Centropyge potteri: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of fish}} |
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{{italic title}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
{{Speciesbox |
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| name = Potter's angelfish |
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| status = LC |
| status = LC |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{ |
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Pyle, R. |author2=Myers, R.F. |date=2010 |title=''Centropyge potteri'' |volume=2010 |page=e.T165899A6160601 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T165899A6160601.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> |
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| image = Centropyge potteri Angelfish.jpg |
| image = Centropyge potteri Angelfish.jpg |
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| taxon = Centropyge potteri |
| taxon = Centropyge potteri |
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| authority = (Jordan & Metz, 1912) |
| authority = ([[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & [[Charles William Metz|Metz]], 1912) |
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| synonyms = ''Holacanthus potteri'' <small>Jordan & Metz, 1912</small> |
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| synonyms_ref = <ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase|Centropyge|potteri|month=December|year=2019}}</ref> |
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}} |
}} |
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'''''Centropyge potteri''''', commonly known as '''Potter's angelfish''' or |
'''''Centropyge potteri''''', commonly known as the '''russet angelfish''', '''Potter's angelfish''' or '''Potter's pygmy angelfish''', is a [[species]] of [[Marine (ocean)|marine]] [[ray-finned fish]], a [[marine angelfish]] belonging to the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Pomacanthidae]]. It is found in the central Pacific Ocean. |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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''Centropyge potteri''' has a bright orange body marked with thin vertical stripes which are blue to black in colour.<ref name = a-w>{{cite web | url = https://animal-world.com/encyclo/marine/angels/Potters.php | title = Potter's Pygmy Angelfish, Potter's Angel, Russet Angelfish | accessdate = 30 January 2021 | publisher = Animal World}}</ref> The [[Dorsal fin|dorsal]], [[Caudal fin|caudal]] and [[anal fin]]s have a vivid blue margin while the [[Pectoral fin|pectoral]] and [[pelvic fin]]s are orange to bright yellow in colour.<ref name = Fishbase/> The males have a wider area of blue in the middle of the body which extends down on to the belly. There is a deep water vivid blue colour morph in which the stripe are black or purple that has black to burgundy stripes, which occurs at depths below {{convert|60|m|ft}}.<ref name = a-w/> This species attains a maximum total length of {{convert|10|cm|in}}.<ref name = Fishbase/> |
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Potter's angelfish grows to a size of {{convert|10|cm|0|abbr=on}} in length. The fish is orange in color, with the bottom rear part of the fish being dark blue in color. The fish is covered with irregular, close-set, thin, vertical blue stripes. There have been reports of this angelfish with a unique morphology, whereas the most common coloration includes orange, in these individual(s) varying shades of blue replace all of the orange.[3] (See "In The Aquarium section for more details) |
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These fish inhabit rocky ledges, where they are found feeding on algae and detritus. This species is essentially [[hermaphrodite]] and generally has a dominant male with a harem of females in the wild. |
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==Distribution |
==Distribution== |
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''Centropyge potteri'' is found in the central Pacific Ocean where it is found around the [[Hawaiian Islands]] and [[Johnston Atoll]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> |
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This fish is native to the Johnston Atoll and the [[Hawaiian Islands]] in the central Pacific Ocean. Its depth range is {{convert|10|to|138|m|0|abbr=on}}. It is a bentho-pelagic species and its typical habitat is rock, coral and rubble areas of exposed reefs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Centropyge-potteri.html |title= ''Centropyge potteri'' (Jordan & Metz, 1912): Russet angelfish |publisher=FishBase |accessdate=2013-12-26}}</ref> |
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==Habitat and biology== |
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==Status== |
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''Centropyge potteri'' is found at depths between {{convert|10|and|120|m|ft}}.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> This species lives in areas of rock, coral or rubble on seaward reefs. Juveniles are occasionally recorded in waters as shallow as {{convert|5|m|ft}}. It is a [[benthopelagic]] species which feeds on algae and detritus.<ref name = Fishbase/> They may live in small social groups, [[Harem (zoology)|harem]]s with a single male and up to 8 females.<ref name = Saltcorner>{{cite web | url = http://www.saltcorner.com/AquariumLibrary/browsespecies.php?CritterID=68&filter=0 | title = ''Centropyge potteri'' | accessdate = 30 January 2021 | publisher = Bob Goemans | year = 2012 | work = Saltcorner!}}</ref> They are protogynous hermaphrodites and if no male is present the dominant female will change sex.