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A '''magnetorheological damper''' or '''magnetorheological shock absorber''' is a [[shock absorber|damper]] filled with [[magnetorheological fluid]], which is controlled by a [[magnetic field]], usually using an [[electromagnet]].<ref name="Innovative">{{cite web|url=http:// |
A '''magnetorheological damper''' or '''magnetorheological shock absorber''' is a [[shock absorber|damper]] filled with [[magnetorheological fluid]], which is controlled by a [[magnetic field]], usually using an [[electromagnet]].<ref name="Innovative">{{cite web|url=http://writing.engr.psu.edu/me5984/poynor.pdf |title=Innovative Designs for Magneto-Rheological Dampers |access-date=2013-12-08}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.lord.com/Home/MagnetoRheologicalMRFluid/Applications/PrimarySuspension/tabid/3329/Default.aspx Primary Suspension] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014053750/http://www.lord.com/Home/MagnetoRheologicalMRFluid/Applications/PrimarySuspension/tabid/3329/Default.aspx |date=October 14, 2007 }}</ref><ref>http://www.lord.com/Home/MagnetoRheologicalMRFluid/MRFluidTechnology/tabid/3318/Default.aspx MR Fluid Technology {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013211354/http://www.lord.com/Home/MagnetoRheologicalMRFluid/MRFluidTechnology/tabid/3318/Default.aspx |date=October 13, 2007 }}</ref> This allows the damping characteristics of the [[shock absorber]] to be continuously controlled by varying the power of the electromagnet. Fluid [[viscosity]] increases within the damper as electromagnet intensity increases. This type of shock absorber has several applications, most notably in [[active suspension|semi-active]] [[vehicle suspension]]s which may adapt to road conditions, as they are monitored through sensors in the vehicle, and in [[prosthetic]] [[artificial limbs|limbs]].<ref>[http://www.lord.com/Home/MagnetoRheologicalMRFluid/MRFluidTechnology/TechnologyCompared/tabid/3773/Default.aspx Technology Compared] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017011256/http://www.lord.com/Home/MagnetoRheologicalMRFluid/MRFluidTechnology/TechnologyCompared/tabid/3773/Default.aspx |date=October 17, 2007 }}</ref> |
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==Types== |
==Types== |
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*[[Mono tube]]<ref name="Innovative"/> |
*[[Mono tube]]<ref name="Innovative"/> |
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*[[Twin tube]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Unuh|first1=Mohd Hishamuddin|last2=Muhamad|first2=Pauziah|last3=Mohd Yakub|first3=Mohd Fitri|last4=Ismail|first4=Mohamad Amiruddin|last5=Tanasta|first5=Zaimi|year=2019|title=Experimental Validation to a Prototype Magnetorheological (MR) Semi-Active Damper for C-Class Vehicle|url=http://journal.ump.edu.my/ijame/article/view/1366|journal=International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering|volume=16|issue=3|pages=7034–7047|doi=10.15282/ijame.16.3.2019.15.0527|issn=2229-8649|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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*[[Twin tube]] |
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*[[Double-ended MR damper]] |
*[[Double-ended MR damper]] |
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*[[VIP MR damper]] |
*[[VIP MR damper]] |
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==Commercial applications== |
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==Vehicles== |
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Many applications have been proposed using magnetorheological (MR) dampers. While vehicle applications are the most common use of MR dampers, useful medical applications have risen as well, including implants and rehabilitation methods.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Carlson|first1=J.D.|last2=Matthis|first2=W.|last3=Toscano|first3=J.R.|title=Smart Prosthetics Based on MR Fluids|journal=Proc. 8th Annual Symposium on Smart Structure and Material SPIE|date=March 2001}}</ref> Since MR dampers are not yet perfect, they are limited in terms of application. Disadvantages do exist when using a large scale MR damper, for example, particle settling within the carrier fluid may occur that inhibits some possible application. |
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===History=== |
===History=== |
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The technology was originally developed by Delphi Automotive Division based in the |
The technology was originally developed by General Motors Delphi Automotive Division based in the USA and then developed further by BeijingWest Industries in China after BeijingWest Industries bought the technology from General Motors. BeijingWest Industries has subsequently introduced improvements including a redesigned ECU and the introduction of a dual coil system. The first car to use the technology was the 2002.5 Cadillac Seville STS, and the first sports car to use the technology was the 2003 [[Chevrolet Corvette (C5)|C5 Corvette]]. |
