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[[File:Togoga victim in Ayder hospital VOAT 25 june 2021.jpg|thumb|One of the civilian victims of the [[Togoga airstrike]] <ref name="voat20210624">Voice of America – Tigrinya, 24 June 2021: [https://tigrigna.voanews.com/a/%E1%8A%A3%E1%89%A5-%E1%89%B6%E1%8C%8E%E1%8C%8B-%E1%89%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%AD-%E1%89%A5%E1%8B%9D%E1%89%B0%E1%8D%88%E1%8C%B8%E1%88%98-%E1%88%98%E1%8C%A5%E1%89%93%E1%8B%95%E1%89%B2-%E1%8B%9D%E1%89%86%E1%88%B0%E1%88%89-%E1%8A%93%E1%89%A5-%E1%8B%93%E1%8B%AD%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%AD-%E1%88%86%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%92%E1%89%B3%E1%88%8D-%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%A5%E1%89%B3%E1%8B%8D-%E1%88%9D%E1%8C%85%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AE%E1%88%9D-%E1%89%B0%E1%8C%88%E1%88%8A%E1%8C%B9/5941682.html ኣብ ቶጎጋ ትግራይ ብዝተፈጸመ መጥቓዕቲ ዝቆሰሉ ናብ ዓይደር ሆስፒታል ምእታው ምጅማሮም ተገሊጹ]</ref>]]
[[File:Togoga victim in Ayder hospital VOAT 25 june 2021.jpg|thumb|One of the civilian victims of the [[Togoga airstrike]]<ref name="voat20210624">Voice of America – Tigrinya, 24 June 2021: [https://tigrigna.voanews.com/a/%E1%8A%A3%E1%89%A5-%E1%89%B6%E1%8C%8E%E1%8C%8B-%E1%89%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%AD-%E1%89%A5%E1%8B%9D%E1%89%B0%E1%8D%88%E1%8C%B8%E1%88%98-%E1%88%98%E1%8C%A5%E1%89%93%E1%8B%95%E1%89%B2-%E1%8B%9D%E1%89%86%E1%88%B0%E1%88%89-%E1%8A%93%E1%89%A5-%E1%8B%93%E1%8B%AD%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%AD-%E1%88%86%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%92%E1%89%B3%E1%88%8D-%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%A5%E1%89%B3%E1%8B%8D-%E1%88%9D%E1%8C%85%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AE%E1%88%9D-%E1%89%B0%E1%8C%88%E1%88%8A%E1%8C%B9/5941682.html ኣብ ቶጎጋ ትግራይ ብዝተፈጸመ መጥቓዕቲ ዝቆሰሉ ናብ ዓይደር ሆስፒታል ምእታው ምጅማሮም ተገሊጹ]</ref>]]
The '''EHRC–OHCRC Tigray investigation''' is a [[human rights]] investigation launched jointly by the [[Ethiopian Human Rights Commission]] (EHRC) and the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] (OHCRC) in mid-2021 into human rights violations of the [[Tigray War]] that started in November 2020.<ref name="ThomReut_UN_rights_chief" /><ref name="OHCHR_joint_investigation" /><ref name="Reporter_join_team_to_start_May2021" />
The '''EHRC–OHCHR Tigray investigation''' is a [[human rights]] investigation launched jointly by the [[Ethiopian Human Rights Commission]] (EHRC) and the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] (OHCHR) in mid-2021 into human rights violations of the [[Tigray War]] that started in November 2020.<ref name="ThomReut_UN_rights_chief" /><ref name="OHCHR_joint_investigation" /><ref name="Reporter_join_team_to_start_May2021" /> The EHRC–OHCHR joint investigation team's report was published on 3 November 2021.<ref name="EHRC_OHCHR_final_report_3Nov2021" />


==Background==
==Background==
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==Creation==
==Creation==
In March 2021, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, [[Michelle Bachelet]], stated that the [[Ethiopian Human Rights Commission]] (EHRC) and the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] (OHCRC) had agreed to carry out a joint investigation into human rights violations during the [[Tigray War]]. Bachelet referred to "possible war crimes".<ref name="ThomReut_UN_rights_chief" />
In March 2021, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, [[Michelle Bachelet]], stated that the [[Ethiopian Human Rights Commission]] (EHRC) and the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] (OHCHR) had agreed to carry out a joint investigation into human rights violations during the [[Tigray War]]. Bachelet referred to "possible war crimes".<ref name="ThomReut_UN_rights_chief" />