<ref name = reefkeeping>{{cite web | url = http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2009-03/fish/index.php | title = Potter's Angelfish, ''Centropyge potteri'' | accessdate = 30 January 2021 | website = reekkeeping.com}}</ref> [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]] takes place between December and May and usually occurs around nightfall. A spawning pair will select a high outcropping of rock in their territory to spawn over. The male initiates courtship by approaching the female and swimming alongside the female in a vertical position and using a smooth sinuous motion. He then moves to be above the female, halts, raises his dorsal and anal fin, starts to flutter the pectoral fins and makes a slight sideward turn before starting to drift slowly. If he does not elicit a response he will start again with the sinuous swimming notion, repeating until the female responds. When they are ready to mate the red colouration becomes more intense and the par make audible grunts and clicks. The male will then draw the female to the selected outcropping and will continue the display around 90 cm above it. When the female adopts the position that indicates she is ready to mate, the male briefly nuzzles her vent until she releases the eggs. The male then immediately releases his milt and then both fish dive for cover, the female chasing the male and nipping at his caudal fin. They then go to their night time shelter.<ref name = a-w/> |
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Potter's angelfish has a wide range and is a common reef fish. Collection for the aquarium trade is not excessive and its numbers seem stable so the [[IUCN]] lists it as being of "[[Least Concern]]".<ref name=iucn/> |
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==Systematics== |
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== In the aquarium == |
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''Centropyge potteri'' was first formally [[Species description|described]] in 1912 by the American ichthyologists David Starr Jordan (1851-1931) and Charles William Metz (1889-1975) with the type locality given as [[Honolulu]] on Oahu.<ref name = CofF>{{Cof genus | genus = Centropyge | access-date = 30 January 2021}}</ref> The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]] honours Frederick A. Potter the first director of the [[Waikiki Aquarium]] who held the post from 1904 to 1940. Some authorities place this species in the [[subgenus]] ''Centropyge''.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = http://www.etyfish.org/acanthuriformes1/ | title =Order ACANTHURIFORMES (part 1): Families LOBOTIDAE, POMACANTHIDAE, DREPANEIDAE and CHAETODONTIDAE | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | accessdate = 30 January 2021 | date = 21 July 2020 | author1 = Christopher Scharpf | author2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> |
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Potter's angelfish is generally reef compatible, however, like most [[centropyge|dwarf angelfish]], it has been known to nip at the [[polyp]]s of stony corals. It will accept a varied diet of live food, frozen foods, meaty items, flake food and plenty of algae. Potter's angelfish are best kept on their own or in pairs because they will fight with others of their own kind. This fish is peaceful and is generally only aggressive to similar species and its own kind. |
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==Utilisation== |
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These brightly colored fish is a very popular addition for beginners who are looking for small, easy to care for, and vibrant colored fish who do not hide as much as other species of Pygmy Angels. |
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''Centropyge potteri'' appears in the [[Fishkeeping|aquarium]] trade.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> |
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While the orange and blue coloration mentioned above is by far the most commonly found in Aquaria, two of the rare blue color morphs were recently discovered off the coast of Kona, Hawaii at depths of 60 meters. After being collected they were sold, with one going to Kyoto, Japan (where rare marine animals are highly sought after, and will usually fetch a much higher price) for a reported ¥600,000(~$5000).[3] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}}3. Tanaka, Hiroyuki "''Centropyge potteri - A Blue-black Color Morph from the Kona coast"''http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2006-10/ht/index.php |
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* Reef keeping [http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2009-03/fish/index.php potteri] |
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{{Commons category|Centropyge potteri}} |
{{Commons category|Centropyge potteri}} |
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{{Wikispecies|Centropyge potteri}} |
{{Wikispecies|Centropyge potteri}} |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q958058}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Centropyge|potteri]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Endemic fauna of Hawaii]] |
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[[Category:Fish of Hawaii]] |
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[[Category:Fish described in 1912]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by David Starr Jordan]] |
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Latest revision as of 10:20, 11 February 2024
| Centropyge potteri | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Acanthuriformes |
| Family: | Pomacanthidae |
| Genus: | Centropyge |
| Species: | C. potteri
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| Binomial name | |
| Centropyge potteri | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Holacanthus potteri Jordan & Metz, 1912 | |
Centropyge potteri, commonly known as the russet angelfish, Potter's angelfish or Potter's pygmy angelfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a marine angelfish belonging to the family Pomacanthidae. It is found in the central Pacific Ocean.
