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{{Short description|Plant pathogenic nematode}}
{{italic title}}

{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| name = Rice white tip nematode
| name = Rice white tip nematode
⚫
| image = Aphelenchoides besseyi - Rice white tip nematode - 5390566.jpg
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Nematoda]]
| taxon = Aphelenchoides besseyi
⚫
| authority = Christie, 1942
| classis = [[Secernentea]]
| subclassis = [[Diplogasteria]]
| ordo = [[Tylenchida]]
| superfamilia = [[Aphelenchoidea]]
| familia = [[Aphelenchoididae]]
| subfamilia = [[Aphelenchoidinae]]
| genus = ''[[Aphelenchoides]]''
| species = '''''A. besseyi'''''
⚫
| binomial = ''Aphelenchoides besseyi''
⚫
| binomial_authority = [[Christie]], 1942
| synonyms =
| synonyms =
*''Aphelenchoides oryzae'' <small>Yokoo</small>
*''Aphelenchoides oryzae'' <small>Yokoo</small>
*''Asteroaphelenchoides besseyi'' <small>(Christie) Drozdovski</small><ref name="ref1">Aphelenchoides besseyi at European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization</ref><ref name="ref2">Aphelenchoides besseyi at Nemaplex, University of California</ref><ref name="ref3">ZiMing, Wang; MaoSong, Lin; Na, Lin; XiaoFan, Ding; Zhou; Ming, Feng Description of Aphelenchoides besseyi from abnormal rice with small grains and erect panicles in China. Chinese Journal of Rice Science, 2005 (Vol. 19) (No. 4) 361-365</ref>
*''Asteroaphelenchoides besseyi'' <small>(Christie) Drozdovski</small><ref name="ref1">Aphelenchoides besseyi at European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization</ref><ref name="ref2">Aphelenchoides besseyi at Nemaplex, University of California</ref><ref name="ref3">{{cite journal |url=http://www.ricesci.cn/CN/abstract/abstract665.shtml |first1=MaoSong |last1=Lin |first2=XiaoFan |last2=Ding |first3=ZiMing |last3=Wang |first4=FengMing |last4=Zhou |first5=Na |last5=Lin |title=Description of ''Aphelenchoides besseyi'' from abnormal rice with small grains and erect panicles in China |journal=[[Chinese Journal of Rice Science]] |year=2005 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=361–365 }}</ref>
}}
}}


⚫
'''''Aphelenchoides besseyi''''' is a plant pathogenic [[nematode]]. It is sometimes referred to as ''rice white tip'', ''spring dwarf'', ''strawberry bud'', ''flying strawberry nematode'' or ''strawberry crimp disease'' nematode.<ref name="ref1"/><ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/> This foliar nematode is found in [[Africa]], [[North America|North]], [[Central America|Central]], and [[South America|South]] America, [[Asia]], [[Eastern Europe]], and [[List of islands in the Pacific Ocean|Pacific islands]].<ref name="ref4">Bridge, J., and Jim L. Starr, Plant Nematodes of Agricultural Importance - A Colour Handbook. 2007.</ref><ref name="ref5">McGawley, E.C., M.C. Rush, and J.P. Hollis, Occurrence of Aphelenchoides besseyi in Louisiana Rice Seed and Its Interaction with Sclerotium oryzae in Selected Cultivars. J Nematol, 1984. 16(1): p.&nbsp;65-8.</ref><ref name="ref6">Hoshino, S. and K. Togashi, Effect of Water-Soaking and Air-Drying on Survival of Aphelenchoides besseyiinOryza sativa Seeds. J Nematol, 2000. 32(3): p.&nbsp;303-8.
==Significance==
⚫
'''''Aphelenchoides besseyi''''' is a plant pathogenic [[nematode]]. It is sometimes referred to as ''rice white tip, spring dwarf, strawberry bud,'' or ''strawberry crimp disease'' nematode.<ref name="ref1"/><ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/> This foliar nematode is found in Africa, North, Central, and South America, Asia, Eastern Europe, and Pacific Islands<ref name="ref4">Bridge, J., and Jim L. Starr, Plant Nematodes of Agricultural Importance - A Colour Handbook. 2007.</ref><ref name="ref5">McGawley, E.C., M.C. Rush, and J.P. Hollis, Occurrence of Aphelenchoides besseyi in Louisiana Rice Seed and Its Interaction with Sclerotium oryzae in Selected Cultivars. J Nematol, 1984. 16(1): p.&nbsp;65-8.</ref><ref name="ref6">Hoshino, S. and K. Togashi, Effect of Water-Soaking and Air-Drying on Survival of Aphelenchoides besseyiinOryza sativa Seeds. J Nematol, 2000. 32(3): p.&nbsp;303-8.
</ref>
</ref>


==Morphology==
== Morphology ==
''A. besseyi'' has a well-developed and distinct metacorpus. The stylet is small with well-developed knobs. The tail has a mucro with three points. Males have a rose thorn spicule and no bursa.
''A. besseyi'' has a well-developed and distinct metacorpus. The stylet is small with well-developed knobs. The tail has a mucro with three points. Males have a rose thorn spicule and no bursa.


