Jonge Thomas: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Dutch ship ( |
{{Short description|Dutch ship (1764–1773)}} |
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{{Draft topics|western-europe|transportation}} |
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{{AfC submission/draft}} |
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{|{{Infobox ship begin|infobox caption=''Jonge Thomas'' |display title=ital}} |
{|{{Infobox ship begin|infobox caption=''Jonge Thomas'' |display title=ital}} |
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|Ship completed=1764 |
|Ship completed=1764 |
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|Ship launched= |
|Ship launched= |
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|Ship fate=[[Shipwreck|Wrecked]] on 25 July 1773 |
|Ship fate=[[Shipwreck|Wrecked]] on 25 July 1773 |
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}} |
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{{Infobox ship characteristics |
{{Infobox ship characteristics |
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'''''Jonge Thomas''''', also written as '''''De Jonge Thomas''''' was an 18th-century [[East Indiaman]] of the [[Dutch East India Company]]. |
'''''Jonge Thomas''''', also written as '''''De Jonge Thomas''''' was an 18th-century [[East Indiaman]] of the [[Dutch East India Company]]. |
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''Jonge Thomas'' was a merchant ship who sailed several times to the [[Dutch East Indies]] and China. During her fourth voyage she wrecked at [[Table Bay]]. [[Wolraad Woltemade]] and his horse successfully entered the water seven times and rescued fourteen people. He and his horse died during the eighth attempt.<ref>{{Cite book|url= https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/oord002mooi01_01/oord002mooi01_01_0011.php |title= Mooi Annie of de schipbreukelinge {{!}} Chapter 3: "De schipbreuk der 'Jonge Thomas.'"|via=[[Digital Library for Dutch Literature]]|date=1898|language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/wolraad-woltemade-drowns-sea-after-saving-14-people-sinking-ship |title=Wolraad Woltemade drowns at sea after saving 14 people from a sinking ship|work=South African History Online|date=15 March 2022}}</ref> The ship had 296-360 crew members, hunders of them would have drowned.<ref name=VOC /> |
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During the last part of her fifth return voyage from Batavia, Dutch East Indies, she wrecked 25 July 1779 near [[Dishoek]]. Around 49 people drowned. 87 crew members were rescued during the rescue operation initiated by {{ill|Frans Naerebout|nl}}. The rescuers were rewarded, Naerebout became famous and received after his death a statue at [[Vlissingen]]. Pilot Thijs Wiegman was blamed for the disaster and was severely punished. |
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A range of depictions were made of the sinking of the ship and the rescue operation; |
A range of depictions were made of the sinking of the ship and the rescue operation; multiple of them are in the [[Yale Center for British Art]] collection and collection of the [[Rijksmuseum]] in Amsterdam. |
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==Ship details== |
==Ship details== |
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''Jonge Thomas'' was built in 1764 in [[Amsterdam]] for the {{ill|Chamber of Amsterdam|nl|VOC-Kamer Amsterdam}}. She was made of wood and was 150 feet long. She had a loading capacity of 1150 tons and a capacity for up to 360 crew members.<ref name=VOC>{{Cite web|url= https://www.vocsite.nl/schepen/11028/ |title= Jonge Thomas (1764)|work=vocsite.nl |
''Jonge Thomas'' was built in 1764 in [[Amsterdam]] for the {{ill|Chamber of Amsterdam|nl|VOC-Kamer Amsterdam}}. She was made of wood and was 150 feet long. She had a loading capacity of 1150 tons and a capacity for up to 360 crew members.<ref name=VOC>{{Cite web|url= https://www.vocsite.nl/schepen/11028/ |title= Jonge Thomas (1764)|work=vocsite.nl|language=nl}}</ref> |
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==History and fate== |
==History and fate== |
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On 25 October 1765 she made her first voyage to [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] under command of Jacob Wiebe. She had an intermediate stop at [[Cape of Good Hope]] for two weeks in March 1766 and arrived at Batavia on 25 June 1766. She continued the same year to Canton, China. |
On 25 October 1765 she made her first voyage to [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] under command of Jacob Wiebe. She had an intermediate stop at [[Cape of Good Hope]] for two weeks in March 1766 and arrived at Batavia on 25 June 1766. She continued the same year to Canton, China.<ref name=VOC /> |
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In total the ship completed three voyages to the Dutch East Indies. |
