Wang Dongxing: Difference between revisions

Wang Dongxing
Wang Dongxing
汪东兴
	Wang Dongxing in 1955, as chief of Mao's personal security force
Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party
	In office; August 1977 – February 1980
Chairman	Hua Guofeng
Personal details
Born	9 January 1916; Yiyang County, Jiangxi, China
Died	21 August 2015 (aged 99); Beijing, China
Political party	Chinese Communist Party

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Wang Dongxing (Chinese: 汪东兴; Wade–Giles: Wang Tung-hsing; 9 January 1916 – 21 August 2015) was a Chinese military commander and politician, famous for being the chief of Mao Zedong's personal bodyguard force, the 9th Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security (which included the 8341 Special Regiment). Wang held many important positions, both in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the government; he was Deputy Minister of Public Security in 1955–1958 and again in 1960–1970 and notably served as CCP Vice Chairman from 1977 to 1980, under Chairman Hua Guofeng.

Wang and his trusted security force played a very significant role in ending the Cultural Revolution by arresting the Gang of Four;^[1] however, Wang opposed Deng Xiaoping's proposed changes in economic policy, remaining loyal to Hua Guofeng and the continuation of the Maoist political line. As a result, when Deng consolidated power, he removed Wang from his government and Party posts, but did not harm him any further.^[1]

Early life and military service

Wang was born to a peasant family in Yiyang County, Jiangxi on 9 January 1916. He joined the Communist Youth League of China in 1932, and the Chinese Red Army (the predecessor of the People's Liberation Army) in 1933, at the age of 17. He received military and political training at the Pengyang Infantry School and later at the Anti-Japanese Military and Political University. In 1934-35 he took part in the Long March, accompanying Mao to Yan'an.^[1] He later fought as an infantry officer in the war against Japan, and, after the defeat of the Japanese, in the Chinese Civil War, which led to the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949.^[1]

Mao's chief of security

With the creation of the new Communist government, Wang Dongxing was named deputy director of the General Office of the Chinese Communist Party (an important bureaucratic position dealing with administration and personnel) and, crucially, Director of the 9th Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security, in charge of Mao Zedong's personal security detail, and also of protecting Zhongnanhai, the seat of government power. The 9th Bureau included the 8341 Special Regiment. Wang and his men were the only ones allowed to carry weapons inside Zhongnanhai. Mao trusted Wang, and made him responsible for checking the background of all staff serving in Zhongnanhai (not only bodyguards, but also waiters, cooks, secretaries etc.)

Mao's continued trust and support led to Wang becoming, in 1955, Deputy Minister of Public Security, under Minister Luo Ruiqing. For "his efforts in public security work", Wang was awarded the rank of Major General of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, also in 1955.

In June 1958 Mao suddenly demoted Wang, sending him to Jiangxi as Director of the Provincial Land Reclamation Department. From February 1959 to August 1960, Wang served as member of the Standing Committee of the Communist Party Jiangxi Provincial Committee, and as vice president and Party Secretary of the Communist Labor University of Jiangxi.

However, in August 1960, Mao decided to recall Wang back to Beijing, and named him, again, chief of his bodyguards and Deputy Minister of Public Security, under Minister Xie Fuzhi (Xie was also very loyal to Mao). Throughout the chaos and instability of the Cultural Revolution, Wang remained a loyal and effective associate of Mao, although he couldn't prevent the Red Guards from denouncing and attacking many security officers of the Ministry of Public Security (Minister Xie explicitly allowed and even encouraged his favored Red Guard factions to attack security officials loyal to his predecessor Luo Ruiqing).