The OHCHR stated that the investigation would cover "human rights violations and abuses allegedly committed by all parties in the context of the Tigray conflict". The OHCHR stated that itself and the EHRC had an ongoing partnership and shared objectives for human rights accountability for the Tigray War. The initial phase of the investigation was planned for a three-month period.<ref name="OHCHR_joint_investigation" /><ref name="UN_probe_announced" />
The OHCHR stated that the investigation would cover "human rights violations and abuses allegedly committed by all parties in the context of the Tigray conflict". The OHCHR stated that itself and the EHRC had an ongoing partnership and shared objectives for human rights accountability for the Tigray War. The initial phase of the investigation was planned for a three-month period.<ref name="OHCHR_joint_investigation" /><ref name="UN_probe_announced" />


==Leadership and members==
==Initial phase==
Sonny Onyegbul, one of the OHCHR human rights staff working on the investigation, was deported from Ethiopia along with six other UN officials in October 2021, for what the federal authorities described as "meddling in internal affairs".<ref name="Guardian_objectivity_concerns" />

==Investigation schedule==
[[File:Mass grave of civilian victims in Tigray VOAT 11 June 2021.png|thumb|One of the numerous mass graves of civilian victims in Tigray, massacred by [[Ethiopian National Defense Force|ENDF]] and allied forces, that the joint commission will need to investigate<ref name="VOAT20210611">Voice of America – Tigrinya, 11 June 2021: [https://tigrigna.voanews.com/a/residents-dig-mass-graves-to-bury-tigray-war-victims/5925704.html 'ነበርቲ ሓውዜን ግዳያት ኵናት ትግራይ ብጅምላ ይቐብርሉ ኣለው'ፀብፃብ ሄዘር ሞርዶክ]</ref>]]
[[File:Mass grave of civilian victims in Tigray VOAT 11 June 2021.png|thumb|One of the numerous mass graves of civilian victims in Tigray, massacred by [[Ethiopian National Defense Force|ENDF]] and allied forces, that the joint commission will need to investigate<ref name="VOAT20210611">Voice of America – Tigrinya, 11 June 2021: [https://tigrigna.voanews.com/a/residents-dig-mass-graves-to-bury-tigray-war-victims/5925704.html 'ነበርቲ ሓውዜን ግዳያት ኵናት ትግራይ ብጅምላ ይቐብርሉ ኣለው'ፀብፃብ ሄዘር ሞርዶክ]</ref>]]
In May 2021, the OHCHR and EHRC signed an agreement detailing "geographic scope, issues of investigation and engagement mechanisms". Six people were selected by each of the two commissions to create a team of twelve investigators. Legal, gender, security and translation staff were also appointed. [[Daniel Bekele]], head of the EHRC, stated that the EHRC had received no communications from the [[African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights]] (ACHPR) on possible cooperation in the investigation.<ref name="Reporter_join_team_to_start_May2021" />
In May 2021, the OHCHR and EHRC signed an agreement detailing "geographic scope, issues of investigation and engagement mechanisms". Six people were selected by each of the two commissions to create a team of twelve investigators. Legal, gender, security and translation staff were also appointed. [[Daniel Bekele]], head of the EHRC, stated that the EHRC had received no communications from the [[African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights]] (ACHPR) on possible cooperation in the investigation.<ref name="Reporter_join_team_to_start_May2021" />


In July 2021, during its 47th session, the [[United Nations Human Rights Council|UNHRC]] called for the OHCHR to provide administrative, technical and logistical support for strengthening the capacity of the EHRC and the Ethiopian criminal justice system and requested updates on the investigation to be provided at the UNHRC's 48th and 49th sessions.<ref name="UNHRC_Situation_Tigray_8July2021" />
==Criticism==

The initial phase, scheduled from 16 May to 20 August, was extended in September, with 1 November 2021 announced as the new release date of the joint commission's report. A visit to Axum in relation to the [[Axum massacre]] had been prevented by "sudden changes in the security situation and in the conflict dynamics" according to the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet.<ref name="AJE_Probe_did_not_reach_Axum" />

==Report==
===Publication and structure===
The EHRC–OHCHR joint investigation team (JIT) published its full 156-page report on 3 November 2021, including a 6-page executive summary, descriptions of methods, legal framework and context, detailed findings, an "overall findings" summary, a discussion of accountability mechanisms and the JIT's recommendations. The report includes, as annexes, requests to the Eritrean government, to the TPLF and to the government of [[Amhara Region]] for responses to the JIT's findings, and a 22-page response by the Ethiopian federal government.<ref name="EHRC_OHCHR_final_report_3Nov2021" />

===Recommendations===
As summarised by [[Human Rights Watch]] (HRW), the report recommends that a full-scale international investigation be carried out in order to "identif[y] the pattern and scale of abuses, and those responsible for the worst crimes up to the present".<ref name="HRW_int_investig_needed_ET" />

==Reception==
The governments of Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States released a joint statement in which they expressed:

