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{{Short description|18th-century military units}} |
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The '''Royal University Militias''' were eighteenth-century Spanish colonial military units in the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines|Philippines]]. |
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==History and uniformology== |
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==Spanish colonial period== |
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In 1611, the Spanish Dominicans founded in the city of Manila the [[University of Santo Tomas]]. In 1780, in it were created four Militia Companies, without a fixed number of posts, therefore dependent on the total number of pupils studying there.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} In 1785, the termination of these university militias would have been decreed and only when needed would they have been rearmed.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} |
In 1611, the Spanish Dominicans founded in the city of [[Manila]] the [[University of Santo Tomas]]. In 1780, in it were created four Militia Companies, without a fixed number of posts, therefore dependent on the total number of pupils studying there.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} In 1785, the termination of these university militias would have been decreed and only when needed would they have been rearmed.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} |
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This unit wore a green coat lined with white linen, with a red collar and facings. Vest and breeches were also green with gold buttons. Shod with black cordovan shoes and white silk stockings. On their heads they wore a hat made of felt, with three points, with gold braid hemmed at its edge and a red cockade.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} |
This unit wore a green [[Tunic (military)|coat]] lined with white linen, with a red collar and [[Facing colour|facings]]. Vest and breeches were also green with gold buttons. Shod with black [[Shell cordovan|cordovan]] shoes and white silk stockings. On their heads they wore a [[Tricorne|hat]] made of felt, with three points, with gold [[braid]] hemmed at its edge and a red [[cockade]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} |
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These Royal University militia companies were part of the colonial militia organized after the [[British occupation of Manila]]—6 October 1762 through 31 May 1764, or one year, seven months, and twenty-five days—to augment the capabilities of the Spanish colonial army in the Philippines. These Spanish colonial militia units which existed for five years, were first raised in 1762 when two hundred student volunteers were formed into four companies to fight the British. After the disbandment of the Royal University Militias in 1785, the UST military unit would reemerge 151 years later, in 1936, as an American colonial ROTC unit.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} |
These Royal University militia companies were part of the colonial militia organized after the [[British occupation of Manila]]—6 October 1762 through 31 May 1764, or one year, seven months, and twenty-five days—to augment the capabilities of the Spanish colonial army in the Philippines. These Spanish colonial militia units which existed for five years, were first raised in 1762 when two hundred student volunteers were formed into four companies to fight the British. After the disbandment of the Royal University Militias in 1785, the UST military unit would reemerge 151 years later, in 1936, as an American colonial ROTC unit.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} |
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| ⚫ | Until 2001 when compulsory military service was abolished in Spain, [[University Militias]] ([[:es:Milicias Universitarias|Milicias Universitarias]]) also known as I.M.E.C. were a method for Spaniards to fulfill military service obligation. Militiamen who completed military training became reserve officers or reserve non-commissioned officers. The program is still active, and there exists one for each of Spain's services: [[Spanish Army|Army]], [[Spanish Navy (Armada Española)|Navy]] (I.M.E.C.A.R.), and [[Spanish Air Force|Air Force]]. {{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} |
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==American colonial period== |