In 1966, at the start of the Cultural Revolution, Wang Dongxing was often seen in the great Red Guard rallies, sitting next to Mao's chauffeur in the open-top car from which Mao reviewed his supporters.^[1]

Arresting the Gang of Four and prominence under Hua Guofeng

Wang was instrumental in the coup d'état against the Gang of Four immediately after Mao's death. On orders from Hua Guofeng (Mao's designated successor) he assembled a group of trusted officers, made them swear an oath of loyalty and secrecy, and instructed them to "shoot to kill" if there was any armed resistance.^[1]

In the event, no blood was shed: Jiang Qing's three close associates (Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan and Wang Hongwen) were quickly and easily arrested after being lured to a high-level meeting in Zhongnanhai, ostensibly to discuss the building of Mao's Mausoleum and the publication of his latest works. Jiang herself was seized separately, again with no resistance.^[1]

Wang Dongxing was prominent under Chairman Hua Guofeng, being named Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and one of the five members of the Politburo Standing Committee, a committee whose membership varies between 5 and 11 and includes the top leadership of the Chinese Communist Party.

Later years

Wang Dongxing and his patron Hua Guofeng were gradually outmaneuvered by Deng Xiaoping who rose to supreme power and were deprived of all their important government and Party posts in the early 1980s.

However, as a gesture both to Wang's role as personal protector of Mao, and also to signal that political foes would no longer be persecuted, Wang was elected to the last alternate position of the CPC Central Committee at the 12th National Congress, in 1982.

After Mao's death, Wang remained a constant supporter of the chairman's memory, always visiting the mausoleum in Tiananmen Square with flowers on Mao's birthday, and also published a diary in 1993 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Mao's birth.^[1]

In 2011 he complained that Chinese socialism was in retreat, and that everyone was now "fixated on getting money".^[1] No Chinese political leader would have dared talk publicly in such a way, but Wang remained wedded to his early beliefs (thus becoming a champion of the Chinese New Left), declaring himself "a loyal soldier of Chairman Mao to the end".^[1]

Wang died on 21 August 2015 in Beijing at the age of 99.^[2]

References

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Wang Dongxing obituary: Politician who was bodyguard to China’s former leader, Mao Zedong The Guardian, 27 August 2015
^ "汪东兴同志逝世". Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 21 August 2015.

Sources

Mao's Last Revolution, by Roderick MacFarquhar and Michael Schoenhals, Harvard University Press 2006.

[guardian-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Wang Dongxing obituary: Politician who was bodyguard to China’s former leader, Mao Zedong The Guardian, 27 August 2015

[2] "汪东兴同志逝世". Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 21 August 2015.

