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{{Short description|Chemical compound}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Perfluoro ''tert''-butylcyclohexane}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Perfluoro ''tert''-butylcyclohexane}}
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'''Perfluoro ''tert''-butylcyclohexane''' is a [[perfluorocarbon|perfluorinated chemical compound]] (or perfluorocarbon, PFC). It is a component of the an experimental [[Blood substitute|therapeutic oxygen carrier]] called Oxycyte.
'''Perfluoro ''tert''-butylcyclohexane''' is a [[perfluorocarbon|perfluorinated chemical compound]] (or perfluorocarbon, PFC). It is a component of the empirical [[Blood substitute|therapeutic oxygen carrier]] called Oxycyte.<ref name="Haque_2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Haque A, Scultetus AH, Arnaud F, Dickson LJ, Chun S, McNamee G, Auker CR, McCarron RM, Mahon RT | display-authors = 6 | title = The Emulsified PFC Oxycyte<sup>®</sup> Improved Oxygen Content and Lung Injury Score in a Swine Model of Oleic Acid Lung Injury (OALI) | journal = Lung | volume = 194 | issue = 6 | pages = 945–957 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 27704259 | doi = 10.1007/s00408-016-9941-9 | s2cid = 19051150 }}</ref>


==Chemical properties==
==Chemical properties==
Perfluoro ''tert''-butylcyclohexane is a [[saturated]] [[alicyclic]] perfluorocarbon with the molecular formula C<sub>10</sub>F<sub>20</sub>.<ref>{{cite book|title=Blood Substitutes| vauthors = Winslow RM |publisher=Academic Press|year= 2006 |page= 303 |isbn=978-0127597607 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kkbJ5D2n4koC&dq=C10F20&pg=PA303}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent | country = US | number = 2013096190 | title = Perfluorocarbon gel formulations | assign1 = Oxygen Biotherapeutics, Inc. | pubdate = 18 April 2013 | inventor = Huvard G, Kiral R, Quitaro M, Thompson DP, Grossman A, Clauson G, Sandhu G | postscript = . }}</ref> [[Fluorocarbon]]s are known for their strong gas-dissolving properties which, when used with oxygen, fill a dual role of healing the tissue as well as [[Oxygen sensor|imaging]]. It fits the imaging role promisingly due to its biocompatibility and half-life. A similar compound, [[perfluorobutane]], is already used for ultrasound imaging.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Darçot E, Colotti R, Brennan D, Deuchar GA, Santosh C, van Heeswijk RB | title = A characterization of ABL-101 as a potential tracer for clinical fluorine-19 MRI | journal = NMR in Biomedicine | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = e4212 | date = January 2020 | pmid = 31724252 | doi = 10.1002/nbm.4212 | s2cid = 208018877 | url = https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_F9103E2AE976 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2007 |title=Ultrasound Contrast Agent Sonazoid® for Injection Released for Sale |url=https://www.daiichisankyo.com/files/news/pressrelease/pdf/005564/news2007_01_10_69_en.pdf}}</ref> Healing decompression sickness with oxygen has a similar mechanism of action to healing brain [[anemia]], and so Oxycyte can be used for this.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mahon RT, Cronin WA, Bodo M, Tirumala S, Regis DP, Auker CR | title = Cardiovascular parameters in a mixed-sex swine study of severe decompression sickness treated with the emulsified perfluorocarbon Oxycyte | journal = Journal of Applied Physiology | volume = 118 | issue = 1 | pages = 71–79 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25342702 | doi = 10.1152/japplphysiol.00727.2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mahon RT, Auker CR, Bradley SG, Mendelson A, Hall AA | title = The emulsified perfluorocarbon Oxycyte improves spinal cord injury in a swine model of decompression sickness | journal = Spinal Cord | volume = 51 | issue = 3 | pages = 188–192 | date = March 2013 | pmid = 23165506 | doi = 10.1038/sc.2012.135 | s2cid = 11694901 }}</ref>