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In the same manner that the Royal University Militias' Spanish uniforms resembled French infantry uniforms of the period, the UST ROTC also had French-inspired uniforms consisting of pale-blue [[Mandarin collar|high-collared]] coats and trousers whose color resembled the horizon blue of French [[World War I]] [[Battledress|field uniforms]]. The unit also used [[Adrian helmet]] tin replicas, similar to commercially produced aluminum, cork, and felt Adrian helmet replicas privately purchased by French officers for use during parades and ceremonies. These Adrian helmet replicas were the first metal helmets used by an ROTC unit in the Philippines. During the mid to late 1930s when UST used uniforms styled after those of France—whose [[French Revolution|Revolution]] inspired the leaders of the [[Philippine Revolution|Revolution]] four decades earlier—Brig. Gen. [[Filipinos in the French military|Basilio Valdes]], who had served in the French military during the [[World War I|Great War]], was associated with UST's ROTC program and is listed as one of its graduates. Cadet officers wore El Oro [[Model 1902 Army Officers' Sword|swords]] with this [[dress uniform]]. |
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By contrast, the American colony's other cadet corps sported different looks: [[Khaki|khakis]] and ''guinit'' helmets—which closely resembled British Wolseley [[Pith helmet|sun helmets]], and which were used by the [[University of the Philippines]] even before the colonial regular army had been formed—gave the UP Corps of Cadets a British appearance; whereas [[Philippine Military Academy|PMA]] remained loyal to the colonial master and opted for West Point-style uniforms, which at one time were also used by [[Ateneo de Manila University|Ateneo]]. |
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* [[University of Santo Tomas Golden Corps of Cadets]] |
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In 1940, field artillery and medical special units were formed in the UST Corps of Cadets. Around this period cadets of UST and those of [[Far Eastern University|FEU]]—which by this time had the colony's largest ROTC unit—wore Spanish-style uniforms. |
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About 180 years after UST students went to [[Seven Years' War|war]] in 1762 for Spain, UST students again participated in a [[World war|global conflict]] when UST ROTC cadets volunteered for regular service and became artillerymen of the [[Philippine Commonwealth Army|American colonial army's]] [[2nd Infantry Division (Philippines)|Second Regular Division]], which fought in [[Battle of Bataan|Bataan]] during the [[Pacific War]]. Prior to [[active duty]], UST cadets and all other ROTC cadets in the Philippines, were ordered to report to their respective commandants to undergo cadre training on 18 December 1941. The [[Rizal Memorial Stadium]] was the training area for all Manila ROTC units, except for UP ROTC which trained beside [[Intramuros]]. A few days later on 23 December all ROTC units were disbanded. After the surrender of the colonial army, some former UST cadets became [[Philippine resistance against Japan|guerrillas]], most notably of the [[Hunters ROTC]]. |
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==Philippine service== |
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UST's ROTC unit was reactivated on 13 September 1946 and in 1949 UST advanced ROTC cadets trained in [[Floridablanca, Pampanga|Floridablanca]] in Pampanga—a province where the ''[[Hukbalahap|Huks]]'' were active early in the [[Cold War]]. At the military installation there, UST cadets were part of a group of pioneering ROTC men, composed mostly of FEU cadets, who received armor training and learned to operate the American [[M3 Stuart|M5 light tank]]. In the 1950s, the Model Battalion began to use a full-dress uniform patterned after the famous traditional uniform—known as Guard of Honour Order, or Guard Order for short—of the UK's [[Brigade of Guards]]. The battalion's distinct headgear, the [[bearskin]], had been used earlier in the eighteenth century by [[grenadier]]s of the King's Regiment of the Spanish colonial army. Other UST cadets wore American-style Class C summer uniforms made of NADECO khaki cloth, and wore various headgears such as the [[Side cap|overseas cap]], the [[Patrol cap|patrol cap]], and the [[Peaked cap|"Pershing" cap]]. Cadets of the Medical Battalion and Military Police Battalion wore American [[M1 helmet]] liners with this uniform. By the following decade uniforms were olive drab, and years later American-style jungle uniforms were used. Cadet officers wore American-style [[West Point Cadets' Sword|cadet swords]] during ceremonies. |
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From the 1950s through the 1970s, while the [[Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea|PEFTOK]] fought in Korea and the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines|AFP]] later faced the threat of [[Communist insurgency in the Philippines|Communist rebels]]{{dn|date=June 2018}} and [[Moro conflict|Secessionists]] in southern Philippines, the highest standards of training were maintained in the cadet corps. |