{{Blockquote
|text=Notwithstanding the considerable challenges faced in gaining access to places, people and documentation, we commend OHCHR and EHRC for their impartial and transparent work. We also underscore the value of the investigation’s collection and documentation of human rights abuses and violations, and violations of international humanitarian law, for the purpose of supporting justice and accountability on behalf of victims and survivors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joint Statement on the Release of the OHCHR-EHRC Joint Investigation |url=https://www.state.gov/joint-statement-on-the-release-of-the-ohchr-ehrc-joint-investigation/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=United States Department of State |language=en}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Massacres in the Tigray War (up to 16 Nov 2021) and sites visited by the joint EHRC-UNHRC investigation.png|center|thumb|640x640px|Occurrence of massacres in the Tigray War up to 16 November 2021 (red dots), with sites visited by the joint EHRC–OHCHR investigation (blue checkmarks).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Annys |first=Sofie |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5807266 |title=Tigray: Atlas of the Humanitarian Situation |last2=Vanden Bempt |first2=Tim |last3=Negash |first3=Emnet |last4=De Sloover |first4=Lars |last5=Ghekiere |first5=Robin |last6=Haegeman |first6=Kiara |last7=Temmerman |first7=Daan |last8=Nyssen |first8=Jan |date=27 December 2021 |publisher=[[Ghent University]] |series=Version 2.2 |format=PDF |doi=10.5281/zenodo.580428 |doi-access=free}}</ref>]]
Following the 3 November publication of the report,<ref name="EHRC_OHCHR_final_report_3Nov2021" /> [[Alex de Waal]] described the report as "deeply flawed" and criticised its coverage of the [[Famine in the Tigray War|famine in Tigray Region]], saying that the report "only mentioned a handful of starvation crimes and [had] nothing to say about the unlawful siege on Tigray imposed since June." De Waal stated that "Abiy's hunger plan is an international crime to be exposed, sanctioned, and punished, not appeased."<ref name="AJE_Tigray_is_starving" />

[[Human Rights Watch|HRW]] says that the report gives too little attention to "well-documented trends", only briefly mentions the "abuses committed by Amhara regional forces and militia against Tigrayans in western Tigray", "fails to acknowledge the scale of abuses, including sexual slavery, by Ethiopian, Eritrean, and Amhara forces targeting Tigrayan women and girls", and "glosses over the deliberate and extensive destruction and pillaging of health infrastructure, and the intimidation and killing of humanitarian workers."<ref name="HRW_int_investig_needed_ET" />

''[[The Guardian]]'' described "many Tigrayans in Ethiopia and abroad" as "outright reject[ing]" the EHRC's participation in the joint investigation.<ref name="Guard_accused_by_all" />
''[[The Guardian]]'' described "many Tigrayans in Ethiopia and abroad" as "outright reject[ing]" the EHRC's participation in the joint investigation.<ref name="Guard_accused_by_all" />


Gebrekiros Temare Getachew, writing in ''[[Ethiopia Insight]]'', criticised the EHRC's participation. He argued that there was a structural bias, with Tigrayans ''de facto'' excluded from the [[House of Peoples' Representatives]], to which the EHRC is legally accountable. He criticised the EHRC's preliminary report on the [[Mai Kadra massacre]] for presenting "ethnic Amharas as the sole victims", and the four-month delay between the [[Axum massacre]] and EHRC's preliminary report on it. He criticised the lack of attribution of perpetrators in the EHRC's report of [[sexual violence in the Tigray War]]. Gebrekiros also argued that the investigation would be ineffective because of Tigrayans' mistrust of the EHRC and because of EHRC's lack of institutional capacity and experience.<ref name="ETInsight_justice_not_served" />
Gebrekiros Temare Getachew, writing in ''[[Ethiopia Insight]]'', criticised the EHRC's participation. He argued that there was a structural bias, with Tigrayans ''de facto'' excluded from the [[House of Peoples' Representatives]], to which the EHRC is legally accountable. He criticised the EHRC's preliminary report on the [[Mai Kadra massacre]] for presenting "ethnic Amharas as the sole victims", and the four-month delay between the [[Axum massacre]] and EHRC's preliminary report on it. He criticised the lack of attribution of perpetrators in the EHRC's report of [[sexual violence in the Tigray War]]. Gebrekiros also argued that the investigation would be ineffective because of Tigrayans' mistrust of the EHRC and because of EHRC's lack of institutional capacity and experience.<ref name="ETInsight_justice_not_served" />


In June 2021, [[Debretsion Gebremichael]], the [[2020 Tigray regional election|elected leader]] of Tigray Region, "rejected" the investigation, stating, "It's very clear they are partial."<ref name="NYT_interview_Tigray_leader" />
In June 2021, [[Debretsion Gebremichael]], the leader of the Tigray Region, "rejected" the investigation, stating, "It's very clear they are partial."<ref name="NYT_interview_Tigray_leader" />