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=== Automotive === |
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These types of systems are available from OEMs for several vehicles, including the [[Acura MDX]], [[Audi TT]] and [[Audi R8|R8]], [[Buick Lucerne]], [[Cadillac ATS]], [[Cadillac CTS-V|CTS-V]], [[Cadillac DTS|DTS]], [[Cadillac XLR|XLR]], [[Cadillac SRX|SRX]], [[Cadillac STS|STS]], [[Chevrolet Corvette]], [[Chevrolet Camaro|Camaro ZL1]], [[Ferrari 458 Italia]], [[Ferrari 599GTB|599GTB]], [[Ferrari F12berlinetta|F12 Berlinetta]], Shelby |
These types of systems are available from OEMs for several vehicles, including the [[Acura MDX]], [[Audi TT]] and [[Audi R8|R8]], [[Buick Lucerne]], [[Cadillac ATS]], [[Cadillac CTS-V|CTS-V]], [[Cadillac DTS|DTS]], [[Cadillac XLR|XLR]], [[Cadillac SRX|SRX]], [[Cadillac STS|STS]], [[Chevrolet Corvette]], [[Chevrolet Camaro|Camaro ZL1]], [[Ferrari 458 Italia]], [[Ferrari 599GTB|599GTB]], [[Ferrari F12berlinetta|F12 Berlinetta]], [[Ford Mustang Mach-E|Mustang Mach-E]], [[Shelby GT 350]], [[HSV Clubsport#E Series (2006–present)|Holden HSV E-Series]],and [[Lamborghini Huracán]].<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref>{{cite web |title=Ready For A Track Near You: Mustang Mach-E Gt And Gt Performance Edition Ready For Customer Orders |url=https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news/2021/04/26/mustang-mach-e-gt-gt-performance-edition.html |website=Ford Media center |publisher=Ford.com |access-date=21 May 2021 |date=26 Apr 2021}}</ref> These systems were produced by the [[Delphi Corporation]] and now by [[Beijing West Industries|BWI Group]] under the proprietary name [[MagneRide]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://delphi.com/news/pressReleases/pressReleases_2006/pr_2006_11_30_001/ |title=Press Release: Audi R8 Features Delphi's Revolutionary MagneRide Semi-Active Suspension |publisher=Delphi.com |access-date=2013-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111041857/http://delphi.com/news/pressReleases/pressReleases_2006/pr_2006_11_30_001/ |archive-date=2013-11-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ferrari F12 Berlinetta news and pictures new Ferrari supercar |url=http://www.evo.co.uk/news/evonews/279502/new_ferrari_f12_berlinetta_revealed.html |publisher=[[Evo (magazine)|evo]] |date=2012-02-29 |access-date=2012-03-05}}</ref> |
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[[MillenWorks]] has also included them in several military vehicles including the [[MillenWorks Light Utility Vehicle]], and in retrofits to the [[US Army]] [[Stryker]] and [[HMMWV]] for testing by [[TARDEC]].<ref>http://www.millenworks.com/html/aboutus/news/Stryker_Test.pdf MillenWorks Active Damper Suspension System {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129094359/http://www.millenworks.com/html/aboutus/news/Stryker_Test.pdf |date=November 29, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA426496&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf |title=A New Generation of Magneto-Rheological Fluid Dampers | |
[[MillenWorks]] has also included them in several military vehicles including the [[MillenWorks Light Utility Vehicle]], and in retrofits to the [[US Army]] [[Stryker]] and [[HMMWV]] for testing by [[TARDEC]].<ref>http://www.millenworks.com/html/aboutus/news/Stryker_Test.pdf MillenWorks Active Damper Suspension System {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129094359/http://www.millenworks.com/html/aboutus/news/Stryker_Test.pdf |date=November 29, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA426496.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604194904/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA426496&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |title=A New Generation of Magneto-Rheological Fluid Dampers |access-date=2013-12-08}}</ref> |
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===Aviation=== |
===Aviation=== |
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MRF-based dampers are excellent candidates for stability augmentation of the lead-lag (in-plane bending) mode of rotor blades in helicopters.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://dx.doi.org/10.4050/JAHS.44.234 | doi=10.4050/JAHS.44.234 | title=Characterization of Magnetorheological Helicopter Lag Dampers | date=1999 | last1=Kamath | first1=Gopalakrishna M. | last2=Wereley | first2=Norman M. | last3=Jolly | first3=Mark R. | journal=Journal of the American Helicopter Society | volume=44 | issue=3 | pages=234–248 }}</ref> MRF-based squeeze film dampers are being designed for use in the [[rotary wing]] industry to isolate vibrations from the aircraft structure and crew.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijrm/2004/546845/abs/ | doi=10.1155/S1023621X04000181 |doi-access=free | title=A Magnetorheological Fluid Damper for Rotor Applications | date=2004 | last1=Forte | first1=P. | last2=Paternò | first2=M. | last3=Rustighi | first3=E. | journal=International Journal of Rotating Machinery | volume=10 | issue=3 | pages=175–182 | hdl=11572/290169 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> |
