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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2019}}
{{about|the 34th Flying Training Wing of World War II|the 34th Training Wing active since 1994|34th Training Wing}}
{{Infobox military unit
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= 34rh Flying Training Wing
|unit_name= 34th Operations Group
|image= [[File:34th Flying Training Wing (World War II) - Map.png|300px]]
|image=34th Flying Training Wing (World War II) - Map.png
|image_size=300
|caption= Locations of airfields controlled by the 34th Flying Training Wing
|caption=Locations of airfields controlled by the 34th Flying Training Wing
|dates= 1942-1946
|dates=1942–1946; 1978–1991; 1994–2004
|country={{flag|United States|23px}}
|country={{flag|United States|23px}}
|branch={{army|USA}} {{air force|USA}}
|allegiance=
|type=
|branch=[[Image:Us army air corps shield.svg|20px]]  [[United States Army Air Forces]]
|type= Command and Control
|role= Training
|role= Training
|size=
|size=
|command_structure= [[Army Air Forces Training Command]]
|command_structure=
|current_commander=
|current_commander=
|garrison=
|garrison=
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|nickname=
|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|motto=
|colors=
|colors=
|march=
|march=
|mascot=
|mascot=
|battles= [[World War II]]
|battles=
* [[File:Streamer AC.PNG|150px]]<BR>World War II American Theater
| notable_commanders =
| notable_commanders =
|anniversaries=
|anniversaries=
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}}
}}


The '''34th Flying Training Wing''' is an inactive [[United States Air Force]] unit. It was last assigned to the [[Central Flying Training Command]], and was disbanded on 16 June 1946 at [[Midland Army Airfield]], Texas.
The '''34th Operations Group''' is an inactive [[United States Air Force]] unit. It was first activated as the '''34th Flying Training Wing''' and supervised training of bombardiers and pilots for multiengine aircraftuntil it was disbanded on 16 June 1946 at [[Midland Army Air Field]], Texas. The wing was reactivated in 1978 as the '''34th Tactical Airlift Training Group''' and conducted various courses for crews of the [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules]] until inactivating in December 1961. It was activated a third time in 1994 as the '''34th Operations Group''' and conducted airmanship training at the [[United States Air Force Academy]].

There is no lineage between the United States Air Force [[34th Training Wing]], established on 20 November 1940 as the 34th Bombardment Group (Heavy) at [[Langley Field]], Virginia, and this organization.


==History==
==History==
The wing was a [[World War II]] Command and Control organization which supported Training Command Flight Schools in Central and Northern Texas and Oklahoma. The assigned schools provided specialized training for bombardiers, and the wing was the home of the "West Texas Bombardier Quadrangle" schools (Childress, Midland, San Angelo, and Big Spring Army Airfields). <ref name="ATC"/>
The wing supervised Training Command Flight Schools in Central and Northern Texas and Oklahoma. The assigned schools provided specialized training for bombardiers, and the wing was the home of the "West Texas Bombardier Quadrangle" schools (Childress, Midland, San Angelo, and Big Spring Army Airfields).<ref name="ATC"/>

⚫
The wing also provided specialized schools for training on the two-engine [[Martin B-26 Marauder]] medium bomber (Dodge City, Laughlin Army Airfields), and the [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator]] four-engine heavy bomber (Fort Worth, Liberal Army Airfields). After graduation Air Cadets were commissioned as Second Lieutenants, received their "wings" and were reassigned to Operational or Replacement Training Units operated by one of the four numbered air fores in the zone of interior.<ref name="ATC"/>

⚫
As training requirements changed during the war, schools were activated, inactivated, or transferred to meet them.<ref name="ATC">Manning, ''et al.''{{page needed|date=June 2019}}</ref>

When the [[United States Air Force]] became a separate service in September 1947, former Air Corps units that had been disbanded, including this wing, were transferred to it.