Members of the investigating team told ''[[Associated Press]]'' that Daniel Bekele, head of the EHRC, understated evidence of abuses by Amhara forces and emphasized abuses by Tigrayan forces. Bekele stated that the commission was independent and "primarily accountable to the people it is created to serve".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/africa-united-nations-kenya-ethiopia-abiy-ahmed-ccf2665d453f6af0d08e3bdf8db81b96|title=Ethiopia tried to limit rare UN report on Tigray war abuses|date=2 November 2021|publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' described the concerns about limitations to the report, but expected the report to "nevertheless be the most authoritative overview of the war and its consequences".<ref name="Guardian_objectivity_concerns" />

==See also==
*[[ACHPR Tigray investigation]]
*[[International Commission of Human Rights Experts on Ethiopia]]


==References==
==References==
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<ref name="deWaal_call_out_war_crimes">{{cite web | last1 = de Waal | first1 = Alex | author1-link = Alex de Waal | title= Who Will Call Out Eritrea's War Crimes in Tigray? | website= [[Tufts University]] |date = 2020-12-23 | url = https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2020/12/23/who-will-call-out-eritreas-war-crimes-in-tigray | access-date = 2021-02-08 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20210208232049/https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2020/12/23/who-will-call-out-eritreas-war-crimes-in-tigray/ |archive-date= 2021-02-08 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="deWaal_call_out_war_crimes">{{cite web | last1 = de Waal | first1 = Alex | author1-link = Alex de Waal | title= Who Will Call Out Eritrea's War Crimes in Tigray? | website= [[Tufts University]] |date = 2020-12-23 | url = https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2020/12/23/who-will-call-out-eritreas-war-crimes-in-tigray | access-date = 2021-02-08 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20210208232049/https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2020/12/23/who-will-call-out-eritreas-war-crimes-in-tigray/ |archive-date= 2021-02-08 |url-status=live }}</ref>


<ref name="EHRC_Preliminary">{{cite web |title=Rapid Investigation into Grave Human Rights Violations in Maikadra: Preliminary Findings |url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/1vS-0N8xCDZDRAM5lzBAELTVjqfKLrzJha8xpKdqh1OE/mobilebasic |publisher=Ethiopian Human Rights Commission |access-date=24 November 2020 |location=Addis Ababa |language=en |format=Digital report |date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201125221438/https://docs.google.com/document/d/1vS-0N8xCDZDRAM5lzBAELTVjqfKLrzJha8xpKdqh1OE/mobilebasic |archive-date=2020-11-25 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="EHRC_Preliminary">{{Cite web|url=https://ehrc.org/ethiopian-human-rights-commission-rapid-investigation-into-grave-human-rights-violation-maikadra-preliminary-findings/|title=Rapid Investigation into Grave Human Rights Violation Maikadra - Preliminary Findings|date=November 24, 2020|website=[[Ethiopian Human Rights Commission]]}}</ref>


<ref name="Vice_Exterminate_Us_All">{{Cite news |last1= Steers | first1= Julia | date= 2020-12-24 |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/qjpzqw/hes-planning-to-exterminate-us-all-ethiopians-speak-of-ethnic-massacres |title='He's Planning to Exterminate Us All': Ethiopians Speak of Ethnic Massacres |newspaper=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |access-date=25 December 2020 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20201225193844/https://www.vice.com/en/article/qjpzqw/hes-planning-to-exterminate-us-all-ethiopians-speak-of-ethnic-massacres |archive-date= 2020-12-25 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Vice_Exterminate_Us_All">{{Cite news |last1= Steers | first1= Julia | date= 2020-12-24 |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/qjpzqw/hes-planning-to-exterminate-us-all-ethiopians-speak-of-ethnic-massacres |title='He's Planning to Exterminate Us All': Ethiopians Speak of Ethnic Massacres |newspaper=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |access-date=25 December 2020 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20201225193844/https://www.vice.com/en/article/qjpzqw/hes-planning-to-exterminate-us-all-ethiopians-speak-of-ethnic-massacres |archive-date= 2020-12-25 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="UN_probe_announced">{{cite web | title= Probe announced into alleged Tigray rights violations: UN rights office | website= [[United Nations]] |date = 2021-03-25 | url =https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/03/1088272 | access-date = 2021-07-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210704222513/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/03/1088272 |archive-date= 2021-07-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="UN_probe_announced">{{cite web | title= Probe announced into alleged Tigray rights violations: UN rights office | website= [[United Nations]] |date = 2021-03-25 | url =https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/03/1088272 | access-date = 2021-07-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210704222513/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/03/1088272 |archive-date= 2021-07-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>