==Life cycle==
== Life cycle ==
The nematodes survival stage is to remain [[Cryptobiosis|anhydrobiotic]] in seed until planting. As surrounding plants grow the nematodes become active and feed on meristematic tissue. ''A. besseyi'' reproduces amphimicticly although parthenogenesis can take place. As the plant begins to reach reproductive maturity the number of nematodes increases dramatically. The nematodes migrate to feed on reproductive structures eventually settling in the developing rice seed. As the kernel dries the nematode slowly desiccates and can remain viable in the kernel for up to three years. The life cycle of ''A.besseyi'' is generally short consisting of around 8–12 days.<ref name="ref4"/><ref name="ref6"/> This species is [[thermophilic]]. The lower threshold for development is 13°C and the optimum temperature varies between 23°C and 30°C. The sum of effective temperatures for the development of one generation is 80 degree-days.<ref name="ref9">[http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/pests/Aphelenchoides_besseyi/ AgroAtlas]</ref>
The nematodes survival stage is to remain [[Cryptobiosis|anhydrobiotic]] in seed until planting. As surrounding plants grow the nematodes become active and feed on meristematic tissue. ''A. besseyi'' reproduces [[Sexual reproduction|amphimictic]]ly although [[parthenogenesis]] can take place. As the plant begins to reach reproductive maturity the number of nematodes increases dramatically. The nematodes migrate to feed on reproductive structures eventually settling in the developing rice seed. As the kernel dries the nematode slowly desiccates and can remain viable in the kernel for up to three years. The life cycle of ''A.besseyi'' is generally short consisting of around 8–12 days.<ref name="ref4"/><ref name="ref6"/> This species is [[thermophilic]]. The lower threshold for development is {{convert|13|C|F|0}} and the optimum temperature varies between {{convert|23 and 30|C|F|0}}. The sum of effective temperatures for the development of one generation is 80 [[degree day|degree-day]]s.<ref name="ref9">[http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/pests/Aphelenchoides_besseyi/ AgroAtlas]</ref>


==Host Parasite Relationship==
== Host-parasite relationship ==
''A. besseyi'' is an ectoparasitic nematode which means it feeds on the plant tissue externally. This nematode is most often associated with a disease in which the leaves of the rice plant turn white in the meristematic regions followed by necrosis.<ref name="ref4"/><ref name="ref7" >Adamo, J.A., C.P. Madamba, and T.A. Chen, Extracting the Rice White-Tip Nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi, with Match Sticks. J Nematol, 1976. 8(2): p.&nbsp;178-9.</ref> These nematodes can also cause stunting and sterility with yield losses of up to 50% reported<ref name="ref4"/><ref name="ref8">Hoshino, S. and K. Togashi, A Simple Method for Determining Aphelenchoides besseyi Infestation Level of Oryza sativa Seeds. J Nematol, 1999. 31(4S): p.&nbsp;641-3.</ref>
''A. besseyi'' is an [[ectoparasite|ectoparasitic]] nematode which means it feeds on the plant tissue externally. This nematode is most often associated with a disease in which the leaves of the rice plant turn white in the [[meristem]]atic regions followed by [[necrosis]].<ref name="ref4"/><ref name="ref7" >Adamo, J.A., C.P. Madamba, and T.A. Chen, Extracting the Rice White-Tip Nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi, with Match Sticks. J Nematol, 1976. 8(2): p.&nbsp;178-9.</ref> These nematodes can also cause stunting and sterility with yield losses of up to 50% reported<ref name="ref4"/><ref name="ref8">Hoshino, S. and K. Togashi, A Simple Method for Determining Aphelenchoides besseyi Infestation Level of Oryza sativa Seeds. J Nematol, 1999. 31(4S): p.&nbsp;641-3.</ref>


==Management==
== Management ==
The most common management practice for ''A. besseyi'' is to maintain clean seed stocks. Since the nematode survives in the seed it is fairly easy to control. Seed can be chemically treated to kill nematodes or can be cleaned using a method in which the seed is initially soaked in cool water to activate the nematode and the briefly soaked in hot water to kill them. These seeds can then either be directly planted or quickly dried for storage.
The most common management practice for ''A. besseyi'' is to maintain clean seed stocks. Since the nematode survives in the seed it is fairly easy to control. Seed can be chemically treated to kill nematodes or can be cleaned using a method in which the seed is initially soaked in cool water to activate the nematode and then briefly soaked in hot water to kill them. These seeds can then either be directly planted or quickly dried for storage.


