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{{Short description|English engineer, metallurgist and inventor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2012}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2012}}
{{Infobox engineer
{{Infobox engineer
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|nationality = English
|nationality = English
|birth_date = 29 December 1813
|birth_date = 29 December 1813

|birth_place = Suffolk Street, [[Birmingham]], England
|birth_place = Suffolk Street, [[Birmingham]], England
|death_date = {{d-da|29 June 1890|29 December 1813}}
|death_date = {{d-da|29 June 1890|29 December 1813}}
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==Biography==
==Biography==
The son of a [[brass]] [[Lock (security device)|lock]] manufacturer, Parkes was apprenticed to [[Messenger and Sons]], [[brass]] [[foundry|founders]] of Birmingham, before going to work for [[George Elkington|George and Henry Elkington]], who patented the [[electroplating]] process.<ref>Anon, A Short Memoir of Alexander Parkes (1813–90), Chemist and Inventor, Printed for Private Circulation, n.d. about 1890; John Naish Goldsmith, Alexander Parkes, Parkesine, Xylonite and Celluloid, 1934; M. Kaufman, The First Century of Plastics, 1963.</ref> Parkes was put in charge of the casting department, and his attention soon began to focus on electroplating. Parkes took out his first patent (No. 8905) in 1841 on a process for electroplating delicate works of art. His improved method for electroplating fine and fragile objects, such as flowers, was granted a patent in 1843. The patent involved electroplating an object previously dipped in a solution of phosphorus contained in bisulfide of carbon, and then in nitrate of silver. A spider's web, silver-plated according to this method, was presented to [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]] when he visited the Elkington works in 1844.
The son of a manufacturer of [[brass]] [[Lock (security device)|locks]], Parkes was apprenticed to Messenger and Sons, brass [[foundry|founders]] of Birmingham, before going to work for [[George Elkington|George and Henry Elkington]], who patented the [[electroplating]] process.<ref>Anon, A Short Memoir of Alexander Parkes (1813–1890), Chemist and Inventor, Printed for Private Circulation, n.d., {{circa}} 1890; John Naish Goldsmith, Alexander Parkes, Xylonite and Celluloid, 1934; M. Kaufman, The First Century of Plastics, 1963.</ref> Parkes was put in charge of the casting department, and his attention soon began to focus on electroplating. Parkes took out his first patent (No. 8905) in 1841 on a process for electroplating delicate works of art. His improved method for electroplating fine and fragile objects, such as flowers, was granted a patent in 1843. The process involved electroplating an object previously dipped in a solution of [[phosphorus]] contained in [[Carbon disulphide|bisulphide of carbon]], and then in [[nitrate of silver]]. A spider's web, silver-plated according to this method, was presented to [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]] when he visited the Elkington works in 1844.


In total, Parkes held at least 66 patents on processes and products mostly related to electroplating and plastic development.
In total Parkes held at least 66 patents on processes and products, mostly related to electroplating and to development of plastics.