<ref name="OHCHR_joint_investigation">{{cite web | title= Ethiopia: The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission to conduct a joint investigation with a view to a credible accountability process | website= [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|OHCRC]] |date = 2021-03-25 | url = https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=26949 | access-date = 2021-07-05 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20210704223146/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=26949 |archive-date= 2021-07-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="OHCHR_joint_investigation">{{cite web | title= Ethiopia: The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission to conduct a joint investigation with a view to a credible accountability process | website= [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|OHCHR]] |date = 2021-03-25 | url = https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=26949 | access-date = 2021-07-05 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20210704223146/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=26949 |archive-date= 2021-07-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>


<ref name="Reporter_join_team_to_start_May2021">{{cite news | last1= Sahlu | first1= Sisay | title= Joint team to start investigation in Tigray | date= 2021-05-15 |newspaper= [[The Reporter (Ethiopia)|The Ethiopian Reporter]] | url= https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/article/joint-team-start-investigation-tigray |access-date= 2021-07-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210704223955/https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/article/joint-team-start-investigation-tigray |archive-date= 2021-07-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Reporter_join_team_to_start_May2021">{{cite news | last1= Sahlu | first1= Sisay | title= Joint team to start investigation in Tigray | date= 2021-05-15 |newspaper= [[The Reporter (Ethiopia)|The Ethiopian Reporter]] | url= https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/article/joint-team-start-investigation-tigray |access-date= 2021-07-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210704223955/https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/article/joint-team-start-investigation-tigray |archive-date= 2021-07-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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<ref name="BBC_lost_hand">{{cite news | title= Ethiopia's Tigray crisis: 'I lost my hand when a soldier tried to rape me' | date= 2021-02-15 |newspaper= [[BBC News]] | url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55832711 |access-date=2021-02-15 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20210216014527/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55832711 |archive-date= 2021-02-16 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BBC_lost_hand">{{cite news | title= Ethiopia's Tigray crisis: 'I lost my hand when a soldier tried to rape me' | date= 2021-02-15 |newspaper= [[BBC News]] | url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55832711 |access-date=2021-02-15 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20210216014527/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55832711 |archive-date= 2021-02-16 |url-status=live}}</ref>



<ref name="CNN_rape_as_weapon_of_war">{{cite news | last1= Feleke | first1= Bethlehem | last2= Mackintosh | first2= Eliza |first3=Gianluca |last3=Mezzofiore <!-- others = Katie Polglase, Nima Elbagir, Barbara Arvanitidis and Alex Platt --> | title= 'Practically this has been a genocide' – Doctors say rape is being used as a weapon of war in Ethiopia's conflict | date= 2020-03-20 |newspaper= [[CNN]] | url= https://edition.cnn.com/2021/03/19/africa/ethiopia-tigray-rape-investigation-cmd-intl/index.html |access-date= 2021-03-20 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20210320201455/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/03/19/africa/ethiopia-tigray-rape-investigation-cmd-intl/index.html |archive-date= 2021-03-20 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="CNN_rape_as_weapon_of_war">{{cite news | last1= Feleke | first1= Bethlehem | last2= Mackintosh | first2= Eliza |first3=Gianluca |last3=Mezzofiore <!-- others = Katie Polglase, Nima Elbagir, Barbara Arvanitidis and Alex Platt --> | title= 'Practically this has been a genocide' – Doctors say rape is being used as a weapon of war in Ethiopia's conflict | date= 2020-03-20 |newspaper= [[CNN]] | url= https://edition.cnn.com/2021/03/19/africa/ethiopia-tigray-rape-investigation-cmd-intl/index.html |access-date= 2021-03-20 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20210320201455/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/03/19/africa/ethiopia-tigray-rape-investigation-cmd-intl/index.html |archive-date= 2021-03-20 |url-status=live }}</ref>