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| ⚫ | Until 2001 when compulsory military service was abolished in Spain, [[University Militias]] ([[:es:Milicias Universitarias|Milicias Universitarias]]) also known as I.M.E.C. were a method for Spaniards to fulfill military service obligation. Militiamen who completed military training became reserve officers or reserve non-commissioned officers. The program is still active, and there exists one for each of Spain's services: [[Spanish Army|Army]], [[Spanish Navy (Armada Española)|Navy]] (I.M.E.C.A.R.), and [[Spanish Air Force|Air Force]]. {{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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* Ancheta, Celedonio A., ed. ''Historic Documents of World War II in the Philippines.'' Vol. 3: ''Triumph in the Philippines, 1941-1946 (The Saga of Bataan and Corregidor).'' Metro Manila: National Book Store, 1978. |
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* Agoncillo, Teodoro A. ''The Fateful Years: Japan's Adventure in the Philippines, 1941-45.'' 2 vols. Quezon City: R. P. Garcia Publishing Co., 1965. |
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* Alía Plana, Jesús María. ''El Ejército Español en Filipinas: El Periodo Romántico.'' Madrid: Tabapress, 1993. |
* Alía Plana, Jesús María. ''El Ejército Español en Filipinas: El Periodo Romántico.'' Madrid: Tabapress, 1993. |
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* Atilano, Bernardo David. ''End of the Trail.'' Santa Fe: Sunstone Press, 2017. |
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* Cornejo, Miguel R., ed. ''Cornejo's Commonwealth Directory of the Philippines.'' Manila: Miguel R. Cornejo, 1939. |
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* De Vera, Ruel S. ''The Zero Hour: The Personal War of Basilio J. Valdes.'' Makati City: Bookmark, 2001. |
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* Jose, Ricardo Trota. ''The Philippine Army, 1935-1942.'' Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1992. |
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* Manila. Presidential Museum and Library. "Histogravure of Manuel L. Quezon." |
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* McCoy, Alfred W. ''Closer than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy.'' New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1999; reprint ed., Manila: Anvil Publishing, n.d. |
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* Ministerio de Defensa. ''Uniformes del Ejército de América y Filipinas.'' Vol. 3: ''(Sur de los Estados Unidos, Real Cuerpo de Ingenieros, Médicos y Oficiales Civiles de la Administratión Militar. Filipinas)''. Madrid: Artegraf, 1991. |
* Ministerio de Defensa. ''Uniformes del Ejército de América y Filipinas.'' Vol. 3: ''(Sur de los Estados Unidos, Real Cuerpo de Ingenieros, Médicos y Oficiales Civiles de la Administratión Militar. Filipinas)''. Madrid: Artegraf, 1991. |
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* Mojica, Proculo L. ''Terry's Hunters (The True Story of the Hunters ROTC Guerrillas).'' Manila: n.p., 1965. |
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* Nuval, Leonardo Q. ''Pass in Review: The ROTC Cadets During World War II.'' Manila: Veterans Federation of the Philippines, 2001. |
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* Peña, Ambrosio. ''Bataan's Own''. Manila: Second Regular Division Association, 1967. |
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* Santos, Vic S. ''Almanac ng R.O.T.C.-N.S.T.P.'' Vol. 2: ''Para sa Advance R.O.T.C., at C.W.T.S./L.T.S.'' Makati City: GJMCV Publishing Enterprises, 2007. |
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* Villaroel, Fidel. ''A History of the University of Santo Tomas: Four Centuries of Higher Education in the Philippines (1611-2011)''. Manila: UST Publishing House, 2012. |
* Villaroel, Fidel. ''A History of the University of Santo Tomas: Four Centuries of Higher Education in the Philippines (1611-2011)''. Manila: UST Publishing House, 2012. |
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* [http://www.goldencorps.net The UST Golden Corps] |
* [http://www.goldencorps.net The UST Golden Corps] |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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*[http://miniaturasmilitaresalfonscanovas.blogspot.com/2013/05/filipinas-uniformes-del-siglo-xviii-por.html Filipinas, uniformes del siglo XVIII]. In the top and center illustrations, the third figure from the right is a depiction of a Royal University militiaman. |
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*[http://miniaturasmilitaresalfonscanovas.blogspot.com/2012/08/tropas-de-ultramar-espanolas-del-siglo.html Tropas de ultramar, españolas del siglo XVIII]. The sixth illustration shows a militiaman of the Battalion of the University of Manila in 1780. |