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Chinese general and politician (1916–2015)}}
 {{use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
-{{family name hatnote|[[Wang (surname)|Wang]]|lang=Chinese}}
+{{family name hatnote|[[Wāng|Wang]]|lang=Chinese}}
 {{Infobox officeholder
 | name          = Wang Dongxing
@@ Line 7: / Line 8: @@
 | imagesize     = 200px
 | caption       = Wang Dongxing in 1955, as chief of Mao's personal security force
-| office        = [[Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China]]
+| office        = [[Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party]]
 | 1blankname    = Chairman
 | 1namedata     = [[Hua Guofeng]]
@@ Line 13: / Line 14: @@
 | term_end      = February 1980
 | birth_date    = {{birth date|df=y|1916|1|9}}
-| birth_place   = [[Yiyang County, Jiangxi]], China
+| birth_place   = [[Yiyang County, Jiangxi|Yiyang County]], [[Jiangxi]], China
 | death_date    = {{death date and age|df=y|2015|8|21|1916|1|9}}
 | death_place   = [[Beijing]], China
-| party         = [[Communist Party of China]]
+| party         = [[Chinese Communist Party]]
 | spouse        =
 }}
-'''Wang Dongxing''' ({{zh|s=汪东兴|w='''Wang Tung-hsing'''}}; 9 January 1916 – 21 August 2015) was a Chinese military commander and politician, famous for being the chief of [[Mao Zedong]]'s personal bodyguard force, the [[Central Security Bureau of the Communist Party of China|9th Bureau]] of the [[Ministry of Public Security (China)|Ministry of Public Security]] (which included the ''[[8341 Special Regiment]]''). Wang held many important positions, both in the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) and the government; he was Deputy Minister of Public Security in 1955–1958 and again in 1960–1970 and notably served as [[Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP Vice Chairman]] from 1977 to 1980, under [[Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party|Chairman]] [[Hua Guofeng]].
+'''Wang Dongxing''' ({{zh|s=汪东兴|w='''Wang Tung-hsing'''}}; 9 January 1916 – 21 August 2015) was a Chinese military commander and politician, famous for being the chief of [[Mao Zedong]]'s personal bodyguard force, the [[Central Security Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party|9th Bureau]] of the [[Ministry of Public Security (China)|Ministry of Public Security]] (which included the ''[[8341 Special Regiment]]''). Wang held many important positions, both in the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) and the government; he was Deputy Minister of Public Security in 1955–1958 and again in 1960–1970 and notably served as [[Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP Vice Chairman]] from 1977 to 1980, under [[Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party|Chairman]] [[Hua Guofeng]].
-Wang and his trusted security force played a very significant role in ending the [[Cultural Revolution]] by arresting the [[Gang of Four]];<ref name="guardian">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/27/wang-dongxing Wang Dongxing obituary: Politician who was bodyguard to China’s former leader, Mao Zedong] ''The Guardian, 27 August 2015''</ref> however, Wang opposed [[Deng Xiaoping]]'s proposed changes in economic policy, remaining loyal to Hua Guofeng and the continuation of the Maoist political line. As a result, when Deng consolidated power, he removed Wang from his government and Party posts, but did not harm him any further.<ref name="guardian">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/27/wang-dongxing Wang Dongxing obituary: Politician who was bodyguard to China’s former leader, Mao Zedong] ''The Guardian, 27 August 2015''</ref>
+Wang and his trusted security force played a very significant role in ending the [[Cultural Revolution]] by arresting the [[Gang of Four]];<ref name="guardian">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/27/wang-dongxing Wang Dongxing obituary: Politician who was bodyguard to China’s former leader, Mao Zedong] ''The Guardian, 27 August 2015''</ref> however, Wang opposed [[Deng Xiaoping]]'s proposed changes in economic policy, remaining loyal to Hua Guofeng and the continuation of the Maoist political line. As a result, when Deng consolidated power, he removed Wang from his government and Party posts, but did not harm him any further.<ref name="guardian"/>
 ==Early life and military service==
-Wang was born to a peasant family in [[Yiyang County, Jiangxi]] on 9 January 1916. He joined the [[Communist Youth League of China]] in 1932, and the [[Chinese Red Army]] (the predecessor of the [[People's Liberation Army]]) in 1933, at the age of 17. He received military and political training at the ''Pengyang Infantry School'' and later at the ''[[Counter-Japanese Military and Political University|Anti-Japanese Military and Political University]]''. In 1934-35 he took part in the [[Long March]], accompanying Mao to [[Yan'an]].<ref name="guardian">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/27/wang-dongxing Wang Dongxing obituary: Politician who was bodyguard to China’s former leader, Mao Zedong] ''The Guardian, 27 August 2015''</ref> He later fought as an [[infantry]] officer in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|war against Japan]], and, after the defeat of the Japanese, in the [[Chinese Civil War]], which led to the establishment of the [[People's Republic of China]] in 1949.<ref name="guardian">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/27/wang-dongxing Wang Dongxing obituary: Politician who was bodyguard to China’s former leader, Mao Zedong] ''The Guardian, 27 August 2015''</ref>