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MRF-based dampers are excellent candidates for stability augmentation of the lead-lag (in-plane bending) mode of rotor blades in helicopters.<ref> |
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[http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/JAHS.44.234 “Characterization of Magnetorheological Helicopter Lag Dampers.”] G.M. Kamath, N.M. Wereley, and M.R. Jolly (1999). J. American Helicopter Society, 44(3):234–248.</ref> |
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MRF-based squeeze film dampers are being designed for use in the [[rotary wing]] industry to isolate vibrations from the aircraft structure and crew.<ref>http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijrm/2004/546845/abs/ A Magnetorheological Fluid Damper for Rotor Applications</ref> |
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==Control== |
==Control== |
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A magnetorheological damper is controlled by algorithms specifically designed for the purpose. There are plenty of alternatives, such as skyhook or groundhook algorithms.<ref name="MRD">[http://www.magnetorheologicaldamper.com/controlling-semi-active-viscous-damper-with-groundhook-algorithm Magnetorheological Damper Laboratory]</ref> The idea of the algorithms is to control the [[yield point shear stress]] of the magnetorheological fluid with [[electric current]]. When the fluid is |
A magnetorheological damper is controlled by algorithms specifically designed for the purpose. There are plenty of alternatives, such as skyhook or groundhook algorithms.<ref name="MRD">[http://www.magnetorheologicaldamper.com/controlling-semi-active-viscous-damper-with-groundhook-algorithm Magnetorheological Damper Laboratory] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425064345/http://www.magnetorheologicaldamper.com/controlling-semi-active-viscous-damper-with-groundhook-algorithm |date=2012-04-25 }}</ref> The idea of the algorithms is to control the [[yield point shear stress]] of the magnetorheological fluid with [[electric current]]. When the fluid is in the presence of an applied [[magnetic field]], the suspended metal particles align according to the [[field line]]s. [[Viscosity]] of the fluid increases according to the intensity of the magnetic field. When this occurs at the right instant, the properties of the damper change helps in attenuating an undesired shock or vibration. The relative efficacy of magnetorheological dampers to active and passive control strategies is usually comparable.<ref>{{cite journal|last=ALY|first=Aly Mousaad|author2=Richard Christenson|title=On the evaluation of the efficacy of a smart damper: a new equivalent energy-based probabilistic approach|journal=Smart Materials and Structures|volume=17|issue=4|pages=045008|year=2008|url=http://iopscience.iop.org/0964-1726/17/4/045008|doi=10.1088/0964-1726/17/4/045008|bibcode=2008SMaS...17d5008A|s2cid=110065009 }}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Latest revision as of 03:54, 12 February 2024
A magnetorheological damper or magnetorheological shock absorber is a damper filled with magnetorheological fluid, which is controlled by a magnetic field, usually using an electromagnet.[1][2][3] This allows the damping characteristics of the shock absorber to be continuously controlled by varying the power of the electromagnet. Fluid viscosity increases within the damper as electromagnet intensity increases. This type of shock absorber has several applications, most notably in semi-active vehicle suspensions which may adapt to road conditions, as they are monitored through sensors in the vehicle, and in prosthetic limbs.[4]
Types
[edit]Commercial applications
[edit]Many applications have been proposed using magnetorheological (MR) dampers. While vehicle applications are the most common use of MR dampers, useful medical applications have risen as well, including implants and rehabilitation methods.[6] Since MR dampers are not yet perfect, they are limited in terms of application. Disadvantages do exist when using a large scale MR damper, for example, particle settling within the carrier fluid may occur that inhibits some possible application.
History
[edit]The technology was originally developed by General Motors Delphi Automotive Division based in the USA and then developed further by BeijingWest Industries in China after BeijingWest Industries bought the technology from General Motors. BeijingWest Industries has subsequently introduced improvements including a redesigned ECU and the introduction of a dual coil system. The first car to use the technology was the 2002.5 Cadillac Seville STS, and the first sports car to use the technology was the 2003 C5 Corvette.