<ref name="Telegraph_make_you_HIV_pos">{{cite news | last1= Kassa | first1= Lucy |last2=Pujol-Mazzini|first2=Anna | title= 'We're here to make you HIV positive': Hundreds of women rush to Tigray hospitals as soldiers use rape as weapon of war | date= 2021-03-27 |newspaper= [[The Daily Telegraph]] | url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/women-and-girls/make-hiv-positive-hundreds-women-rush-tigray-hospitals-soldiers |access-date= 2021-03-28 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20210327170234/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/women-and-girls/make-hiv-positive-hundreds-women-rush-tigray-hospitals-soldiers/ |archive-date= 2021-03-27 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Telegraph_make_you_HIV_pos">{{cite news | last1= Kassa | first1= Lucy |last2=Pujol-Mazzini|first2=Anna | title= 'We're here to make you HIV positive': Hundreds of women rush to Tigray hospitals as soldiers use rape as weapon of war | date= 2021-03-27 |newspaper= [[The Daily Telegraph]] | url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/women-and-girls/make-hiv-positive-hundreds-women-rush-tigray-hospitals-soldiers |access-date= 2021-03-28 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20210327170234/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/women-and-girls/make-hiv-positive-hundreds-women-rush-tigray-hospitals-soldiers/ |archive-date= 2021-03-27 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="UNHRC_Situation_Tigray_8July2021">{{cite web | title= 47/... Situation of human rights in the Tigray region of Ethiopia | website= [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] |date = 2021-07-08 | url = https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/G21/176/04/pdf/G2117604.pdf | access-date = 2021-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713091731/https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/G21/176/04/PDF/G2117604.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-13 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="AJE_Probe_did_not_reach_Axum">{{cite news | title= Probe in Ethiopia's Tigray did not reach site of Axum attack: UN | date= 2021-09-13 |newspaper=[[Al Jazeera English]] | url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/13/un-probe-in-ethiopias-tigray-didnt-reach-axum-massacre |access-date= 2021-10-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211023224808/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/13/un-probe-in-ethiopias-tigray-didnt-reach-axum-massacre |archive-date= 2021-10-23 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Guardian_objectivity_concerns">{{cite news | last1= Sabbagh | first1= Dan | title= Objectivity concerns over UN's report on Tigray civil war | date= 2021-11-02 |newspaper= [[The Guardian]] | url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/02/report-on-tigray-civil-war-to-be-released-amid-objectivity-concerns |access-date= 2021-11-02 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211102153036/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/02/report-on-tigray-civil-war-to-be-released-amid-objectivity-concerns |archive-date= 2021-11-02 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="EHRC_OHCHR_final_report_3Nov2021">{{cite web | title= Report of the EHRC/OHCHR Joint Investigation into Alleged Violations of International Human Rights, Humanitarian and Refugee Law Committed by all Parties to the Conflict in the Tigray Region of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia | website= [[Ethiopian Human Rights Commission|EHRC]], [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|OHCHR]] |date = 2021-11-03 | url = https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/ET/OHCHR-EHRC-Tigray-Report.pdf | access-date = 2021-11-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211103092214/https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/ET/OHCHR-EHRC-Tigray-Report.pdf |archive-date= 2021-11-03 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="AJE_Tigray_is_starving">{{cite news | last1= de Waal | first1=Alex |author1-link=Alex de Waal | title= Tigray is starving, it is time for the UN to act | date= 2021-11-04 |newspaper= [[Al Jazeera English]] | url= https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/11/4/tigray-is-starving-it-is-time-for-the-un-to-act |access-date= 2021-11-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211105123531/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/11/4/tigray-is-starving-it-is-time-for-the-un-to-act |archive-date= 2021-11-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="HRW_int_investig_needed_ET">{{cite web |last1=Bader |first1=Laetitia | title= International Investigation Needed into Abuses in Ethiopia – Joint Report Calls for Further Accountability in Widening Tigray Conflict | website= [[Human Rights Watch]] |date = 2021-11-04 | url = https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/04/international-investigation-needed-abuses-ethiopia | access-date = 2021-11-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211105205702/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/04/international-investigation-needed-abuses-ethiopia |archive-date= 2021-11-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>


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{{Tigray conflict}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:EHRC-OHCRC Tigray investigation}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:EHRC-OHCHR Tigray investigation}}
[[Category:Tigray War]]
[[Category:Tigray War investigations]]
[[Category:Human rights in Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Human rights in Ethiopia]]
[[Category:United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]

Latest revision as of 00:26, 15 February 2024

One of the civilian victims of the Togoga airstrike[1]

The EHRC–OHCHR Tigray investigation is a human rights investigation launched jointly by the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) in mid-2021 into human rights violations of the Tigray War that started in November 2020.[2][3][4] The EHRC–OHCHR joint investigation team's report was published on 3 November 2021.[5]

Background

[edit]
Main article: war crimes in the Tigray War

Human rights violations in the Tigray War that started in November 2020 were widely viewed as war crimes[6][7][8] including systematic sexual violence, possibly amounting to rape as a weapon of war,[9][10][11] crimes against humanity[12][13] or genocide.[14]

Creation

[edit]

In March 2021, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Michelle Bachelet, stated that the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) had agreed to carry out a joint investigation into human rights violations during the Tigray War. Bachelet referred to "possible war crimes".[2]

The OHCHR stated that the investigation would cover "human rights violations and abuses allegedly committed by all parties in the context of the Tigray conflict". The OHCHR stated that itself and the EHRC had an ongoing partnership and shared objectives for human rights accountability for the Tigray War. The initial phase of the investigation was planned for a three-month period.[3][15]

Leadership and members

[edit]

Sonny Onyegbul, one of the OHCHR human rights staff working on the investigation, was deported from Ethiopia along with six other UN officials in October 2021, for what the federal authorities described as "meddling in internal affairs".[16]

Investigation schedule

[edit]
One of the numerous mass graves of civilian victims in Tigray, massacred by ENDF and allied forces, that the joint commission will need to investigate[17]