+Wang was born to a peasant family in [[Yiyang County, Jiangxi]] on 9 January 1916. He joined the [[Communist Youth League of China]] in 1932, and the [[Chinese Red Army]] (the predecessor of the [[People's Liberation Army]]) in 1933, at the age of 17. He received military and political training at the ''Pengyang Infantry School'' and later at the ''[[Counter-Japanese Military and Political University|Anti-Japanese Military and Political University]]''. In 1934-35 he took part in the [[Long March]], accompanying Mao to [[Yan'an]].<ref name="guardian"/> He later fought as an [[infantry]] officer in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|war against Japan]], and, after the defeat of the Japanese, in the [[Chinese Civil War]], which led to the establishment of the [[People's Republic of China]] in 1949.<ref name="guardian"/>
 ==Mao's chief of security==
-With the creation of the new [[Communism|Communist]] government, Wang Dongxing was named Deputy Director of the [[General Office of the Communist Party of China]] (an important bureaucratic position dealing with administration and personnel) and, crucially, Director of the 9th Bureau of the [[Ministry of Public Security (China)|Ministry of Public Security]], in charge of [[Mao Zedong]]'s personal security detail, and also of protecting [[Zhongnanhai]], the seat of government power. The 9th Bureau included the ''[[8341 Special Regiment]]''. Wang and his men were the only ones allowed to carry weapons inside Zhongnanhai. Mao trusted Wang, and made him responsible for checking the background of all staff serving in Zhongnanhai (not only bodyguards, but also waiters, cooks, secretaries etc.) According to [[Li Zhisui]] he also took charge of Zhongnanhai's Cultural Work Troupe, effectively Mao's harem.
+With the creation of the new [[Communism|Communist]] government, Wang Dongxing was named deputy director of the [[General Office of the Chinese Communist Party]] (an important bureaucratic position dealing with administration and personnel) and, crucially, Director of the 9th Bureau of the [[Ministry of Public Security (China)|Ministry of Public Security]], in charge of [[Mao Zedong]]'s personal security detail, and also of protecting [[Zhongnanhai]], the seat of government power. The 9th Bureau included the ''[[8341 Special Regiment]]''. Wang and his men were the only ones allowed to carry weapons inside Zhongnanhai. Mao trusted Wang, and made him responsible for checking the background of all staff serving in Zhongnanhai (not only bodyguards, but also waiters, cooks, secretaries etc.)
 Mao's continued trust and support led to Wang becoming, in 1955, Deputy Minister of Public Security, under Minister [[Luo Ruiqing]]. For "''his efforts in public security work''", Wang was awarded the rank of [[Major General]] of the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]], also in 1955.
-In June 1958 Mao suddenly demoted Wang, sending him to [[Jiangxi]] as Director of the Provincial Land Reclamation Department. From February 1959 to August 1960, Wang served as member of the Standing Committee of the Communist Party Jiangxi Provincial Committee, and as Vice President and Party Secretary of the Communist Labor University of Jiangxi.
+In June 1958 Mao suddenly demoted Wang, sending him to [[Jiangxi]] as Director of the Provincial Land Reclamation Department. From February 1959 to August 1960, Wang served as member of the Standing Committee of the Communist Party Jiangxi Provincial Committee, and as vice president and Party Secretary of the Communist Labor University of Jiangxi.
 However, in August 1960, Mao decided to recall Wang back to [[Beijing]], and named him, again, chief of his bodyguards and Deputy Minister of Public Security, under Minister [[Xie Fuzhi]] (Xie was also very loyal to Mao). Throughout the chaos and instability of the [[Cultural Revolution]], Wang remained a loyal and effective associate of Mao, although he couldn't prevent the [[Red Guards]] from denouncing and attacking many security officers of the Ministry of Public Security (Minister Xie explicitly allowed and even encouraged his favored Red Guard factions to attack security officials loyal to his predecessor [[Luo Ruiqing]]).
-In 1966, at the start of the Cultural Revolution, Wang Dongxing was often seen in the great Red Guard rallies, sitting next to Mao's chauffeur in the open-top car from which Mao reviewed his supporters.<ref name="guardian">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/27/wang-dongxing Wang Dongxing obituary: Politician who was bodyguard to China’s former leader, Mao Zedong] ''The Guardian, 27 August 2015''</ref>
+In 1966, at the start of the Cultural Revolution, Wang Dongxing was often seen in the great Red Guard rallies, sitting next to Mao's chauffeur in the open-top car from which Mao reviewed his supporters.<ref name="guardian"/>
 ==Arresting the Gang of Four and prominence under Hua Guofeng==
-Wang was instrumental in the coup d'état against the [[Gang of Four]] immediately after Mao's death. On orders from [[Hua Guofeng]] (Mao's designated successor) he assembled a group of trusted officers, made them swear an oath of loyalty and secrecy, and instructed them to "''shoot to kill''" if there was any armed resistance.<ref name="guardian">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/27/wang-dongxing Wang Dongxing obituary: Politician who was bodyguard to China’s former leader, Mao Zedong] ''The Guardian, 27 August 2015''</ref>
+Wang was instrumental in the coup d'état against the [[Gang of Four]] immediately after Mao's death. On orders from [[Hua Guofeng]] (Mao's designated successor) he assembled a group of trusted officers, made them swear an oath of loyalty and secrecy, and instructed them to "''shoot to kill''" if there was any armed resistance.<ref name="guardian"/>
-In the event, no blood was shed: Jiang’s three close associates ([[Zhang Chunqiao]], [[Yao Wenyuan]] and [[Wang Hongwen]]) were quickly and easily arrested after being lured to a high-level meeting in Zhongnanhai, ostensibly to discuss the building of [[Mausoleum of Mao Zedong|Mao's Mausoleum]] and the publication of his latest works. Jiang herself was seized separately, again with no resistance.<ref name="guardian">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/27/wang-dongxing Wang Dongxing obituary: Politician who was bodyguard to China’s former leader, Mao Zedong] ''The Guardian, 27 August 2015''</ref>
