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{{Short description|Group of sea urchins}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Irregularia
| name = Irregularia
| image = Echinocardium_cordatum.jpg
| image = Echinocardium_cordatum.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Echinocardium|Echinocardium cordatum]]''
| image_caption = ''[[Echinocardium|Echinocardium cordatum]]''
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Lower Jurassic|recent}}
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Lower Jurassic|recent}}
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| taxon = Irregularia
⚫
| authority = Latreille, 1825
| phylum = [[Echinodermata]]
| classis = [[Echinoidea]]
| infraclassis = '''Irregularia'''
⚫
| infraclassis_authority = Latreille, 1825
| subdivision_ranks = Superorders
| subdivision_ranks = Superorders
| subdivision =
| subdivision =
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}}
}}


'''Irregularia''' is an [[extant taxon|extant]] infraclass of [[sea urchin]]s that first appeared in the Lower [[Jurassic]].
'''Irregularia''' is an [[extant taxon|extant]] infraclass of [[sea urchin]]s that first appeared in the Lower [[Jurassic]].


== Description and characteristics ==
== Description and characteristics ==
These particular sea urchins are distinguished from other sea urchins by their irregular shape : the anus and often even the mouth are no more at the two poles of the test, creating a bilateral symmetry instead of the classical 5-fold symmetry of [[echinoderm]]s. The group includes the well known [[Spatangoida|heart urchin]]s, as well as flattened [[sand dollar]]s, [[Clypeasteroida|sea biscuits]] and some other forms. Most of them live inside the sediment, movin in thanks to their particular spines, and feed on its organic fraction.
These particular sea urchins are distinguished from other sea urchins by their irregular shape: the anus and often even the mouth are at the two poles of the test, creating a bilateral symmetry instead of the classical 5-fold symmetry of [[echinoderm]]s. The group includes the well known [[Spatangoida|heart urchin]]s, as well as flattened [[sand dollar]]s, [[Clypeasteroida|sea biscuits]] and some other forms. Most of them live inside the sediment, moving in thanks to their particular spines, and feed on its organic fraction.


<gallery style="text-align:center;" mode="packed">
<gallery style="text-align:center;" mode="packed">
Image:Heart urchin Spatangoida 1380049 Nevit.jpg|<center>Test of a [[spatangoida|spatangoid]] (oral face) : the mouth is on the right and the anus on the left.</center>
Image:Heart urchin Spatangoida 1380049 Nevit.jpg|{{center|Test of a [[spatangoida|spatangoid]] (oral face): the mouth is on the right and the anus on the left.}}
Image:Echinocyamus pusillus.jpg|<center>''[[Echinocyamus pusillus]]''. </center>
Image:Echinocyamus pusillus.jpg|{{center|''[[Echinocyamus pusillus]]''. }}
Image:Keyhole sand dollar 01.jpg|<center>Test of a ''[[Mellita quinquiesperforata]]''. </center>
Image:Keyhole sand dollar 01.jpg|{{center|Test of a ''[[Mellita quinquiesperforata]]''. }}
Image:Live Sand Dollar trying to bury itself in beach sand.jpg|<center>A "[[Scutellina|sand dollar]]" in its environnement.</center>
Image:Live Sand Dollar trying to bury itself in beach sand.jpg|{{center|A "[[sand dollar]]" in its environment.}}
</gallery>
</gallery>
<gallery style="text-align:center;" mode="packed">
<gallery style="text-align:center;" mode="packed">
Image:Clypeaster reticulatus both sides.jpg|<center>''[[Clypeaster reticulatus]]'' (family ''[[Clypeasteridae]]'').</center>
Image:Clypeaster reticulatus both sides.jpg|{{center|''[[Clypeaster reticulatus]]'' (family ''[[Clypeasteridae]]'').}}
Image:Encope emarginata (Leske, 1778) derivate 2013.jpg|<center>''[[Encope emarginata]]'' (aboral and oral faces) drawn by [[Ernst Haeckel]] (1904). </center>
Image:Encope emarginata (Leske, 1778) derivate 2013.jpg|{{center|''[[Encope emarginata]]'' (aboral and oral faces) drawn by [[Ernst Haeckel]] (1904). }}
Image :Clypeaster rosaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) derivate 2013.jpg|<center>''[[Clypeaster rosaceus]]'', ''ibid''. </center>
Image :Clypeaster rosaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) derivate 2013.jpg|{{center|''[[Clypeaster rosaceus]]'', ''ibid''. }}
Image:Clypeaster aegypticus (inside).JPG|<center>Many slices of a ''[[Clypeaster aegypticus]]'', showing buttresses and pillars.</center>
Image:Clypeaster aegypticus (inside).JPG|{{center|Many slices of a ''[[Clypeaster aegypticus]]'', showing buttresses and pillars.}}
</gallery>
</gallery>