In May 2021, the OHCHR and EHRC signed an agreement detailing "geographic scope, issues of investigation and engagement mechanisms". Six people were selected by each of the two commissions to create a team of twelve investigators. Legal, gender, security and translation staff were also appointed. Daniel Bekele, head of the EHRC, stated that the EHRC had received no communications from the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR) on possible cooperation in the investigation.[4]

In July 2021, during its 47th session, the UNHRC called for the OHCHR to provide administrative, technical and logistical support for strengthening the capacity of the EHRC and the Ethiopian criminal justice system and requested updates on the investigation to be provided at the UNHRC's 48th and 49th sessions.[18]

The initial phase, scheduled from 16 May to 20 August, was extended in September, with 1 November 2021 announced as the new release date of the joint commission's report. A visit to Axum in relation to the Axum massacre had been prevented by "sudden changes in the security situation and in the conflict dynamics" according to the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet.[19]

Report

[edit]

Publication and structure

[edit]

The EHRC–OHCHR joint investigation team (JIT) published its full 156-page report on 3 November 2021, including a 6-page executive summary, descriptions of methods, legal framework and context, detailed findings, an "overall findings" summary, a discussion of accountability mechanisms and the JIT's recommendations. The report includes, as annexes, requests to the Eritrean government, to the TPLF and to the government of Amhara Region for responses to the JIT's findings, and a 22-page response by the Ethiopian federal government.[5]

Recommendations

[edit]

As summarised by Human Rights Watch (HRW), the report recommends that a full-scale international investigation be carried out in order to "identif[y] the pattern and scale of abuses, and those responsible for the worst crimes up to the present".[20]

Reception

[edit]

The governments of Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States released a joint statement in which they expressed:

Notwithstanding the considerable challenges faced in gaining access to places, people and documentation, we commend OHCHR and EHRC for their impartial and transparent work. We also underscore the value of the investigation’s collection and documentation of human rights abuses and violations, and violations of international humanitarian law, for the purpose of supporting justice and accountability on behalf of victims and survivors.[21]

Occurrence of massacres in the Tigray War up to 16 November 2021 (red dots), with sites visited by the joint EHRC–OHCHR investigation (blue checkmarks).[22]

Following the 3 November publication of the report,[5] Alex de Waal described the report as "deeply flawed" and criticised its coverage of the famine in Tigray Region, saying that the report "only mentioned a handful of starvation crimes and [had] nothing to say about the unlawful siege on Tigray imposed since June." De Waal stated that "Abiy's hunger plan is an international crime to be exposed, sanctioned, and punished, not appeased."[23]

HRW says that the report gives too little attention to "well-documented trends", only briefly mentions the "abuses committed by Amhara regional forces and militia against Tigrayans in western Tigray", "fails to acknowledge the scale of abuses, including sexual slavery, by Ethiopian, Eritrean, and Amhara forces targeting Tigrayan women and girls", and "glosses over the deliberate and extensive destruction and pillaging of health infrastructure, and the intimidation and killing of humanitarian workers."[20]

The Guardian described "many Tigrayans in Ethiopia and abroad" as "outright reject[ing]" the EHRC's participation in the joint investigation.[24]

Gebrekiros Temare Getachew, writing in Ethiopia Insight, criticised the EHRC's participation. He argued that there was a structural bias, with Tigrayans de facto excluded from the House of Peoples' Representatives, to which the EHRC is legally accountable. He criticised the EHRC's preliminary report on the Mai Kadra massacre for presenting "ethnic Amharas as the sole victims", and the four-month delay between the Axum massacre and EHRC's preliminary report on it. He criticised the lack of attribution of perpetrators in the EHRC's report of sexual violence in the Tigray War. Gebrekiros also argued that the investigation would be ineffective because of Tigrayans' mistrust of the EHRC and because of EHRC's lack of institutional capacity and experience.[25]

In June 2021, Debretsion Gebremichael, the leader of the Tigray Region, "rejected" the investigation, stating, "It's very clear they are partial."[26]