*In 1846 he patented the cold cure process for vulcanizing rubber, called by [[Thomas Hancock (inventor)|Thomas Hancock]] "one of the most valuable and extraordinary discoveries of the age".<ref>M.Kaufman, Op. Cit., p. 17</ref>
*In 1846, he patented the cold cure process for vulcanizing rubber, called by [[Thomas Hancock (inventor)|Thomas Hancock]] "one of the most valuable and extraordinary discoveries of the age".<ref>M. Kaufman, op. cit., p. 17</ref>
*He pioneered the addition of small quantities of phosphorus to metals and alloys, and developed phosphor-bronze (patent 12325 of 1848, taken out jointly with his brother [[Henry Parkes (chemist)|Henry Parkes]]).<ref>Obituary in Iron, pp. 73–4, 25 July 1890.</ref>
*He pioneered the addition of small quantities of phosphorus to metals and alloys, and developed phosphor-bronze (patent 12325 of 1848, taken out jointly with his brother [[Henry Parkes (chemist)|Henry Parkes]]).<ref>Obituary in Iron, pp. 73–4, 25 July 1890.</ref>
*In 1850 he developed and patented the [[Parkes process]] for economically desilvering lead, also patenting refinements to the process in 1851 and 1852.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/444136/Parkes-process |title=Parkes process (chemistry) |accessdate=2009-08-20 |work=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia }}</ref>
*In 1850, he developed and patented the [[Parkes process]] for economically desilvering [[lead]], also patenting refinements to the process in 1851 and 1852.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/444136/Parkes-process |title=Parkes process (chemistry) |accessdate=2009-08-20 |encyclopedia=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia}}</ref>
*In 1856, he patented [[Parkesine]]{{snd}} the first [[thermoplastic]]{{snd}} a [[celluloid]] based on [[nitrocellulose]] treated with a variety of solvents.<ref>{{cite book|last=UK Patent office|title=Patents for inventions|year=1857|publisher=UK Patent office|pages=255|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0nCoU-2tAx8C&pg=PA255}}</ref> This material, exhibited at the 1862 London International Exhibition, anticipated many of the modern aesthetic and utility uses of plastics.
*In 1856, he patented [[Parkesine]]{{snd}} the first [[thermoplastic]]{{snd}} a [[celluloid]] based on [[nitrocellulose]] treated with a variety of solvents.<ref>{{cite book |last=UK Patent Office |title=Patents for inventions |year=1857 |publisher=UK Patent Office |pages=255 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0nCoU-2tAx8C&pg=PA255}}</ref> This material, exhibited at the 1862 London International Exhibition, anticipated many of the modern aesthetic and utility uses of plastics.
*In 1866 he set up The Parkesine Company at [[Hackney Wick]], London, for bulk low-cost production. It was not, however, a commercial success as Parkesine was expensive to produce, prone to cracking and highly flammable. The business closed in 1868.
*In 1866, he set up The Parkesine Company at [[Hackney Wick]], London, for bulk low-cost production. It was not commercially successful, however, for Parkesine was expensive to produce, prone to cracking and highly flammable. The business closed in 1868.
*Parkes' material was developed later in improved form as [[Xylonite (plastic)|Xylonite]] by his associate [[Daniel Spill]], who brought a patent infringement lawsuit{{snd}} ultimately unsuccessful{{snd}} against [[John Wesley Hyatt]], developer of [[celluloid]] in the US. In 1870, however, the judge ruled that it was in fact Parkes who was the true inventor due to his original experiments.
*Parkes' material was developed later in improved form as [[Xylonite (plastic)|Xylonite]] by his associate [[Daniel Spill]], who brought a patent infringement lawsuit{{snd}} ultimately unsuccessful{{snd}} against [[John Wesley Hyatt]], developer of [[celluloid]] in the US. In 1870, however, the judge ruled that Parkes was the true inventor, owing to his original experiments.