Description
[edit]Centropyge potteri' has a bright orange body marked with thin vertical stripes which are blue to black in colour.[3] The dorsal, caudal and anal fins have a vivid blue margin while the pectoral and pelvic fins are orange to bright yellow in colour.[2] The males have a wider area of blue in the middle of the body which extends down on to the belly. There is a deep water vivid blue colour morph in which the stripe are black or purple that has black to burgundy stripes, which occurs at depths below 60 metres (200 ft).[3] This species attains a maximum total length of 10 centimetres (3.9 in).[2]
Distribution
[edit]Centropyge potteri is found in the central Pacific Ocean where it is found around the Hawaiian Islands and Johnston Atoll.[1]
Habitat and biology
[edit]Centropyge potteri is found at depths between 10 and 120 metres (33 and 394 ft).[1] This species lives in areas of rock, coral or rubble on seaward reefs. Juveniles are occasionally recorded in waters as shallow as 5 metres (16 ft). It is a benthopelagic species which feeds on algae and detritus.[2] They may live in small social groups, harems with a single male and up to 8 females.[4] They are protogynous hermaphrodites and if no male is present the dominant female will change sex.[5] Spawning takes place between December and May and usually occurs around nightfall. A spawning pair will select a high outcropping of rock in their territory to spawn over. The male initiates courtship by approaching the female and swimming alongside the female in a vertical position and using a smooth sinuous motion. He then moves to be above the female, halts, raises his dorsal and anal fin, starts to flutter the pectoral fins and makes a slight sideward turn before starting to drift slowly. If he does not elicit a response he will start again with the sinuous swimming notion, repeating until the female responds. When they are ready to mate the red colouration becomes more intense and the par make audible grunts and clicks. The male will then draw the female to the selected outcropping and will continue the display around 90 cm above it. When the female adopts the position that indicates she is ready to mate, the male briefly nuzzles her vent until she releases the eggs. The male then immediately releases his milt and then both fish dive for cover, the female chasing the male and nipping at his caudal fin. They then go to their night time shelter.[3]
Systematics
[edit]Centropyge potteri was first formally described in 1912 by the American ichthyologists David Starr Jordan (1851-1931) and Charles William Metz (1889-1975) with the type locality given as Honolulu on Oahu.[6] The specific name honours Frederick A. Potter the first director of the Waikiki Aquarium who held the post from 1904 to 1940. Some authorities place this species in the subgenus Centropyge.[7]
Utilisation
[edit]Centropyge potteri appears in the aquarium trade.[1]
References
[edit]
- ^ a b c d Pyle, R.; Myers, R.F. (2010). "Centropyge potteri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T165899A6160601. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T165899A6160601.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Centropyge potteri". FishBase. December 2019 version.
- ^ a b c "Potter's Pygmy Angelfish, Potter's Angel, Russet Angelfish". Animal World. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ "Centropyge potteri". Saltcorner!. Bob Goemans. 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ "Potter's Angelfish, Centropyge potteri". reekkeeping.com. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Centropyge". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (21 July 2020). "Order ACANTHURIFORMES (part 1): Families LOBOTIDAE, POMACANTHIDAE, DREPANEIDAE and CHAETODONTIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 30 January 2021.