Members of the investigating team told Associated Press that Daniel Bekele, head of the EHRC, understated evidence of abuses by Amhara forces and emphasized abuses by Tigrayan forces. Bekele stated that the commission was independent and "primarily accountable to the people it is created to serve".[27] The Guardian described the concerns about limitations to the report, but expected the report to "nevertheless be the most authoritative overview of the war and its consequences".[16]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Voice of America – Tigrinya, 24 June 2021: ኣብ ቶጎጋ ትግራይ ብዝተፈጸመ መጥቓዕቲ ዝቆሰሉ ናብ ዓይደር ሆስፒታል ምእታው ምጅማሮም ተገሊጹ
  2. ^ a b Nichols, Michelle (2021-03-18). "U.N. rights chief agrees to Ethiopia request for joint Tigray inquiry". Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 2021-07-04. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
  3. ^ a b "Ethiopia: The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission to conduct a joint investigation with a view to a credible accountability process". OHCHR. 2021-03-25. Archived from the original on 2021-07-04. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
  4. ^ a b Sahlu, Sisay (2021-05-15). "Joint team to start investigation in Tigray". The Ethiopian Reporter. Archived from the original on 2021-07-04. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
  5. ^ a b c "Report of the EHRC/OHCHR Joint Investigation into Alleged Violations of International Human Rights, Humanitarian and Refugee Law Committed by all Parties to the Conflict in the Tigray Region of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia" (PDF). EHRC, OHCHR. 2021-11-03. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-03. Retrieved 2021-11-03.
  6. ^ de Waal, Alex (2020-12-23). "Who Will Call Out Eritrea's War Crimes in Tigray?". Tufts University. Archived from the original on 2021-02-08. Retrieved 2021-02-08.
  7. ^ "Rapid Investigation into Grave Human Rights Violation Maikadra - Preliminary Findings". Ethiopian Human Rights Commission. November 24, 2020.
  8. ^ Steers, Julia (2020-12-24). "'He's Planning to Exterminate Us All': Ethiopians Speak of Ethnic Massacres". Vice. Archived from the original on 2020-12-25. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  9. ^ "Ethiopia's Tigray crisis: 'I lost my hand when a soldier tried to rape me'". BBC News. 2021-02-15. Archived from the original on 2021-02-16. Retrieved 2021-02-15.
  10. ^ Feleke, Bethlehem; Mackintosh, Eliza; Mezzofiore, Gianluca (2020-03-20). "'Practically this has been a genocide' – Doctors say rape is being used as a weapon of war in Ethiopia's conflict". CNN. Archived from the original on 2021-03-20. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
  11. ^ Kassa, Lucy; Pujol-Mazzini, Anna (2021-03-27). "'We're here to make you HIV positive': Hundreds of women rush to Tigray hospitals as soldiers use rape as weapon of war". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2021-03-27. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
  12. ^ "The massacre in Axum". Amnesty International. 2021-02-26. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-02-26. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  13. ^ Walsh, Declan (2020-02-26). "Ethiopia's War Leads to Ethnic Cleansing in Tigray Region, U.S. Report Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2021-02-26. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
  14. ^ Tronvoll, Kjetil (2021-02-27). "Is Eritrea's war in Tigray genocidal?". Eritrea Hub. Archived from the original on 2021-02-27. Retrieved 2021-02-28.
  15. ^ "Probe announced into alleged Tigray rights violations: UN rights office". United Nations. 2021-03-25. Archived from the original on 2021-07-04. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
  16. ^ a b Sabbagh, Dan (2021-11-02). "Objectivity concerns over UN's report on Tigray civil war". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2021-11-02. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
  17. ^ Voice of America – Tigrinya, 11 June 2021: 'ነበርቲ ሓውዜን ግዳያት ኵናት ትግራይ ብጅምላ ይቐብርሉ ኣለው'ፀብፃብ ሄዘር ሞርዶክ
  18. ^ "47/... Situation of human rights in the Tigray region of Ethiopia" (PDF). United Nations Human Rights Council. 2021-07-08. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2021-10-23.
  19. ^ "Probe in Ethiopia's Tigray did not reach site of Axum attack: UN". Al Jazeera English. 2021-09-13. Archived from the original on 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2021-10-24.
  20. ^ a b Bader, Laetitia (2021-11-04). "International Investigation Needed into Abuses in Ethiopia – Joint Report Calls for Further Accountability in Widening Tigray Conflict". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 2021-11-05. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  21. ^ "Joint Statement on the Release of the OHCHR-EHRC Joint Investigation". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2022-04-03.
  22. ^ Annys, Sofie; Vanden Bempt, Tim; Negash, Emnet; De Sloover, Lars; Ghekiere, Robin; Haegeman, Kiara; Temmerman, Daan; Nyssen, Jan (27 December 2021). Tigray: Atlas of the Humanitarian Situation (PDF). Version 2.2. Ghent University. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580428.
  23. ^ de Waal, Alex (2021-11-04). "Tigray is starving, it is time for the UN to act". Al Jazeera English. Archived from the original on 2021-11-05. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  24. ^ "Ethiopia's human rights chief as war rages in Tigray: 'we get accused by all ethnic groups'". The Guardian. 2021-06-02. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
  25. ^ Gebrekiros Temare, Getachew (2021-04-12). "Justice will not be served by a joint Ethiopian-UN inquiry into Tigray atrocities". Ethiopia Insight. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
  26. ^ Walsh, Declan (2021-07-03). "'I Didn't Expect to Make It Back Alive': An Interview With Tigray's Leader". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2021-07-03. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
  27. ^ "Ethiopia tried to limit rare UN report on Tigray war abuses". Associated Press. 2 November 2021.
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