In total the ship completed three voyages to the Dutch East Indies.<ref name=VOC /> |
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During her fourth voyage to the Dutch East Indies, |
During her fourth voyage to the Dutch East Indies, storm she lost her anchors during a storm and ran aground on a sand bar at [[Table Bay]] near [[Cape of Good Hope]]. Many lives were lost as the ship started to break up but a substantial number of survivors were left clinging to the hull. The stricken ship was not too far from dry land and many sailors attempted to swim ashore. Most of those who did so perished; the water was cold and the current from the nearby Salt River too great. Except for the very strongest swimmers, those who headed for the shore were carried out to sea.<ref name=VOC /> |
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During the last part of her fifth return voyage, she sailed together with ship ''Groenendaal'', under the guidance of war frigate ''Boeras'' through the [[English Channel]] on 21 July 1779. Near [[Beachy Head]] there was a [[pilot boat]] to guide the boats along the coast of [[Zeeland]]. However the pilot boat was not able to reach the three ships, and the three ships didn’t see the pilot boat and sailed on. The next day a signal was sent for a pilot boat near the coast, but the signal was not recognized.<ref name=Dissel2017 /> |
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''Woestduin'' sailed for the {{ill|Chamber of Zeeland|nl|VOC-kamer Zeeland}} and had [[Middelburg]] as its final destination. ''Groenendaal'' sailed for the Chamber of Amsterdam with final destination [[Marsdiep]]. A ship's council was held on board the ''Woestduin'' to discuss whether the ships would continue sailing or would wait for a pilot. The captain of the ''Boreas'' wanted to continue. He came up with the solution that the pilot on the ''Boreas'' was transferred to the ''Woestduin''. This pilot, Thijs Wiegman, was a [[Texel]] pilot who was not familiar with the situation of the coast of Zeeland, but there was confidence that he could do the job with his 37 years experience as a pilot.<ref name=Dissel2017>{{cite web |last=van Dissel|first=A.M.C. |url= https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2606611/view |title= Responsabiliteit van het Redden {{!}} Over schip, goed en schipbreukeling in de vroegmoderne tijd |page=60-63|date=31 August 2017|publisher=[[Leiden University]]|accessdate=10 December 2023|language=nl}}</ref> |
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After the ''Woestduin'' explored the coast of [[Walcheren]] on 23 July, the pilot and crew decided to wait until the next day due to the bad weather. On 24 July at 11:00 am the ship ran aground near [[Zoutelande]]. In the afternoon ''Woestduin'' fired emergency shots. They were seen on the coast, but no rescue effort was initialized. Seven men did not wait for help and got into the ship's sloop and with great difficulty they managed to reach the coast.<ref name=Dissel2017 /> In the evening at 8pm the masts and rigging of the ''Woestduin'' were cut down.<ref name=VOC /> After the [[rudder]] was smashed to pieces by the sea, entire ship was smashed to pieces by midnight near [[Dishoek]].<ref name=Dissel2017 /><ref name=VOC /> |
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==Rescue operation== |
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[[File:Portret van Frans Naerebout.jpg|thumb|{{ill|Frans Naerebout|nl}} became a hero through the rescue operation, here depicted with his received medal]] |
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On 24 July pilot and fisherman {{ill|Frans Naerebout|nl}} from [[Vlissingen]] heard about the ''Woestduin''. Naerebout together with his brother Jacob, had done in the past already several successfull rescue attempts, including of warship ''Bruinswyk'' in 1776. A Dutch East India Company official in Vlissingen didn't dare to start a rescue operation due to the bad weather.<ref name=Dissel2017 /> However, Naerebout and his brother were able to recruit 10 other people for a rescue operation.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://picryl.com/amp/media/redding-van-de-opvarenden-van-de-woestduin-1779-39b3a4 |title=De Gebroeders Naerebout redden 87 Schepelingen|work= Redding van de opvarenden van de Woestduin|date=1979|via=picryl.com|language=nl}}</ref> Due to the bad weather, they had to wait until the tide changed to enter the water. Frans stayed awake until the middle of the night for the best moment to start the rescue operation. After a highly riskfull operation the managed to rescue 71 men by 4am. After their return they went out again were able to rescue another 16 people. After their return, the Naerebout brothers received a warm welcome.<ref name=Dissel2017 /><ref>{{cite news|url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010967571:mpeg21:a0021|work= Hollandsche historische courant|date=30 December 1779|title=Dag Register {{!}} July|via=[[Delpher]]}}</ref> |