+In the event, no blood was shed: Jiang Qing's three close associates ([[Zhang Chunqiao]], [[Yao Wenyuan]] and [[Wang Hongwen]]) were quickly and easily arrested after being lured to a high-level meeting in Zhongnanhai, ostensibly to discuss the building of [[Mausoleum of Mao Zedong|Mao's Mausoleum]] and the publication of his latest works. Jiang herself was seized separately, again with no resistance.<ref name="guardian"/>
-Wang Dongxing was prominent under Chairman [[Hua Guofeng]], being named [[Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China|Vice Chairman of the Party]] and one of the five members of the [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China|Politburo Standing Committee]], a committee whose membership varies between 5 and 11 and includes the top leadership of the [[Communist Party of China]].
+Wang Dongxing was prominent under Chairman [[Hua Guofeng]], being named [[Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party]] and one of the five members of the [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Politburo Standing Committee]], a committee whose membership varies between 5 and 11 and includes the top leadership of the [[Chinese Communist Party]].
 ==Later years==
 Wang Dongxing and his patron Hua Guofeng were gradually outmaneuvered by [[Deng Xiaoping]] who rose to supreme power and were deprived of all their important government and Party posts in the early 1980s.
-However, as a gesture both to Wang's role as personal protector of Mao, and  also to signal that political foes would no longer be persecuted, Wang was elected to the last alternate position of the [[CPC Central Committee]] at the 12th National Congress, in 1982.
+However, as a gesture both to Wang's role as personal protector of Mao, and also to signal that political foes would no longer be persecuted, Wang was elected to the last alternate position of the [[CPC Central Committee]] at the [[12th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party|12th National Congress]], in 1982.
+After Mao's death, Wang remained a constant supporter of the chairman's memory, always visiting the mausoleum in [[Tiananmen Square]] with flowers on Mao's birthday, and also published a diary in 1993 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Mao's birth.<ref name="guardian"/>
-Wang died on 21 August 2015 in Beijing at the age of 99 (100 according to Chinese tradition).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015-08/21/c_1116332146.htm|title=汪东兴同志逝世|publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|access-date=2015-08-21}}</ref>
+In 2011 he complained that Chinese socialism was in retreat, and that everyone was now "fixated on getting money".<ref name="guardian"/> No Chinese political leader would have dared talk publicly in such a way, but Wang remained wedded to his early beliefs (thus becoming a champion of the [[Chinese New Left]]), declaring himself "a loyal soldier of Chairman Mao to the end".<ref name="guardian"/>
-After Mao’s death, Wang remained a constant supporter of the Chairman's memory, always visiting the mausoleum in [[Tiananmen Square]] with flowers on Mao’s birthday, and also published a diary in 1993 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Mao’s birth.<ref name="guardian">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/27/wang-dongxing Wang Dongxing obituary: Politician who was bodyguard to China’s former leader, Mao Zedong] ''The Guardian, 27 August 2015''</ref>
+Wang died on 21 August 2015 in Beijing at the age of 99.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015-08/21/c_1116332146.htm|title=汪东兴同志逝世|publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|access-date=2015-08-21}}</ref>
-In 2011 he complained that Chinese socialism was in retreat, and that everyone was now "fixated on getting money".<ref name="guardian">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/27/wang-dongxing Wang Dongxing obituary: Politician who was bodyguard to China’s former leader, Mao Zedong] ''The Guardian, 27 August 2015''</ref> No Chinese political leader would have dared talk publicly in such a way, but Wang remained wedded to his early beliefs (thus becoming a champion of the [[Chinese New Left]]), declaring himself "a loyal soldier of Chairman Mao to the end".<ref name="guardian">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/27/wang-dongxing Wang Dongxing obituary: Politician who was bodyguard to China’s former leader, Mao Zedong] ''The Guardian, 27 August 2015''</ref>
+==See also==
+* [[Wu De]]
+* [[Ji Dengkui]]
 == References ==
@@ Line 62: / Line 67: @@
 === Sources ===
 {{refbegin}}
-* ''[[The Private Life of Chairman Mao]]'', by [[Li Zhisui]], Arrow Books 1996
 * ''Mao's Last Revolution'', by [[Roderick MacFarquhar]] and Michael Schoenhals, Harvard University Press 2006.
 {{refend}}
-{{-}}
+{{Clear}}
-{{11th Politburo of the Communist Party of China}}
+{{11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party}}
-{{10th Politburo of the Communist Party of China}}
+{{10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party}}
-{{9th Politburo of the Communist Party of China}}
+{{9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party}}
 {{Cultural Revolution}}
 {{Authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Wang, Dongxing}}
 [[Category:1916 births]]
@@ Line 78: / Line 83: @@
 [[Category:Chinese Communist Party politicians from Jiangxi]]
 [[Category:People of the Cultural Revolution]]
-[[Category:Members of the 11th Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China]]
+[[Category:Members of the 11th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party]]
 [[Category:Members of the 10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party]]
-[[Category:People of the Republic of China]]
 [[Category:People's Republic of China politicians from Jiangxi]]
+[[Category:Directors of the General Office of the Chinese Communist Party]]