Perfluoro ''tert''-butyl-cyclo-hexane is a [[Saturated and unsaturated compounds|saturated]] [[alicyclic]] perfluorocarbon with the molecular formula C<sub>10</sub>F<sub>20</sub>.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Shaw R, Richard T | chapter = Chapter 27 – Rational Development of Oxyfluor |title=Blood Substitutes| veditors = Winslow RM |publisher=Academic Press|year= 2006 |page= 303 |isbn=978-0127597607 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kkbJ5D2n4koC&dq=C10F20&pg=PA303}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent | country = US | number = 2013096190 | title = Perfluorocarbon gel formulations | assign1 = Oxygen Biotherapeutics, Inc. | pubdate = 18 April 2013 | inventor = Huvard G, Kiral R, Quitaro M, Thompson DP, Grossman A, Clauson G, Sandhu G | postscript = . }}</ref> [[Fluorocarbon]]s are known for their strong gas-dissolving properties which, when used with [[oxygen]], serve a dual role of healing the tissue as well as [[Oxygen sensor|imaging]]. It fits the imaging role promisingly due to its biocompatibility and half-life. A similar compound, [[perfluorobutane|perfluoro-butane]], is already used for ultrasound imaging.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Darçot E, Colotti R, Brennan D, Deuchar GA, Santosh C, van Heeswijk RB | title = A characterization of ABL-101 as a potential tracer for clinical fluorine-19 MRI | journal = NMR in Biomedicine | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = e4212 | date = January 2020 | pmid = 31724252 | doi = 10.1002/nbm.4212 | s2cid = 208018877 | url = https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_F9103E2AE976.P001/REF.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2007 |title=Ultrasound Contrast Agent Sonazoid® for Injection Released for Sale |url=https://www.daiichisankyo.com/files/news/pressrelease/pdf/005564/news2007_01_10_69_en.pdf | work = Daiichi Sankyo Company, Ltd. }}</ref> Healing [[decompression sickness]] with oxygen has a similar mechanism of action to healing brain [[anemia]], and so Oxycyte can be used for this.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mahon RT, Cronin WA, Bodo M, Tirumala S, Regis DP, Auker CR | title = Cardiovascular parameters in a mixed-sex swine study of severe decompression sickness treated with the emulsified perfluorocarbon Oxycyte | journal = Journal of Applied Physiology | volume = 118 | issue = 1 | pages = 71–79 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25342702 | doi = 10.1152/japplphysiol.00727.2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mahon RT, Auker CR, Bradley SG, Mendelson A, Hall AA | title = The emulsified perfluorocarbon Oxycyte improves spinal cord injury in a swine model of decompression sickness | journal = Spinal Cord | volume = 51 | issue = 3 | pages = 188–192 | date = March 2013 | pmid = 23165506 | doi = 10.1038/sc.2012.135 | s2cid = 11694901 | doi-access = free }}</ref>


==Oxycyte==
==Oxycyte==
Oxycyte is a perfluorocarbon (PFC) product composed of submicron particles of perfluoro(t-butylcyclohexane) in a 60% w/v concentration with an egg phospholipid emulsifier.<ref name="Haque_2016" />
{{Advert|section|date=September 2017}}
⚫
Oxycyte was invented by [[Leland Clark]] and developed by Tenax Therapeutics (formerly Oxygen Biotherapeutics, Inc. and Synthetic Blood International).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tenaxthera.com/pipeline/oxycyte/|title=Oxycyte {{!}} Tenax Therapeutics|website=www.tenaxthera.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-24}}</ref> It is designed to enhance oxygen delivery to damaged tissues. Through a collaborative agreement, Oxycyte (under the development code name of ABL-101) was being developed by Aurum Biosciences Ltd, with an initial indication in acute ischemic stroke.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aurumbiosciences.com/ |title=Aurum Biosciences |website=www.aurumbiosciences.com |language=en-GB |access-date=2017-01-24}}</ref> According to Tenax, Oxycyte can carry oxygen with up to 5 times the efficiency of [[hemoglobin]] when used as an intravenous emulsion, making it an effective means of transporting oxygen to tissues and carrying carbon dioxide to the lungs for disposal.<ref>[http://oxybiomed.com Oxygen Biotherapeutics, Inc.] Corporate website.</ref> However, because Oxycyte is a PFC and not based on hemoglobin, it does not have the safety issues associated with hemoglobin-based products; there have been no adverse events in company clinical trials related to Oxycyte. Tenax believed Oxycyte has a very favorable risk-benefit profile for its potential indications.