*[http://miniaturasmilitaresalfonscanovas.blogspot.com/2012/08/tropas-de-ultramar-espanolas-del-siglo.html Tropas de ultramar, españolas del siglo XVIII]. The sixth illustration shows a militiaman of the Battalion of the University of Manila in 1780. |
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*[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84269136 Uniformes militaires des troupes françoises et étrangères l'Infanterie Cavalerie Dragons et Hussards]. French eighteenth-century army uniforms, which Spanish uniforms of that |
*[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84269136 Uniformes militaires des troupes françoises et étrangères l'Infanterie Cavalerie Dragons et Hussards]. French eighteenth-century army uniforms, which Spanish uniforms of that period—such as those of the Royal University Militias—resembled. |
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*[http://patrimoine5rg.free.fr/musee/uniformes/1914_1940/cne22.html ''Capitaine du 5 ème Genie, en tenue de ville modèle 1922, juin 1928'']. A 1920s horizon blue dress uniform of a captain of the French Fifth Engineer Regiment, which the first UST ROTC cadet uniform resembles. |
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{{UST}} |
{{UST}} |
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[[Category:Military units and formations of Spain]] |
[[Category:Military units and formations of Spain]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Military history of Manila]] |
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[[Category:University of Santo Tomas]] |
[[Category:University of Santo Tomas]] |
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[[Category:Philippines–Spain military relations]] |
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Latest revision as of 22:34, 28 January 2024
The Royal University Militias were eighteenth-century Spanish colonial military units in the Philippines.
History and uniformology
[edit]In 1611, the Spanish Dominicans founded in the city of Manila the University of Santo Tomas. In 1780, in it were created four Militia Companies, without a fixed number of posts, therefore dependent on the total number of pupils studying there.[citation needed] In 1785, the termination of these university militias would have been decreed and only when needed would they have been rearmed.[citation needed]
This unit wore a green coat lined with white linen, with a red collar and facings. Vest and breeches were also green with gold buttons. Shod with black cordovan shoes and white silk stockings. On their heads they wore a hat made of felt, with three points, with gold braid hemmed at its edge and a red cockade.[citation needed]
These Royal University militia companies were part of the colonial militia organized after the British occupation of Manila—6 October 1762 through 31 May 1764, or one year, seven months, and twenty-five days—to augment the capabilities of the Spanish colonial army in the Philippines. These Spanish colonial militia units which existed for five years, were first raised in 1762 when two hundred student volunteers were formed into four companies to fight the British. After the disbandment of the Royal University Militias in 1785, the UST military unit would reemerge 151 years later, in 1936, as an American colonial ROTC unit.[citation needed]
Until 2001 when compulsory military service was abolished in Spain, University Militias (Milicias Universitarias) also known as I.M.E.C. were a method for Spaniards to fulfill military service obligation. Militiamen who completed military training became reserve officers or reserve non-commissioned officers. The program is still active, and there exists one for each of Spain's services: Army, Navy (I.M.E.C.A.R.), and Air Force. [citation needed]
See also
[edit]- Luzon Grenadiers
- University of Santo Tomas Golden Corps of Cadets
- Reserve Officers' Training Corps (Philippines)
References
[edit]- Alía Plana, Jesús María. El Ejército Español en Filipinas: El Periodo Romántico. Madrid: Tabapress, 1993.
- Ministerio de Defensa. Uniformes del Ejército de América y Filipinas. Vol. 3: (Sur de los Estados Unidos, Real Cuerpo de Ingenieros, Médicos y Oficiales Civiles de la Administratión Militar. Filipinas). Madrid: Artegraf, 1991.
- Villaroel, Fidel. A History of the University of Santo Tomas: Four Centuries of Higher Education in the Philippines (1611-2011). Manila: UST Publishing House, 2012.
- The UST Golden Corps
External links
[edit]- Filipinas, uniformes del siglo XVIII. In the top and center illustrations, the third figure from the right is a depiction of a Royal University militiaman.
- Tropas de ultramar, españolas del siglo XVIII. The sixth illustration shows a militiaman of the Battalion of the University of Manila in 1780.
- Uniformes militaires des troupes françoises et étrangères l'Infanterie Cavalerie Dragons et Hussards. French eighteenth-century army uniforms, which Spanish uniforms of that period—such as those of the Royal University Militias—resembled.