v t e 11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (1977–1982)
Standing Committee (PSC)	Hua Guofeng (Chairman until June 1981; Vice-Chairman afterwards) Ye Jianying (Vice-Chairman) Deng Xiaoping (Vice-Chairman) Li Xiannian (Vice-Chairman) Wang Dongxing (Vice-Chairman; dismissed Feb 1980) Chen Yun (added Dec 1978; Vice-Chairman) Hu Yaobang (added Feb 1980; Chairman June 1981) Zhao Ziyang (added Feb 1980; Vice-Chairman June 1981)
Other members in surname stroke order	Wei Guoqing Ulanhu Fang Yi Liu Bocheng Xu Shiyou Ji Dengkui (dismissed Feb 1980) Su Zhenhua (died Feb 1979) Li Desheng Wu De (dismissed Feb 1980) Yu Qiuli Zhang Tingfa Chen Yonggui Chen Xilian (dismissed Feb 1980) Geng Biao Nie Rongzhen Ni Zhifu Xu Xiangqian Peng Chong Deng Yingchao (added Dec 1978) Hu Yaobang (added Dec 1978, to PSC Feb 1980) Wang Zhen (added Dec 1978) Zhao Ziyang (added Sep 1979, to PSC Feb 1980) Peng Zhen (added Sep 1979)
Alternate members	Chen Muhua Zhao Ziyang (full member Sep 1979) Saifuddin Azizi
7th→8th→9th→10th→11th→12th→13th→14th→15th→16th→17th→18th→19th→20th