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[[Image:MHNT_-_Hemipneustes_pyrenaicus_-_1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Fossil of an ''[[Hemipneustes pyrenaicus]]'' ([[Holasteroida]]).]]
[[Image:MHNT_-_Hemipneustes_pyrenaicus_-_1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Fossil of an ''[[Hemipneustes pyrenaicus]]'' ([[Holasteroida]]).]]
[[Image:Ruhrmuseum-Ebene-12-Naturkunde3784.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Fossil of a ''[[Conulus subroundatus]]'' ([[Echinoneoida]]).]]
[[Image:Ruhrmuseum-Ebene-12-Naturkunde3784.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Fossil of a ''[[Conulus subroundatus]]'' ([[Echinoneoida]]).]]
[[Image:Scutella subrotunda (Leske, 1778).JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|<center>Fossil of a ''[[Scutella subrotunda]]'' ([[Clypeasteroida]]). </center>]]
[[Image:Scutella subrotunda (Leske, 1778).JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|{{center|Fossil of a ''[[Scutella subrotunda]]'' ([[Clypeasteroida]]). }}]]
[[Image:Echinolampas ovalis M Eocene Civrac-en-Médoc France.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|''Echinolampas ovalis'', Middle [[Eocene]], [[Civrac-en-Médoc]], France.]]
[[Image:Echinolampas ovalis M Eocene Civrac-en-Médoc France.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|''Echinolampas ovalis'', Middle [[Eocene]], [[Civrac-en-Médoc]], France.]]
[[Image:Echinolampas ovalis M Eocene Civrac-en-Médoc France oral.JPG|upright=0.8|thumb|''Echinolampas ovalis'', Middle Eocene, Civrac-en-Médoc, France; oral surface.]]
[[Image:Echinolampas ovalis M Eocene Civrac-en-Médoc France oral.JPG|upright=0.8|thumb|''Echinolampas ovalis'', Middle Eocene, Civrac-en-Médoc, France; oral surface.]]
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** fossil family [[Pygaulidae]] <small> Lambert, 1905</small> †
** fossil family [[Pygaulidae]] <small> Lambert, 1905</small> †
** fossil genus ''[[Pygolampas]]''<small> Saucède, Dudicourt & Courville, 2012</small> †
** fossil genus ''[[Pygolampas]]''<small> Saucède, Dudicourt & Courville, 2012</small> †
* fossil order [[Oligopygoida]] <small> Kier, 1967</small> †
* fossil family [[Pygasteridae]] <small> Lambert, 1900</small> †
* fossil family [[Pygasteridae]] <small> Lambert, 1900</small> †
* fossil family [[Pygorhytidae]] <small> Lambert, 1909b</small> †
* fossil family [[Pygorhytidae]] <small> Lambert, 1909b</small> †
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* {{cite book |author= Barnes, Robert D. |year=1982 |title= Invertebrate Zoology |publisher= Holt-Saunders International |location= Philadelphia, PA|page= 981|isbn= 0-03-056747-5}}
* {{cite book |author= Barnes, Robert D. |year=1982 |title= Invertebrate Zoology |publisher= Holt-Saunders International |location= Philadelphia, PA|page= 981|isbn= 0-03-056747-5}}
* {{cite worms | id = 510499 | db = Echinoidea | title = Irregularia}}
* {{cite worms | id = 510499 | db = Echinoidea | title = Irregularia}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q15735627}}


[[Category:Echinoidea]]
[[Category:Echinoidea]]


{{taxonbar}}


{{echinoidea-stub}}
{{echinoidea-stub}}

Latest revision as of 23:43, 6 February 2024

Irregularia
Temporal range: Lower Jurassic–recent
Echinocardium cordatum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Echinoidea
Subclass: Euechinoidea
Infraclass: Irregularia
Latreille, 1825
Superorders

Atelostomata
Neognathostomata

Irregularia is an extant infraclass of sea urchins that first appeared in the Lower Jurassic.

Description and characteristics

[edit]

These particular sea urchins are distinguished from other sea urchins by their irregular shape: the anus and often even the mouth are at the two poles of the test, creating a bilateral symmetry instead of the classical 5-fold symmetry of echinoderms. The group includes the well known heart urchins, as well as flattened sand dollars, sea biscuits and some other forms. Most of them live inside the sediment, moving in thanks to their particular spines, and feed on its organic fraction.

Taxonomy

[edit]
Fossil of an Hemipneustes pyrenaicus (Holasteroida).
Fossil of a Conulus subroundatus (Echinoneoida).
Fossil of a Scutella subrotunda (Clypeasteroida).
Echinolampas ovalis, Middle Eocene, Civrac-en-Médoc, France.
Echinolampas ovalis, Middle Eocene, Civrac-en-Médoc, France; oral surface.

References

[edit]
  • Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 981. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
  • Kroh A, Mooi R (eds.). "Irregularia". World Echinoidea Database. World Register of Marine Species.


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