⚫
Oxycyte was invented by [[Leland Clark]] and developed by Tenex Therapeutics, formerly Oxygen Biotherapeutics, Inc. and Synthetic Blood International.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tenaxthera.com/pipeline/oxycyte/|title=Oxycyte {{!}} Tenax Therapeutics|website=www.tenaxthera.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-24}}</ref> It is designed to enhance oxygen delivery to damaged tissues. Through a collaborative agreement, Oxycyte (under the development code name of ABL-101) was being developed by Aurum Biosciences Ltd, with an initial indication in acute ischemic stroke.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aurumbiosciences.com/ |title=Aurum Biosciences |website=www.aurumbiosciences.com |language=en-GB |access-date=2017-01-24}}</ref>
⚫
Aurum Biosciences promoted Oxycyte as having potential for use in multiple indications, including cardiology, oncology, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases. These claims caused excitement among investors and greatly raised Tenax's stock price, which hasn't come close since.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 15, 2006 |title=Man Made Life Saver 50x Better Than Blood |url=https://www.trendhunter.com/trends/oxycyte-man-made-life-saver-50x-better-than-blood}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenax Therapeutics Stock Price Today (NASDAQ: TENX) Quote, Market Cap, Chart {{!}} WallStreetZen |url=https://www.wallstreetzen.com/stocks/us/nasdaq/tenx |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=www.wallstreetzen.com}}</ref>


Tenex claims that Oxycyte can carry oxygen with up to 5 times the efficiency of [[hemoglobin]] when used as an intravenous emulsion, making it an effective means of transporting oxygen to tissues and carrying carbon dioxide to the lungs for disposal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://oxybiomed.com | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100402093937/http://www.oxybiomed.com/ | archive-date = 2 April 2010 | title = Oxygen Biotherapeutics, Inc. }}</ref> However, because Oxycyte is a PFC and not based on hemoglobin, it does not have the safety issues associated with hemoglobin-based products. There have been no adverse events in company clinical trials related to Oxycyte. Tenex believed Oxycyte has a very favorable risk-benefit profile for its potential indications.
⚫
Around September 2004, Oxycyte finished Phase I trials with few mild side effects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Synthetic Blood International Announces Preliminary Analysis of Oxycyte Phase I Study Results - O-STA |url=https://o-sta.si/en/1819/synthetic-blood-international-announces-preliminary-analysis-of-oxycyte-phase-i-study-results |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=o-sta.si}}</ref> Clinical interest in Oxycyte began to grow during this period, culminating in 2013.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Oxycyte - Search Results - PubMed |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Oxycyte&sort=date |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=PubMed |language=en}}</ref>


⚫
Aurum Biosciences promoted Oxycyte as having potential use in multiple indications, including cardiology, oncology, and treating epilepsy and neurodegenerative diseases. These claims raised Tenex's stock price to its peak. Since then, the stock price has plummeted with no signs of recovery.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 15, 2006 |title=Man Made Life Saver 50x Better Than Blood |url=https://www.trendhunter.com/trends/oxycyte-man-made-life-saver-50x-better-than-blood}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenax Therapeutics Stock Price Today (NASDAQ: TENX) Quote, Market Cap, Chart {{!}} WallStreetZen |url=https://www.wallstreetzen.com/stocks/us/nasdaq/tenx |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=www.wallstreetzen.com}}</ref>
⚫
Aurum Biosciences had received Wellcome Trust HICF funding to take Oxycyte into a phase IIa clinical trial in stroke patients. This work investigated both therapeutic potential and its ability to enhance the diagnostic potential of MRI in stroke.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wellcome.org/what-we-do/directories/health-innovation-challenge-fund-projects-funded|title=Health Innovation Challenge Fund: projects we've funded {{!}} Wellcome|website=wellcome.ac.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124080954/https://wellcome.org/what-we-do/directories/health-innovation-challenge-fund-projects-funded |language=en|access-date=2017-01-24|archive-date=2021-01-24 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aurumbiosciences.com/technology-and-products/|title=Technology and Products – Aurum Biosciences|website=www.aurumbiosciences.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|title=Method of imaging metabolic function|gdate = 9 September 2015 |inventor=Santosh C, Brennan D | assign1 = The Greater Glasgow Health Board |country=US|number=9144392 | postscript = . }}</ref>