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Not all people were rescued, about 49 people drowned.<ref name=VOC /> |
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Frans Naerebout became a permanent pilot of the Dutch East India Company.<ref name=VOC /> The rescuers were honored by the [[Koninklijke Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen]] and received a medal and money. In the speech the emphasis was placed on humanity and individual performance. The Dutch East India Company rewarded the rescuers with an amount of 300 Flemish pounds. Archival research shows that the rescue of the people was a side issue for the VOC, where their priority was the question of guilt and the salvage of the valuable cargo.<ref name=Dissel2017 /> |
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The heroic rescue operation of the ''Woestduin'' was extensive described in poems by De Bellamy, Loosjes and Rhijnvis Feitn.<ref>Inscription on [[:commons:File:Frans Naerebout Infotafel (Vlissingen).jpg|monument of Frans Naerebout]]</ref> In the year after his death, Frans Naereout got a statue in Vlissingen in 1919.<ref>Inscription on [[:commons:File:Vlissingen-116910.ogv|video of the monument's unveiling of Frans Naereout]]</ref> |
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==Aftermath== |
==Aftermath== |
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[[File:Woltemade op een centsprent.jpg|thumb|[[Catchpenny print]]: rescuing people with in the background the sinking ''Jonge Thomas'']] |
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===Investigation=== |
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A crowd of spectators stood on the beach. Some came to watch, others to try to help and yet others were hoping to loot the cargo that was being washed ashore. A detachment of soldiers was in attendance to keep order among the spectators. Governor [[Joachim van Plettenberg]] sent 30 soldiers to the beach, to guard the ship and prevent washed-up cargo from being stolen. [[Wolraad Woltemade]], father of one of the soldiers, went to the beach to bring him food. After seeing the sinking ship he went with his horse into the water. Seven times he returned out of the water rescuing fourteen people; two people every time. During the eight rescue attempt he drowned with his horse due to fatigue and due to desperate sailors who cling to the horse.<ref name=VOC /> |
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Quickly after the disaster, the VOC started an investigation into the cause of the disaster. After ten meetings of the board of the VOC, they concluded that the ignorance of pilot Thijs Wiegman was the cause of the disaster. Wiegman was severely punished. He was flogged, branded and prisoned for six months. After that he was banished from Zeeland.<ref name=Dissel2017 /> |
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He became famous for his heroic deed. Among others in 1774 a VOC ship was named after him, and a statue was made of him.<ref name=VOC /> |
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===Cargo=== |
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Next to the question of the cause of the disaster, the VOC was mainly concerned of salvaging cargo. Abraham in 't Anker of the VOC was sent to salvage the cargo. The government sent fifty men to the beaches of Vlissingen to patrol and arrest beachcombers. However, goods that washed ashore were taken by the local people despite government control. Some of these items were later given to person responsible for the found items. The VOC hired divers to salvage goods, but this was not very successful. The VOC made a list of all recovered goods; the revenue of the sale of these goods and the amount they had to pay to the various fishermen who brought back goods.<ref name=Dissel2017 /> |
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==Depictions== |
==Depictions== |
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A number of depictions were made of the disaster of ''Jonge Thomas'', multiple of them are now in collections of museums, the [[Yale Center for British Art]] collection and collection of the [[Rijksmuseum]] in Amsterdam. |
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[[Yale Center for British Art]] |
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{{ill|Engel Hoogerheyden|nl}} (1740-1807) made together with Czech-Dutch engraver [[Mathias de Sallieth]] (1749-1791) and engraver [[Arend Wzn Fokke]] a series of four copper engravings of the destruction of the ''Woestduin''.<ref name=VOC /> |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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File:George Romney - Wolgemuth Rescuing the Shipwrecked off the Cape of Good Hope - Google Art Project.jpg|Drawing by [[George Romney (painter)|George Romney]]<br>([[Yale Center for British Art]] collection) |