The wing was reconstituted in 1978 as the '''34th Tactical Airlift Training Group''' at [[Little Rock Air Force Base]], Arkansas and supervised training courses for the [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules]] until inactivating in 1991 with the implementation of the Objective Wing organization by its parent [[314th Tactical Airlift Wing]].
⚫
The wing also provided specialized schools for training on the two-engine [[Martin B-26 Marauder]] medium bomber (Dodge City, Laughlin Army Airfields), and the [[B-24 Liberator]] four-engine heavy bomber (Fort Worth, Liberal Army Airfields). After graduation Air Cadets were commissioned as Second Lieutenants, received their "wings" and were reassigned to Operational or Replacement Training Units operated by one of the four numbered air fores in the zone of interior. <ref name="ATC"/>


The group was again activated as the '''34th Operations Group''' and supervised airmanship training for the [[34th Training Wing]] at the [[United States Air Force Academy]], Colorado until inactivating in 2004 and transferring its mission to the [[306th Flying Training Group]]
⚫
As training requirements changed during the war, schools were activated and inactivated or transferred to meet those requirements.<ref name="ATC">Manning, Thomas A. (2005), History of Air Education and Training Command, 1942–2002. Office of History and Research, Headquarters, AETC, Randolph AFB, Texas ASIN: B000NYX3PC</ref>


=== Lineage===
==Lineage==
* Established as '''34th Flying Training Wing''' on 17 December 1942
* Established as the '''34th Flying Training Wing''' (Bombardier, Specialized) on 17 December 1942
: Activated on 8 January 1943
: Activated on 8 January 1943
: Disbanded c. 16 June 1946<ref name="AFHRA">34th Flying Training Wing, lineage and history document Air Force Historical Agency, Maxwell AFB, Alabama</ref>
: Disbanded on 16 June 1946<ref name="AFHRA">34th Flying Training Wing, lineage and history document Air Force Historical Agency, Maxwell AFB, Alabama</ref>
* Reconstituted 1978 as '''34th Tactical Airlift Training Group'''
: Activated on 15 September 1978
: Inactivated on 1 December 1991
* Redesignated '''34th Operations Group''' in 1994
: Activated on 1 October 1994
: Inactivated on 4 October 2004


===Assignments===
===Assignments===
* AAF Gulf Coast Training Center (later Central Flying Training Command), 8 January 1943-16 June 1946 <ref name="AFHRA"/>
* AAF Gulf Coast Training Center (later Central Flying Training Command), 8 January 1943 – 16 June 1946 <ref name="AFHRA"/>
* 314th Tactical Airlift Wing, 15 September 1978 – 1 December 1991<ref name=314AWfacts>{{cite web|url= https://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/432514/314-airlift-wing-aetc/ |last1=Haulman|first1=Daniel L.|title=Factsheet 314 Airlift Wing (AETC)|date=June 22, 2017|publisher=Air Force Historical Research Agency|access-date=June 27, 2019}}</ref>
* 34th Training Wing, 1 October 1994 – 4 October 2004<ref name=34TWfacts>{{cite web |url= http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/434109/34-training-wing-usafa/ |last1=Warnock|first1=A. Timothy|title=Factsheet 34 Training Wing (USAFA)|date=November 28, 2007|publisher=Air Force Historical Research Agency|access-date=December 5, 2014}}</ref>

⚫
===Stations===
⚫
* [[San Angelo Army Air Field]], Texas, 8 January 1943
⚫
* Midland Army Air Field, Texas, 25 May 1945 – 16 June 1946<ref name="AFHRA"/>
* Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas, 15 September 1978 – 1 December 1991
* United States Air Force Academy, Colorado, 1 October 1994 – 4 October 2004


===Training aircraft===
===Training aircraft===
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{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
; [[Big Spring Army Airfield]], Big Spring, Texas
; [[Big Spring Army Air Field]], Big Spring, Texas
: AAF Bombardier School
: AAF Bombardier School
: 77th Bombardier Training Group
: 77th Bombardier Training Group
: Opened: August 1942, Closed: December 1945 (AT-11)<ref>[http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/slist/bigspring.html www.accident-report.com: Big Spring Army Airfield]</ref>
: Opened: August 1942, Closed: December 1945 (AT-11)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/slist/bigspring.html |title=www.accident-report.com: Big Spring Army Airfield |access-date=21 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007140218/http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/slist/bigspring.html |archive-date=7 October 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
: One of the "West Texas Bombardier Quadrangle" schools; closed 1945, reopened 1951 as Big Spring Air Force Base; later Webb Air Force Base, closed 1977
: One of the "West Texas Bombardier Quadrangle" schools; closed 1945, reopened 1951 as Big Spring Air Force Base; later Webb Air Force Base, closed 1977


; [[Childress Army Airfield]], Childress, Texas
; [[Childress Army Air Field]], Childress, Texas
: AAF Bombardier School
: AAF Bombardier School
: 79th Bombardier Training Group
: 79th Bombardier Training Group
: Opened January 1943, Closed: December 1945 (AT-11)<ref>[http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/slist/childress.html www.accident-report.com: Childress Army Airfield]</ref>
: Opened January 1943, Closed: December 1945 (AT-11)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/slist/childress.html |title=www.accident-report.com: Childress Army Airfield |access-date=21 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007181606/http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/slist/childress.html |archive-date=7 October 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
: One of the "West Texas Bombardier Quadrangle" schools.
: One of the "West Texas Bombardier Quadrangle" schools.