⚫
Around September 2004, Oxycyte completed Phase I trials with few mild side effects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Synthetic Blood International Announces Preliminary Analysis of Oxycyte Phase I Study Results - O-STA |url=https://o-sta.si/en/1819/synthetic-blood-international-announces-preliminary-analysis-of-oxycyte-phase-i-study-results |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=o-sta.si}}</ref> Clinical interest in Oxycyte began to grow during this period, culminating in 2013.<ref name="PubMed">{{Cite web |title=Oxycyte - Search Results |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Oxycyte&sort=date |access-date=2022-09-04 | work = PubMed | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine |language=en}}</ref>
⚫
However, Oxygen Biotherapeutics announced in September 2014 that it would discontinue a Phase IIb trial for its Oxycyte drug candidate, citing "difficulties enrolling patients".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140911006403/en/Oxygen-Biotherapeutics-Announces-Halt-Oxycyte-Phase-IIb |title=Oxygen Biotherapeutics Announces Halt of Oxycyte Phase IIb Traumatic Brain Injury Trial |website=businesswire.com |date=September 11, 2014}}</ref> Interest in Oxycyte has tapered off since,<ref name=":1" /> and is mostly documented as an investment venture.


⚫
Aurum Biosciences received a Wellcome Trust HICF funding to conduct a Phase I clinical trial with Oxycyte in stroke patients. This study investigated both therapeutic potential and its ability to enhance the diagnostic potential of an MRI in suspected stroke patients.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wellcome.org/what-we-do/directories/health-innovation-challenge-fund-projects-funded|title=Health Innovation Challenge Fund: projects we've funded | location = UK | work = Wellcome |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210124080954/https://wellcome.org/what-we-do/directories/health-innovation-challenge-fund-projects-funded |language=en|access-date=2017-01-24|archive-date=2021-01-24 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aurumbiosciences.com/technology-and-products/|title=Technology and Products | work = Aurum Biosciences |language=en-GB|access-date=2017-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|title=Method of imaging metabolic function|gdate = 9 September 2015 |inventor=Santosh C, Brennan D | assign1 = The Greater Glasgow Health Board |country=US|number=9144392 | postscript = . }}</ref>
⚫
Care should be taken about the blood with this compound, as it's associated with potentially dangerous variations in the blood, like viscosity.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Arnaud F, Sanders K, Sieckmann D, Moon-Massat P | title = In vitro alteration of hematological parameters and blood viscosity by the perfluorocarbon: Oxycyte | journal = International Journal of Hematology | volume = 103 | issue = 5 | pages = 584–591 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 26886450 | doi = 10.1007/s12185-016-1955-9 | s2cid = 19287551 }}</ref>

⚫
In September 2014, Oxygen Biotherapeutics announced the discontinuation of a Phase IIB trial for its Oxycyte drug candidate, citing "difficulties enrolling patients".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140911006403/en/Oxygen-Biotherapeutics-Announces-Halt-Oxycyte-Phase-IIb |title=Oxygen Biotherapeutics Announces Halt of Oxycyte Phase IIb Traumatic Brain Injury Trial |website=businesswire.com |date=September 11, 2014}}</ref> Clinical interest in Oxycyte has since tapered off.<ref name="PubMed" />