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File:Het schip Woestduin loopt vast op de Noorderrassen, 1779 Het vast-zeilen van het O.J.Comp. schip Woestduyn, op de Noorder-rassen. den 24 July 1779 (titel op object) De Gebroeders Naerebout redden de, RP-P-OB-85.034.jpg|''Woestduin'' in distress |
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File:Heldendood van Woltemade bij Kaap de Goede Hoop, 1773.jpg|Drawing by [[Walraad Nieuwhoff]], after [[Haatje Pieters Oosterhuis]]<br>([[Rijksmuseum]] collection) |
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File:Kappen van de masten van het schip Woestduin, 1779 Het kappen van tuig en masten van het O.I. Comp. Schip Woestduyn, op den 24 July des avonds om 8 uren 1779 (titel op object), RP-P-OB-52.208.jpg|Cutting down the masts |
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File:Het schip Woestduin slaat aan stukken, 1779 Het aan stukken slaan van het O.I.Comp. schip Woestduyn des nachts tusschen 10 en 12 Uuren op den 24 July 1779 (titel op object) De Gebroeders Naerebout r, RP-P-OB-85.036.jpg|''Woestduin'' smashed to pieces |
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File:Redden van de opvarenden van het schip Woestduin, 1779 Het redden van 't volk van de wrakken van het O.I.Comp. schip Woestduyn des Morgens vroeg op den 25 July 1779 (titel op object) De Gebroeders N, RP-P-OB-85.037.jpg|The rescue operation |
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</gallery> |
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The [[Rijksmuseum]] in Amsterdam has in their collection also a number of other depictions of the disaster of the ''Woestduin'' and rescue operation. |
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<gallery> |
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File:Redding van de opvarenden van de Woestduin, 1779 Het Blyven van 't O I Compagnie-schip Woestduyn, voor de Zeeuwsche-Kust (titel op object), RP-P-OB-85.038.jpg|Depiction by [[Dirk de Jong]] |
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File:Schipbreuk van de Woestduin, 1779 't Verongelukken van 't O.I. Comp. Retourschip Woestduijn voor Zeeland op de Noorder-Rasse, den 24 July 1779 (titel op object), RP-P-OB-85.039.jpg|anonymous depiction |
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File:Redding van de opvarenden van de Woestduin, 1779 De gebroeders Naerebout redden 87 Schepelingen (titel op object), RP-P-OB-85.040.jpg|anonymous depiction |
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File:Gebroeders Naerebout redden de opvarenden van de Woestduin, 1779, RP-T-00-1461.jpg|Depiction by [[Jacobus Buys]] |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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==Wreck== |
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The wreck is protected under the National Heritage Resources Act, No. 25 of 1999. The wreck of ''Jonge Thomas'' was reportedly salvaged by the African Salvage Corporation Ltd. However more information about the salvaging has not been published.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://mass.cultureelerfgoed.nl/jonge-thomas |title= Jonge Thomas (+1773)|work=Cultureel Erfgoed|language=nl}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Jonge Thomas}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jonge Thomas}} |
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{{Draft categories| |
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[[Category:Ships of the Dutch East India Company]] |
[[Category:Ships of the Dutch East India Company]] |
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[[Category:1764 ships]] |
[[Category:1764 ships]] |
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[[Category:Shipwrecks of South Africa]] |
[[Category:Shipwrecks of South Africa]] |
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[[Category:1770s in the Dutch Empire]] |
[[Category:1770s in the Dutch Empire]] |
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[[Category:1770s in Africa]] |
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[[Category:1770s disasters]] |
[[Category:1770s disasters]] |
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[[Category:Ships built in Amsterdam]] |
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Latest revision as of 15:12, 29 January 2024
Jonge Thomas in distress in 1773
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History | |
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Dutch Republic | |
Name | Jonge Thomas |
Owner | |
Completed | 1764 |
Fate | Wrecked on 25 July 1773 |
General characteristics | |
Type | East Indiaman |
Length | 150 feet[1] |
Capacity | loading capacity: 1150 tons [1] |
Crew | 296-360[1] |
Jonge Thomas, also written as De Jonge Thomas was an 18th-century East Indiaman of the Dutch East India Company.