; [[Dodge City Army Airfield]], Dodge City, Kansas
; [[Dodge City Army Air Field]], Dodge City, Kansas
: AAF Pilot School (Specialized, Two-Engine)
: AAF Pilot School (Specialized, Two-Engine)
: Opened May 1943, Closed: December 1945 (B-26)<ref>[http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/slist/dodgecity.html www.accident-report.com: Dodge City Army Airfield]</ref>
: Opened May 1943, Closed: December 1945 (B-26)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/slist/dodgecity.html |title=www.accident-report.com: Dodge City Army Airfield |access-date=21 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311235327/http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/slist/dodgecity.html |archive-date=11 March 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
: Provided B-26 Marauder training and transition training. Also trained Free French and WASP pilots on the B-26
: Provided B-26 Marauder training and transition training. Also trained Free French and WASP pilots on the B-26


; [[Fort Worth Army Airfield]], Fort Worth, Texas
; [[Fort Worth Army Air Field]], Fort Worth, Texas
: AAF Pilot School (Specialized, 4-Engine), also Transition School
: AAF Pilot School (Specialized, 4-Engine), also Transition School
: 96th Pilot Transition Training Group (4 Engine)
: 96th Pilot Transition Training Group (4 Engine)
: Opened May 1943, Closed: December 1945 (B-24)<ref>[http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/slist/ftworth.html www.accident-report.com: Fort Worth Army Airfield]</ref>
: Opened May 1943, Closed: December 1945 (B-24)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/slist/ftworth.html |title=www.accident-report.com: Fort Worth Army Airfield |access-date=21 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007114305/http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/slist/ftworth.html |archive-date=7 October 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
: Also known as Tarrant Army Airfield; performed B-32 Dominator training in 1945; remained open after the war as Carswell AFB, closed 1993, now NAS Fort Worth (Navy), Carswell Field, (USAFR)
: Also known as Tarrant Army Airfield; performed B-32 Dominator training in 1945; remained open after the war as Carswell AFB, closed 1993, now NAS Fort Worth (Navy), Carswell Field, (USAFR)


{{Col-break|width=50%}}
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
; [[Laughlin Army Airfield]], Midland, Texas
; [[Laughlin Army Air Field]], Del Rio, Texas
: AAF Pilot School (Specialized, Two-Engine)
: AAF Pilot School (Specialized, Two-Engine)
: Opened January 1943, Closed: August 1945 (B-26)<ref>[http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/slist/laughlin.html www.accident-report.com: Laughlin Army Airfield]</ref>
: Opened January 1943, Closed: August 1945 (B-26)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/slist/laughlin.html |title=www.accident-report.com: Laughlin Army Airfield |access-date=21 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007131929/http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/slist/laughlin.html |archive-date=7 October 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
: Provided B-26 Marauder training and transition training. Also trained Free French and WASP pilots on the B-26; Became A-26 Invader school, August 1945; remained open after the war as Laughlin Air Force Base.
: Provided B-26 Marauder training and transition training. Also trained Free French and WASP pilots on the B-26; Became A-26 Invader school, August 1945; remained open after the war as Laughlin Air Force Base.


; [[Liberal Army Airfield]], Liberal, Texas
; [[Liberal Army Air Field]], Liberal, Kansas
: AAF Pilot School (Specialized, Four-Engine)
: AAF Pilot School (Specialized, Four-Engine)
: Opened May 1943, Closed: September 1945 (B-24)<ref>[http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/slist/liberal.html www.accident-report.com: Liberal Army Airfield]</ref>
: Opened May 1943, Closed: September 1945 (B-24)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/slist/liberal.html |title=www.accident-report.com: Liberal Army Airfield |access-date=21 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311225925/http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/slist/liberal.html |archive-date=11 March 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
: Provided 4-engine training on the B-24 Liberator and transition training.
: Provided 4-engine training on the B-24 Liberator and transition training.