==Personal and family details==
==Personal and family details==
Alexander Parkes was born at Suffolk Street, Birmingham, the fourth son of James Mears Parkes and his wife Keren happuch Childs. [[Samuel Harrison (inventor)|Samuel Harrison]], described by [[Josiah Mason|Sir Josiah Mason]] as the inventor of the split-ring (or key-ring) and widely credited with the invention of the steel pen, was his great-uncle.<ref>J.T.Bunce, Memoir of Sir Josiah Mason, p. 208; Simon Parkes, A Tale of Two Knives, Midland Ancestor, vol. 8, no. 4, June 1987. Henry Bore, The Story of the Invention of Steel Pens, 1890, at p. 20 says that Harrison made a steel pen for [[Joseph Priestley]] in about 1780, "probably the first steel pen ever produced."</ref> Parkes was twice married. By his first marriage, to Jane Henshall Moore (1817–50), he had four sons and two daughters (the cricketer [[Howard Parkes]] was a grandson), and by his second marriage, to Mary Ann Roderick (1835–1919), four sons and seven daughters. The elder surviving son of his second marriage, Alexander Parkes junior, sometime President of the Association of Certified and Corporate Accountants, presented many original specimens of Parkesine to the [[Science Museum (London)|Science Museum]] in 1937, the core of the museum’s Parkesine collection.<ref>''[[The Times]]'', 8 March 1937.</ref>
Alexander Parkes was born at Suffolk Street, Birmingham, the fourth son of James Mears Parkes and his wife Kerenhappuch Childs. [[Samuel Harrison (inventor)|Samuel Harrison]], described by Sir [[Josiah Mason]] as the inventor of the split-ring (or key-ring) and widely credited with the invention of the steel pen, was his great-uncle.<ref>J.T.Bunce, Memoir of Sir Josiah Mason, p. 208; Simon Parkes, A Tale of Two Knives, Midland Ancestor, vol. 8, no. 4, June 1987. Henry Bore, The Story of the Invention of Steel Pens, 1890, at p. 20 says that Harrison made a steel pen for [[Joseph Priestley]] in about 1780, "probably the first steel pen ever produced."</ref> Parkes was twice married. By his first marriage, to Jane Henshall Moore (1817–50), he had four sons and two daughters (the cricketer [[Howard Parkes]] was a grandson), and by his second marriage, to Mary Ann Roderick (1835–1919), four sons and seven daughters. The elder surviving son of his second marriage, Alexander Parkes junior, sometime President of the [[Association of Chartered Certified Accountants|Association of Certified and Corporate Accountants]], presented many original specimens of Parkesine to the [[Science Museum (London)|Science Museum]] in 1937, the core of the museum's Parkesine collection.<ref>''[[The Times]]'', 8 March 1937.</ref>


Parkes’ younger brother Henry (1824–1909), a trained chemist, who was married to Fanny Roderick (1837–97), a sister of Alexander’s second wife, assisted him in many of his experiments during a collaboration lasting more than fifty years.<ref>Anon, Op. Cit., p.14.</ref>
Parkes' younger brother Henry (1824–1909), a trained chemist, who was married to Fanny Roderick (1837–97), a sister of Alexander's second wife, assisted him in many of his experiments during a collaboration lasting more than fifty years.<ref>Anon, Op. Cit., p.14.</ref>


It is believed that the Parkes family descends from the Rev. Michael Parkes, Vicar of [[Penkridge]], Staffordshire (died 1617), and had close connections with the metal-working towns of [[Wednesbury]] and [[Wolverhampton]] in the 16–18th centuries.<ref>William Percy Webb, Notes on the Parkes Family, typescript circa 1930 in Society of Genealogists Library, London.</ref>
It is believed that the Parkes family descends from the Rev. Michael Parkes, Vicar of [[Penkridge]], Staffordshire (died 1617), and had close connections with the metal-working towns of [[Wednesbury]] and [[Wolverhampton]] in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.<ref>William Percy Webb, Notes on the Parkes Family, typescript c. 1930, in Society of Genealogists Library, London.</ref>