Jonge Thomas was a merchant ship who sailed several times to the Dutch East Indies and China. During her fourth voyage she wrecked at Table Bay. Wolraad Woltemade and his horse successfully entered the water seven times and rescued fourteen people. He and his horse died during the eighth attempt.[2][3] The ship had 296-360 crew members, hunders of them would have drowned.[1]
A range of depictions were made of the sinking of the ship and the rescue operation; multiple of them are in the Yale Center for British Art collection and collection of the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.
Ship details
[edit]Jonge Thomas was built in 1764 in Amsterdam for the Chamber of Amsterdam . She was made of wood and was 150 feet long. She had a loading capacity of 1150 tons and a capacity for up to 360 crew members.[1]
History and fate
[edit]On 25 October 1765 she made her first voyage to Batavia under command of Jacob Wiebe. She had an intermediate stop at Cape of Good Hope for two weeks in March 1766 and arrived at Batavia on 25 June 1766. She continued the same year to Canton, China.[1]
In total the ship completed three voyages to the Dutch East Indies.[1]
During her fourth voyage to the Dutch East Indies, storm she lost her anchors during a storm and ran aground on a sand bar at Table Bay near Cape of Good Hope. Many lives were lost as the ship started to break up but a substantial number of survivors were left clinging to the hull. The stricken ship was not too far from dry land and many sailors attempted to swim ashore. Most of those who did so perished; the water was cold and the current from the nearby Salt River too great. Except for the very strongest swimmers, those who headed for the shore were carried out to sea.[1]
Aftermath
[edit]A crowd of spectators stood on the beach. Some came to watch, others to try to help and yet others were hoping to loot the cargo that was being washed ashore. A detachment of soldiers was in attendance to keep order among the spectators. Governor Joachim van Plettenberg sent 30 soldiers to the beach, to guard the ship and prevent washed-up cargo from being stolen. Wolraad Woltemade, father of one of the soldiers, went to the beach to bring him food. After seeing the sinking ship he went with his horse into the water. Seven times he returned out of the water rescuing fourteen people; two people every time. During the eight rescue attempt he drowned with his horse due to fatigue and due to desperate sailors who cling to the horse.[1]
He became famous for his heroic deed. Among others in 1774 a VOC ship was named after him, and a statue was made of him.[1]
Depictions
[edit]A number of depictions were made of the disaster of Jonge Thomas, multiple of them are now in collections of museums, the Yale Center for British Art collection and collection of the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.
Wreck
[edit]The wreck is protected under the National Heritage Resources Act, No. 25 of 1999. The wreck of Jonge Thomas was reportedly salvaged by the African Salvage Corporation Ltd. However more information about the salvaging has not been published.[4]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Jonge Thomas (1764)". vocsite.nl (in Dutch).
- ^ Mooi Annie of de schipbreukelinge | Chapter 3: "De schipbreuk der 'Jonge Thomas.'" (in Dutch). 1898 – via Digital Library for Dutch Literature.
- ^ "Wolraad Woltemade drowns at sea after saving 14 people from a sinking ship". South African History Online. 15 March 2022.
- ^ "Jonge Thomas (+1773)". Cultureel Erfgoed (in Dutch).