión Militar. Filipinas)''. Madrid: Artegraf, 1991. |
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* Peña, Ambrosio. ''Bataan's Own''. Manila: Second Regular Division Association, 1967. |
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* Villaroel, Fidel. ''A History of the University of Santo Tomas: Four Centuries of Higher Education in the Philippines (1611-2011)''. Manila: UST Publishing House, 2012. |
* Villaroel, Fidel. ''A History of the University of Santo Tomas: Four Centuries of Higher Education in the Philippines (1611-2011)''. Manila: UST Publishing House, 2012. |
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* [http://www.goldencorps.net The UST Golden Corps] |
* [http://www.goldencorps.net The UST Golden Corps] |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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*[http://miniaturasmilitaresalfonscanovas.blogspot.com/2013/05/filipinas-uniformes-del-siglo-xviii-por.html Filipinas, uniformes del siglo XVIII] |
*[http://miniaturasmilitaresalfonscanovas.blogspot.com/2013/05/filipinas-uniformes-del-siglo-xviii-por.html Filipinas, uniformes del siglo XVIII]. In the top and center illustrations, the third figure from the right is a depiction of a Royal University militiaman. |
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*[http://miniaturasmilitaresalfonscanovas.blogspot.com/2012/08/tropas-de-ultramar-espanolas-del-siglo.html Tropas de ultramar, españolas del siglo XVIII]. The sixth illustration shows a militiaman of the Battalion of the University of Manila in 1780. |
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*[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84269136 Uniformes militaires des troupes françoises et étrangères l'Infanterie Cavalerie Dragons et Hussards]. French eighteenth-century army uniforms, which Spanish uniforms of that period—such as those of the Royal University Militias—resembled. |
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{{UST}} |
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[[Category:Military units and formations of Spain]] |
[[Category:Military units and formations of Spain]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Military history of Manila]] |
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[[Category:University of Santo Tomas]] |
[[Category:University of Santo Tomas]] |
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[[Category:Philippines–Spain military relations]] |
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Latest revision as of 22:34, 28 January 2024
The Royal University Militias were eighteenth-century Spanish colonial military units in the Philippines.
History and uniformology
[edit]In 1611, the Spanish Dominicans founded in the city of Manila the University of Santo Tomas. In 1780, in it were created four Militia Companies, without a fixed number of posts, therefore dependent on the total number of pupils studying there.[citation needed] In 1785, the termination of these university militias would have been decreed and only when needed would they have been rearmed.[citation needed]
This unit wore a green coat lined with white linen, with a red collar and facings. Vest and breeches were also green with gold buttons. Shod with black cordovan shoes and white silk stockings. On their heads they wore a hat made of felt, with three points, with gold braid hemmed at its edge and a red cockade.[citation needed]
These Royal University militia companies were part of the colonial militia organized after the British occupation of Manila—6 October 1762 through 31 May 1764, or one year, seven months, and twenty-five days—to augment the capabilities of the Spanish colonial army in the Philippines. These Spanish colonial militia units which existed for five years, were first raised in 1762 when two hundred student volunteers were formed into four companies to fight the British. After the disbandment of the Royal University Militias in 1785, the UST military unit would reemerge 151 years later, in 1936, as an American colonial ROTC unit.[citation needed]
Until 2001 when compulsory military service was abolished in Spain, University Militias (Milicias Universitarias) also known as I.M.E.C. were a method for Spaniards to fulfill military service obligation. Militiamen who completed military training became reserve officers or reserve non-commissioned officers. The program is still active, and there exists one for each of Spain's services: Army, Navy (I.M.E.C.A.R.), and Air Force. [citation needed]
See also
[edit]- Luzon Grenadiers
- University of Santo Tomas Golden Corps of Cadets
- Reserve Officers' Training Corps (Philippines)
References
[edit]- Alía Plana, Jesús María. El Ejército Español en Filipinas: El Periodo Romántico. Madrid: Tabapress, 1993.
- Ministerio de Defensa. Uniformes del Ejército de América y Filipinas. Vol. 3: (Sur de los Estados Unidos, Real Cuerpo de Ingenieros, Médicos y Oficiales Civiles de la Administratión Militar. Filipinas). Madrid: Artegraf, 1991.
- Villaroel, Fidel. A History of the University of Santo Tomas: Four Centuries of Higher Education in the Philippines (1611-2011). Manila: UST Publishing House, 2012.
- The UST Golden Corps
External links
[edit]- Filipinas, uniformes del siglo XVIII. In the top and center illustrations, the third figure from the right is a depiction of a Royal University militiaman.
- Tropas de ultramar, españolas del siglo XVIII. The sixth illustration shows a militiaman of the Battalion of the University of Manila in 1780.
- Uniformes militaires des troupes françoises et étrangères l'Infanterie Cavalerie Dragons et Hussards. French eighteenth-century army uniforms, which Spanish uniforms of that period—such as those of the Royal University Militias—resembled.