v t e 9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (1969–1973)
Standing Committee	Mao Zedong (Chairman) Lin Biao (Vice-Chairman, died Sep 1971) Zhou Enlai Chen Boda (dismissed Aug 1973) Kang Sheng
Other members in surname stroke order	Ye Qun (died Sep 1971) Ye Jianying Liu Bocheng Jiang Qing Zhu De Xu Shiyou Chen Xilian Li Xiannian Li Zuopeng (arrested Sep 1971) Wu Faxian (arrested Sep 1971) Zhang Chunqiao Qiu Huizuo (arrested Sep 1971) Yao Wenyuan Huang Yongsheng (arrested Sep 1971) Dong Biwu Xie Fuzhi (died Mar 1972)
Alternate members	Ji Dengkui Li Xuefeng (dismissed Aug 1973) Li Desheng Wang Dongxing
7th→8th→9th→10th→11th→12th→13th→14th→15th→16th→17th→18th→19th→20th

v t e Cultural Revolution
Prelude	Anti-Rightist Campaign Great Chinese Famine Great Leap Forward Lushan Conference Seven Thousand Cadres Conference Socialist Education Movement Taoyuan Experience
Major events	Down to the Countryside Movement Cleansing the Class Ranks 12-3 incident January Storm February Countercurrent Wuhan incident Smashing gong-jian-fa 9th Party Congress One Strike-Three Anti Campaign Project 571 Lin Biao incident 10th Party Congress Black Painting incident Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius Snail Incident Hangzhou incident 1975 Banqiao Dam failure Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend 1976 Nanjing incident 1976 Tiananmen Incident
Massacres	Red August Daxing Massacre Guangxi Massacre Inner Mongolia incident Guangdong Massacre Hunan Massacres Daoxian massacre Shaoyang County Massacre Yunnan Massacres Zhao Jianmin spy case Shadian incident Ruijin Massacre Qinghai 223 Incident
Key figures	Mao Zedong Liu Shaoqi Zhou Enlai Lin Biao Deng Xiaoping Gang of Four (Jiang Qing Zhang Chunqiao Yao Wenyuan Wang Hongwen) Peng Dehuai Wu Han Peng Zhen Tao Zhu Chen Boda Wang Dongxing Xie Fuzhi Ji Dengkui Wang Li Qi Benyu Wu Faxian Qiu Huizuo Yang Chengwu Chen Zaidao Kang Sheng Mao Yuanxin Hua Guofeng Ye Jianying
Documents	A List of Cadres to Be Protected Bombard the Headquarters Quotations from Chairman Mao Hai Rui Dismissed from Office May 16 Notification Six Articles of Public Security Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits On Class Origins "With you in charge, I'm at ease"
Concepts	Four Olds Newborn socialist things Struggle session Feudal fascism Big-character poster Cow demons and snake spirits Bloodline theory Continuous Revolution Theory Seizure of power Violent Struggle One Divides into Two Democracy Wall Eight model plays Loyalty dance Capitalist roader Yiku sitian Learn from Daqing in industry Learn from Dazhai in agriculture Stinking Old Ninth Five Black Categories Five Red Categories
Groups	Red Guards Conservative Faction Little Red Guards Rebel Faction Scarlet Guards Ultra-Left Faction Xiaoyao Faction May Sixteenth elements Five Man Group Cultural Revolution Group Central Case Examination Group Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee Revolutionary committee in Heilongjiang in Shanghai 8341 Special Regiment Sent-down youth 61 Renegades Barefoot doctor Worker-Peasant-Soldier student May Seventh Cadre School Xiang River Storm and Thunder
Related topics	Maoism Mao Zedong's cult of personality Mango cult List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party Class struggle Sino-Soviet split Two Whatevers Morning Sun (film) 3rd Plenum of the 11th Central Committee Boluan Fanzheng New Enlightenment Scar literature
Category

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