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
[[File:Alexander Parkes Blue Plaque.jpg|thumb|Blue plaque on the old Birmingham Science Museum.]]
[[File:Alexander Parkes Blue Plaque.jpg|thumb|Blue plaque on the old Birmingham Science Museum]]
Parkes is remembered in several locations: the [[Plastics Historical Society]] placed a [[Blue Plaque|blue plastic plaque]] on his home in [[Dulwich]], London, in 2002.
Parkes is remembered in several locations:
*The [[Plastics Historical Society]] placed a [[blue plaque]] on his home in [[Dulwich]], London, in 2002;
[[The Birmingham Civic Society]] erected a [[Blue Plaque]] commemorating him in 2004 on the original Elkington Silver Electroplating Works (The old [[Science Museum, Birmingham|Science Museum]]), [[Newhall Street]], Birmingham.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.birminghamcivicsociety.org.uk/blueplaques.htm |title=Blue Plaques |publisher=[[The Birmingham Civic Society]] |location=UK |accessdate=28 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929032432/http://www.birminghamcivicsociety.org.uk/blueplaques.htm |archivedate=29 September 2011 }}</ref> There is also a plaque on the wall of the site of the Parkesine Works.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.hackney.gov.uk/ep-first-plastic-in-the-world.htm | title=First plastic in the world | publisher=[[London Borough of Hackney]] | location=UK | accessdate=28 April 2014 }}</ref> In September 2005, Parkes was posthumously inducted into the American [[Plastics Hall of Fame|Plastics Academy’s Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plasticshalloffame.com/articles.php?articleId=154|title=Alexander Parkes|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Plastics Hall of Fame|location=[[United States|US]]|accessdate=28 April 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429045258/http://www.plasticshalloffame.com/articles.php?articleId=154|archivedate=29 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He is buried in [[West Norwood Cemetery]], London, although his memorial was removed in the 1970s.
*[[The Birmingham Civic Society]] erected a blue plaque commemorating him in 2004 on the original Elkington Silver Electroplating Works (the old [[Science Museum, Birmingham|Science Museum]]), [[Newhall Street]], Birmingham;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.birminghamcivicsociety.org.uk/blueplaques.htm |title=Blue Plaques |publisher=[[The Birmingham Civic Society]] |location=UK |accessdate=28 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929032432/http://www.birminghamcivicsociety.org.uk/blueplaques.htm |archivedate=29 September 2011}}</ref>
* There is also a plaque on the wall of the site of the Parkesine Works.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hackney.gov.uk/ep-first-plastic-in-the-world.htm |title=First plastic in the world |publisher=[[London Borough of Hackney]] |location=UK |accessdate=28 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110933/http://www.hackney.gov.uk/ep-first-plastic-in-the-world.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In September 2005, Parkes was posthumously inducted into the American [[Plastics Hall of Fame|Plastics Academy's Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plasticshalloffame.com/articles.php?articleId=154 |title=Alexander Parkes |publisher=Plastics Hall of Fame |location=[[United States|US]] |accessdate=28 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429045258/http://www.plasticshalloffame.com/articles.php?articleId=154 |archivedate=29 April 2014}}</ref> He is buried in [[West Norwood Cemetery]], London, although his memorial was removed in the 1970s.


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 12:59, 12 February 2024

Alexander Parkes
Born29 December 1813
Suffolk Street, Birmingham, England
Died29 June 1890 (1890-06-30) (aged 76)
NationalityEnglish
OccupationEngineer
Engineering career
ProjectsParkesine

Alexander Parkes (29 December 1813 – 29 June 1890) was a metallurgist and inventor from Birmingham, England. He created Parkesine, the first man-made plastic.

Biography

[edit]

The son of a manufacturer of brass locks, Parkes was apprenticed to Messenger and Sons, brass founders of Birmingham, before going to work for George and Henry Elkington, who patented the electroplating process.[1] Parkes was put in charge of the casting department, and his attention soon began to focus on electroplating. Parkes took out his first patent (No. 8905) in 1841 on a process for electroplating delicate works of art. His improved method for electroplating fine and fragile objects, such as flowers, was granted a patent in 1843. The process involved electroplating an object previously dipped in a solution of phosphorus contained in bisulphide of carbon, and then in nitrate of silver. A spider's web, silver-plated according to this method, was presented to Prince Albert when he visited the Elkington works in 1844.

In total Parkes held at least 66 patents on processes and products, mostly related to electroplating and to development of plastics.