⚫
Oxycyte has been linked to potentially dangerous variations in blood viscosity.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Arnaud F, Sanders K, Sieckmann D, Moon-Massat P | title = In vitro alteration of hematological parameters and blood viscosity by the perfluorocarbon: Oxycyte | journal = International Journal of Hematology | volume = 103 | issue = 5 | pages = 584–591 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 26886450 | doi = 10.1007/s12185-016-1955-9 | s2cid = 19287551 }}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references />


== External links ==
== External links ==
Line 41: Line 45:


[[Category:Blood substitutes]]
[[Category:Blood substitutes]]
[[Category:Perfluorinated compounds]]
[[Category:Fluorocarbons]]

Latest revision as of 04:31, 10 February 2024

Perfluoro tert-butylcyclohexane
The skeletal structure of an organic molecule
Clinical data
Trade namesOxycyte
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
UNII
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.245.872 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC10F20
Molar mass500.078 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • C(C(F)(F)F)(C(F)(F)F)(C(F)(F)F)C1(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C1(F)F
  • InChI=1S/C10F20/c11-2(1(8(22,23)24,9(25,26)27)10(28,29)30)3(12,13)5(16,17)7(20,21)6(18,19)4(2,14)15
  • Key:VLTXBOGHSBHSAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Perfluoro tert-butylcyclohexane is a perfluorinated chemical compound (or perfluorocarbon, PFC). It is a component of the empirical therapeutic oxygen carrier called Oxycyte.[1]

Chemical properties

[edit]

Perfluoro tert-butyl-cyclo-hexane is a saturated alicyclic perfluorocarbon with the molecular formula C10F20.[2][3] Fluorocarbons are known for their strong gas-dissolving properties which, when used with oxygen, serve a dual role of healing the tissue as well as imaging. It fits the imaging role promisingly due to its biocompatibility and half-life. A similar compound, perfluoro-butane, is already used for ultrasound imaging.[4][5] Healing decompression sickness with oxygen has a similar mechanism of action to healing brain anemia, and so Oxycyte can be used for this.[6][7]

Oxycyte

[edit]

Oxycyte is a perfluorocarbon (PFC) product composed of submicron particles of perfluoro(t-butylcyclohexane) in a 60% w/v concentration with an egg phospholipid emulsifier.[1]

Oxycyte was invented by Leland Clark and developed by Tenex Therapeutics, formerly Oxygen Biotherapeutics, Inc. and Synthetic Blood International.[8] It is designed to enhance oxygen delivery to damaged tissues. Through a collaborative agreement, Oxycyte (under the development code name of ABL-101) was being developed by Aurum Biosciences Ltd, with an initial indication in acute ischemic stroke.[9]

Tenex claims that Oxycyte can carry oxygen with up to 5 times the efficiency of hemoglobin when used as an intravenous emulsion, making it an effective means of transporting oxygen to tissues and carrying carbon dioxide to the lungs for disposal.[10] However, because Oxycyte is a PFC and not based on hemoglobin, it does not have the safety issues associated with hemoglobin-based products. There have been no adverse events in company clinical trials related to Oxycyte. Tenex believed Oxycyte has a very favorable risk-benefit profile for its potential indications.

Aurum Biosciences promoted Oxycyte as having potential use in multiple indications, including cardiology, oncology, and treating epilepsy and neurodegenerative diseases. These claims raised Tenex's stock price to its peak. Since then, the stock price has plummeted with no signs of recovery.[11][12]

Around September 2004, Oxycyte completed Phase I trials with few mild side effects.[13] Clinical interest in Oxycyte began to grow during this period, culminating in 2013.[14]

Aurum Biosciences received a Wellcome Trust HICF funding to conduct a Phase I clinical trial with Oxycyte in stroke patients. This study investigated both therapeutic potential and its ability to enhance the diagnostic potential of an MRI in suspected stroke patients.[15][16][17]

In September 2014, Oxygen Biotherapeutics announced the discontinuation of a Phase IIB trial for its Oxycyte drug candidate, citing "difficulties enrolling patients".[18] Clinical interest in Oxycyte has since tapered off.[14]