; [[Midland Army Airfield]], Midland, Texas
; [[Midland Army Air Field]], Midland, Texas
: AAF Instructors School (Bombardiers)
: AAF Instructors School (Bombardiers)
: AAF Bombardier School
: AAF Bombardier School
: 78th Bombardier Training Group
: 78th Bombardier Training Group
: Opened January 1942, Closed: December 1945 (AT-11)<ref>[http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/slist/midland.html www.accident-report.com: Midland Army Airfield]</ref>
: Opened January 1942, Closed: December 1945 (AT-11)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/slist/midland.html |title=www.accident-report.com: Midland Army Airfield |access-date=21 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007091430/http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/slist/midland.html |archive-date=7 October 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
: One of the "West Texas Bombardier Quadrangle" schools.
: One of the "West Texas Bombardier Quadrangle" schools.


; [[San Angelo Army Airfield]], San Angelo, Texas
; [[San Angelo Army Air Field]], San Angelo, Texas
: AAF Pilot School (Basic)
: AAF Pilot School (Basic)
: 49th Basic Flying Training Group
: 49th Basic Flying Training Group
: AAF Bombardier School
: AAF Bombardier School
: 76th Bombardier Training Group
: 76th Bombardier Training Group
: Opened: February 1941, Closed: August 1945 (BT-14, BT-15, AT-11)<ref>[http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/slist/sanangelo.html www.accident-report.com: San Angelo Army Airfield]</ref>
: Opened: February 1941, Closed: August 1945 (BT-14, BT-15, AT-11)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/slist/sanangelo.html |title=www.accident-report.com: San Angelo Army Airfield |access-date=21 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007234041/http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/slist/sanangelo.html |archive-date=7 October 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
: Basic school closed March 1942; One of the "West Texas Bombardier Quadrangle" schools.
: Basic school closed March 1942; One of the "West Texas Bombardier Quadrangle" schools.

{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}

⚫
===Stations===
⚫
* [[San Angelo Army Airfield]], Texas, 8 January 1943
⚫
* [[Midland Army Airfield]], Texas, 25 May 1945-16 June 1946<ref name="AFHRA"/>


==See also==
==See also==
⚫
* [[Army Air Forces Training Command]]


⚫
* [[Army Air Forces Training Command]]
* Other Central Flying Training Command Flight Training Wings:
* Other Central Flying Training Command Flight Training Wings:
: [[31st Flying Training Wing (World War II)]] Primary Flight Training
: [[31st Flying Training Wing (World War II)]] Primary Flight Training
Line 119: Line 131:
: [[33d Flying Training Wing (World War II)]] Advanced Flight Training, Two Engine
: [[33d Flying Training Wing (World War II)]] Advanced Flight Training, Two Engine
: [[77th Flying Training Wing (World War II)]] Advanced Flight Training, Single Engine
: [[77th Flying Training Wing (World War II)]] Advanced Flight Training, Single Engine
: [[78th Flying Training Wing (World War II)]] Classifcation/Preflight Unit
: [[78th Flying Training Wing (World War II)]] Classification/Preflight Unit
: [[80th Flying Training Wing (World War II)]] Navigation and Glider


==References==
==References==
===Notes===
{{Portal box|United States Air Force|Military of the United States|World War II}}
{{AFHRA}}
{{Reflist|40em}}

{{Reflist|2}}
===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}
{{Refend}}
* {{cite book|last1=Manning|first1=Thomas A.|last2=Aschcroft|first2=Bruce A.|last3=Emmons|first3=Richard H.|last4=Hussey|first4=Ann K.|last5=Mason|first5=Joseph L.| title=History of Air Education and Training Command, 1942–2002|url= https://archive.org/details/historyofaireduc00gop/page/n1 |access-date=June 27, 2019|year=2005|publisher=Office of History and Research, Headquarters, Air Education and Training Command|location=Randolph AFB, Texas|isbn=978-1376984057}}


==External links==
{{USAAF Training Bases World War II}}
{{USAAF Training Bases World War II}}


[[Category:USAAF Command and Control units]]
[[Category:Operations groups of the United States Air Force]]

Latest revision as of 12:56, 9 February 2024

This article is about the 34th Flying Training Wing of World War II. For the 34th Training Wing active since 1994, see 34th Training Wing.
34th Operations Group
Locations of airfields controlled by the 34th Flying Training Wing
Active1942–1946; 1978–1991; 1994–2004
Country United States
Branch United States Army  United States Air Force
RoleTraining

The 34th Operations Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was first activated as the 34th Flying Training Wing and supervised training of bombardiers and pilots for multiengine aircraftuntil it was disbanded on 16 June 1946 at Midland Army Air Field, Texas. The wing was reactivated in 1978 as the 34th Tactical Airlift Training Group and conducted various courses for crews of the Lockheed C-130 Hercules until inactivating in December 1961. It was activated a third time in 1994 as the 34th Operations Group and conducted airmanship training at the United States Air Force Academy.