  • In 1846, he patented the cold cure process for vulcanizing rubber, called by Thomas Hancock "one of the most valuable and extraordinary discoveries of the age".[2]
  • He pioneered the addition of small quantities of phosphorus to metals and alloys, and developed phosphor-bronze (patent 12325 of 1848, taken out jointly with his brother Henry Parkes).[3]
  • In 1850, he developed and patented the Parkes process for economically desilvering lead, also patenting refinements to the process in 1851 and 1852.[4]
  • In 1856, he patented Parkesine – the first thermoplastic – a celluloid based on nitrocellulose treated with a variety of solvents.[5] This material, exhibited at the 1862 London International Exhibition, anticipated many of the modern aesthetic and utility uses of plastics.
  • In 1866, he set up The Parkesine Company at Hackney Wick, London, for bulk low-cost production. It was not commercially successful, however, for Parkesine was expensive to produce, prone to cracking and highly flammable. The business closed in 1868.
  • Parkes' material was developed later in improved form as Xylonite by his associate Daniel Spill, who brought a patent infringement lawsuit – ultimately unsuccessful – against John Wesley Hyatt, developer of celluloid in the US. In 1870, however, the judge ruled that Parkes was the true inventor, owing to his original experiments.

Personal and family details

[edit]

Alexander Parkes was born at Suffolk Street, Birmingham, the fourth son of James Mears Parkes and his wife Kerenhappuch Childs. Samuel Harrison, described by Sir Josiah Mason as the inventor of the split-ring (or key-ring) and widely credited with the invention of the steel pen, was his great-uncle.[6] Parkes was twice married. By his first marriage, to Jane Henshall Moore (1817–50), he had four sons and two daughters (the cricketer Howard Parkes was a grandson), and by his second marriage, to Mary Ann Roderick (1835–1919), four sons and seven daughters. The elder surviving son of his second marriage, Alexander Parkes junior, sometime President of the Association of Certified and Corporate Accountants, presented many original specimens of Parkesine to the Science Museum in 1937, the core of the museum's Parkesine collection.[7]

Parkes' younger brother Henry (1824–1909), a trained chemist, who was married to Fanny Roderick (1837–97), a sister of Alexander's second wife, assisted him in many of his experiments during a collaboration lasting more than fifty years.[8]

It is believed that the Parkes family descends from the Rev. Michael Parkes, Vicar of Penkridge, Staffordshire (died 1617), and had close connections with the metal-working towns of Wednesbury and Wolverhampton in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.[9]

Legacy

[edit]
Blue plaque on the old Birmingham Science Museum

Parkes is remembered in several locations:

In September 2005, Parkes was posthumously inducted into the American Plastics Academy's Hall of Fame.[12] He is buried in West Norwood Cemetery, London, although his memorial was removed in the 1970s.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Anon, A Short Memoir of Alexander Parkes (1813–1890), Chemist and Inventor, Printed for Private Circulation, n.d., c. 1890; John Naish Goldsmith, Alexander Parkes, Xylonite and Celluloid, 1934; M. Kaufman, The First Century of Plastics, 1963.
  2. ^ M. Kaufman, op. cit., p. 17
  3. ^ Obituary in Iron, pp. 73–4, 25 July 1890.
  4. ^ "Parkes process (chemistry)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20 August 2009.
  5. ^ UK Patent Office (1857). Patents for inventions. UK Patent Office. p. 255.
  6. ^ J.T.Bunce, Memoir of Sir Josiah Mason, p. 208; Simon Parkes, A Tale of Two Knives, Midland Ancestor, vol. 8, no. 4, June 1987. Henry Bore, The Story of the Invention of Steel Pens, 1890, at p. 20 says that Harrison made a steel pen for Joseph Priestley in about 1780, "probably the first steel pen ever produced."
  7. ^ The Times, 8 March 1937.
  8. ^ Anon, Op. Cit., p.14.
  9. ^ William Percy Webb, Notes on the Parkes Family, typescript c. 1930, in Society of Genealogists Library, London.
  10. ^ "Blue Plaques". UK: The Birmingham Civic Society. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  11. ^ "First plastic in the world". UK: London Borough of Hackney. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  12. ^ "Alexander Parkes". US: Plastics Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
[edit]
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