Oxycyte has been linked to potentially dangerous variations in blood viscosity.[19]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Haque A, Scultetus AH, Arnaud F, Dickson LJ, Chun S, McNamee G, et al. (December 2016). "The Emulsified PFC Oxycyte® Improved Oxygen Content and Lung Injury Score in a Swine Model of Oleic Acid Lung Injury (OALI)". Lung. 194 (6): 945–957. doi:10.1007/s00408-016-9941-9. PMID 27704259. S2CID 19051150.
  2. ^ Shaw R, Richard T (2006). "Chapter 27 – Rational Development of Oxyfluor". In Winslow RM (ed.). Blood Substitutes. Academic Press. p. 303. ISBN 978-0127597607.
  3. ^ US 2013096190, Huvard G, Kiral R, Quitaro M, Thompson DP, Grossman A, Clauson G, Sandhu G, "Perfluorocarbon gel formulations", published 18 April 2013, assigned to Oxygen Biotherapeutics, Inc.. 
  4. ^ Darçot E, Colotti R, Brennan D, Deuchar GA, Santosh C, van Heeswijk RB (January 2020). "A characterization of ABL-101 as a potential tracer for clinical fluorine-19 MRI" (PDF). NMR in Biomedicine. 33 (1): e4212. doi:10.1002/nbm.4212. PMID 31724252. S2CID 208018877.
  5. ^ "Ultrasound Contrast Agent Sonazoid® for Injection Released for Sale" (PDF). Daiichi Sankyo Company, Ltd. January 10, 2007.
  6. ^ Mahon RT, Cronin WA, Bodo M, Tirumala S, Regis DP, Auker CR (January 2015). "Cardiovascular parameters in a mixed-sex swine study of severe decompression sickness treated with the emulsified perfluorocarbon Oxycyte". Journal of Applied Physiology. 118 (1): 71–79. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00727.2014. PMID 25342702.
  7. ^ Mahon RT, Auker CR, Bradley SG, Mendelson A, Hall AA (March 2013). "The emulsified perfluorocarbon Oxycyte improves spinal cord injury in a swine model of decompression sickness". Spinal Cord. 51 (3): 188–192. doi:10.1038/sc.2012.135. PMID 23165506. S2CID 11694901.
  8. ^ "Oxycyte | Tenax Therapeutics". www.tenaxthera.com. Retrieved 2017-01-24.
  9. ^ "Aurum Biosciences". www.aurumbiosciences.com. Retrieved 2017-01-24.
  10. ^ "Oxygen Biotherapeutics, Inc". Archived from the original on 2 April 2010.
  11. ^ "Man Made Life Saver 50x Better Than Blood". December 15, 2006.
  12. ^ "Tenax Therapeutics Stock Price Today (NASDAQ: TENX) Quote, Market Cap, Chart | WallStreetZen". www.wallstreetzen.com. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
  13. ^ "Synthetic Blood International Announces Preliminary Analysis of Oxycyte Phase I Study Results - O-STA". o-sta.si. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
  14. ^ a b "Oxycyte - Search Results". PubMed. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
  15. ^ "Health Innovation Challenge Fund: projects we've funded". Wellcome. UK. Archived from the original on 2021-01-24. Retrieved 2017-01-24.
  16. ^ "Technology and Products". Aurum Biosciences. Retrieved 2017-01-24.
  17. ^ US 9144392, Santosh C, Brennan D, "Method of imaging metabolic function", issued 9 September 2015, assigned to The Greater Glasgow Health Board. 
  18. ^ "Oxygen Biotherapeutics Announces Halt of Oxycyte Phase IIb Traumatic Brain Injury Trial". businesswire.com. September 11, 2014.
  19. ^ Arnaud F, Sanders K, Sieckmann D, Moon-Massat P (May 2016). "In vitro alteration of hematological parameters and blood viscosity by the perfluorocarbon: Oxycyte". International Journal of Hematology. 103 (5): 584–591. doi:10.1007/s12185-016-1955-9. PMID 26886450. S2CID 19287551.
[edit]
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