Automotive
[edit]These types of systems are available from OEMs for several vehicles, including the Acura MDX, Audi TT and R8, Buick Lucerne, Cadillac ATS, CTS-V, DTS, XLR, SRX, STS, Chevrolet Corvette, Camaro ZL1, Ferrari 458 Italia, 599GTB, F12 Berlinetta, Mustang Mach-E, Shelby GT 350, Holden HSV E-Series,and Lamborghini Huracán.[2][7] These systems were produced by the Delphi Corporation and now by BWI Group under the proprietary name MagneRide.[8][9]
MillenWorks has also included them in several military vehicles including the MillenWorks Light Utility Vehicle, and in retrofits to the US Army Stryker and HMMWV for testing by TARDEC.[10][11]
Aviation
[edit]MRF-based dampers are excellent candidates for stability augmentation of the lead-lag (in-plane bending) mode of rotor blades in helicopters.[12] MRF-based squeeze film dampers are being designed for use in the rotary wing industry to isolate vibrations from the aircraft structure and crew.[13]
Control
[edit]A magnetorheological damper is controlled by algorithms specifically designed for the purpose. There are plenty of alternatives, such as skyhook or groundhook algorithms.[14] The idea of the algorithms is to control the yield point shear stress of the magnetorheological fluid with electric current. When the fluid is in the presence of an applied magnetic field, the suspended metal particles align according to the field lines. Viscosity of the fluid increases according to the intensity of the magnetic field. When this occurs at the right instant, the properties of the damper change helps in attenuating an undesired shock or vibration. The relative efficacy of magnetorheological dampers to active and passive control strategies is usually comparable.[15]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b "Innovative Designs for Magneto-Rheological Dampers" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-12-08.
- ^ a b Primary Suspension Archived October 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ http://www.lord.com/Home/MagnetoRheologicalMRFluid/MRFluidTechnology/tabid/3318/Default.aspx MR Fluid Technology Archived October 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Technology Compared Archived October 17, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Unuh, Mohd Hishamuddin; Muhamad, Pauziah; Mohd Yakub, Mohd Fitri; Ismail, Mohamad Amiruddin; Tanasta, Zaimi (2019). "Experimental Validation to a Prototype Magnetorheological (MR) Semi-Active Damper for C-Class Vehicle". International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering. 16 (3): 7034–7047. doi:10.15282/ijame.16.3.2019.15.0527. ISSN 2229-8649.
- ^ Carlson, J.D.; Matthis, W.; Toscano, J.R. (March 2001). "Smart Prosthetics Based on MR Fluids". Proc. 8th Annual Symposium on Smart Structure and Material SPIE.
- ^ "Ready For A Track Near You: Mustang Mach-E Gt And Gt Performance Edition Ready For Customer Orders". Ford Media center. Ford.com. 26 Apr 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
- ^ "Press Release: Audi R8 Features Delphi's Revolutionary MagneRide Semi-Active Suspension". Delphi.com. Archived from the original on 2013-11-11. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
- ^ "Ferrari F12 Berlinetta news and pictures new Ferrari supercar". evo. 2012-02-29. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
- ^ http://www.millenworks.com/html/aboutus/news/Stryker_Test.pdf MillenWorks Active Damper Suspension System Archived November 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "A New Generation of Magneto-Rheological Fluid Dampers" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
- ^ Kamath, Gopalakrishna M.; Wereley, Norman M.; Jolly, Mark R. (1999). "Characterization of Magnetorheological Helicopter Lag Dampers". Journal of the American Helicopter Society. 44 (3): 234–248. doi:10.4050/JAHS.44.234.
- ^ Forte, P.; Paternò, M.; Rustighi, E. (2004). "A Magnetorheological Fluid Damper for Rotor Applications". International Journal of Rotating Machinery. 10 (3): 175–182. doi:10.1155/S1023621X04000181. hdl:11572/290169.
- ^ Magnetorheological Damper Laboratory Archived 2012-04-25 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ ALY, Aly Mousaad; Richard Christenson (2008). "On the evaluation of the efficacy of a smart damper: a new equivalent energy-based probabilistic approach". Smart Materials and Structures. 17 (4): 045008. Bibcode:2008SMaS...17d5008A. doi:10.1088/0964-1726/17/4/045008. S2CID 110065009.