History

[edit]

The wing supervised Training Command Flight Schools in Central and Northern Texas and Oklahoma. The assigned schools provided specialized training for bombardiers, and the wing was the home of the "West Texas Bombardier Quadrangle" schools (Childress, Midland, San Angelo, and Big Spring Army Airfields).[1]

The wing also provided specialized schools for training on the two-engine Martin B-26 Marauder medium bomber (Dodge City, Laughlin Army Airfields), and the Consolidated B-24 Liberator four-engine heavy bomber (Fort Worth, Liberal Army Airfields). After graduation Air Cadets were commissioned as Second Lieutenants, received their "wings" and were reassigned to Operational or Replacement Training Units operated by one of the four numbered air fores in the zone of interior.[1]

As training requirements changed during the war, schools were activated, inactivated, or transferred to meet them.[1]

When the United States Air Force became a separate service in September 1947, former Air Corps units that had been disbanded, including this wing, were transferred to it.

The wing was reconstituted in 1978 as the 34th Tactical Airlift Training Group at Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas and supervised training courses for the Lockheed C-130 Hercules until inactivating in 1991 with the implementation of the Objective Wing organization by its parent 314th Tactical Airlift Wing.

The group was again activated as the 34th Operations Group and supervised airmanship training for the 34th Training Wing at the United States Air Force Academy, Colorado until inactivating in 2004 and transferring its mission to the 306th Flying Training Group

Lineage

[edit]
  • Established as the 34th Flying Training Wing (Bombardier, Specialized) on 17 December 1942
Activated on 8 January 1943
Disbanded on 16 June 1946[2]
  • Reconstituted 1978 as 34th Tactical Airlift Training Group
Activated on 15 September 1978
Inactivated on 1 December 1991
  • Redesignated 34th Operations Group in 1994
Activated on 1 October 1994
Inactivated on 4 October 2004

Assignments

[edit]
  • AAF Gulf Coast Training Center (later Central Flying Training Command), 8 January 1943 – 16 June 1946 [2]
  • 314th Tactical Airlift Wing, 15 September 1978 – 1 December 1991[3]
  • 34th Training Wing, 1 October 1994 – 4 October 2004[4]

Stations

[edit]
  • San Angelo Army Air Field, Texas, 8 January 1943
  • Midland Army Air Field, Texas, 25 May 1945 – 16 June 1946[2]
  • Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas, 15 September 1978 – 1 December 1991
  • United States Air Force Academy, Colorado, 1 October 1994 – 4 October 2004

Training aircraft

[edit]

The schools of the wing used primarily the Beechcraft AT-11 for bombardier training.

Assigned Schools

[edit]

See also

[edit]
31st Flying Training Wing (World War II) Primary Flight Training
32d Flying Training Wing (World War II) Basic Flight Training
33d Flying Training Wing (World War II) Advanced Flight Training, Two Engine
77th Flying Training Wing (World War II) Advanced Flight Training, Single Engine
78th Flying Training Wing (World War II) Classification/Preflight Unit
80th Flying Training Wing (World War II) Navigation and Glider

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Manning, et al.[page needed]
  2. ^ a b c 34th Flying Training Wing, lineage and history document Air Force Historical Agency, Maxwell AFB, Alabama
  3. ^ Haulman, Daniel L. (22 June 2017). "Factsheet 314 Airlift Wing (AETC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
  4. ^ Warnock, A. Timothy (28 November 2007). "Factsheet 34 Training Wing (USAFA)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
  5. ^ "www.accident-report.com: Big Spring Army Airfield". Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  6. ^ "www.accident-report.com: Childress Army Airfield". Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  7. ^ "www.accident-report.com: Dodge City Army Airfield". Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  8. ^ "www.accident-report.com: Fort Worth Army Airfield". Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  9. ^ "www.accident-report.com: Laughlin Army Airfield". Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  10. ^ "www.accident-report.com: Liberal Army Airfield". Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  11. ^ "www.accident-report.com: Midland Army Airfield". Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  12. ^ "www.accident-report.com: San Angelo Army Airfield". Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2014.

Bibliography

[edit]

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

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