==References==
== References ==
{{Commons category|Aphelenchoides besseyi}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q4779557}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Aphelenchoides Besseyi}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aphelenchoides Besseyi}}
[[Category:Agricultural pest nematodes]]
[[Category:Agricultural pest nematodes]]
[[Category:Plant pathogens and diseases]]
[[Category:Aphelenchoides|besseyi]]
[[Category:Nematodes described in 1942]]

Latest revision as of 03:51, 18 February 2024

Rice white tip nematode
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Nematoda
Class: Secernentea
Order: Tylenchida
Family: Aphelenchoididae
Genus: Aphelenchoides
Species:
A. besseyi
Binomial name
Aphelenchoides besseyi
Christie, 1942
Synonyms
  • Aphelenchoides oryzae Yokoo
  • Asteroaphelenchoides besseyi (Christie) Drozdovski[1][2][3]

Aphelenchoides besseyi is a plant pathogenic nematode. It is sometimes referred to as rice white tip, spring dwarf, strawberry bud, flying strawberry nematode or strawberry crimp disease nematode.[1][2][3] This foliar nematode is found in Africa, North, Central, and South America, Asia, Eastern Europe, and Pacific islands.[4][5][6]

Morphology

[edit]

A. besseyi has a well-developed and distinct metacorpus. The stylet is small with well-developed knobs. The tail has a mucro with three points. Males have a rose thorn spicule and no bursa.

Life cycle

[edit]

The nematodes survival stage is to remain anhydrobiotic in seed until planting. As surrounding plants grow the nematodes become active and feed on meristematic tissue. A. besseyi reproduces amphimicticly although parthenogenesis can take place. As the plant begins to reach reproductive maturity the number of nematodes increases dramatically. The nematodes migrate to feed on reproductive structures eventually settling in the developing rice seed. As the kernel dries the nematode slowly desiccates and can remain viable in the kernel for up to three years. The life cycle of A.besseyi is generally short consisting of around 8–12 days.[4][6] This species is thermophilic. The lower threshold for development is 13 °C (55 °F) and the optimum temperature varies between 23 and 30 °C (73 and 86 °F). The sum of effective temperatures for the development of one generation is 80 degree-days.[7]

Host-parasite relationship

[edit]

A. besseyi is an ectoparasitic nematode which means it feeds on the plant tissue externally. This nematode is most often associated with a disease in which the leaves of the rice plant turn white in the meristematic regions followed by necrosis.[4][8] These nematodes can also cause stunting and sterility with yield losses of up to 50% reported[4][9]

Management

[edit]

The most common management practice for A. besseyi is to maintain clean seed stocks. Since the nematode survives in the seed it is fairly easy to control. Seed can be chemically treated to kill nematodes or can be cleaned using a method in which the seed is initially soaked in cool water to activate the nematode and then briefly soaked in hot water to kill them. These seeds can then either be directly planted or quickly dried for storage.

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aphelenchoides besseyi.
  1. ^ a b Aphelenchoides besseyi at European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
  2. ^ a b Aphelenchoides besseyi at Nemaplex, University of California
  3. ^ a b Lin, MaoSong; Ding, XiaoFan; Wang, ZiMing; Zhou, FengMing; Lin, Na (2005). "Description of Aphelenchoides besseyi from abnormal rice with small grains and erect panicles in China". Chinese Journal of Rice Science. 19 (4): 361–365.
  4. ^ a b c d Bridge, J., and Jim L. Starr, Plant Nematodes of Agricultural Importance - A Colour Handbook. 2007.
  5. ^ McGawley, E.C., M.C. Rush, and J.P. Hollis, Occurrence of Aphelenchoides besseyi in Louisiana Rice Seed and Its Interaction with Sclerotium oryzae in Selected Cultivars. J Nematol, 1984. 16(1): p. 65-8.
  6. ^ a b Hoshino, S. and K. Togashi, Effect of Water-Soaking and Air-Drying on Survival of Aphelenchoides besseyiinOryza sativa Seeds. J Nematol, 2000. 32(3): p. 303-8.
  7. ^ AgroAtlas
  8. ^ Adamo, J.A., C.P. Madamba, and T.A. Chen, Extracting the Rice White-Tip Nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi, with Match Sticks. J Nematol, 1976. 8(2): p. 178-9.
  9. ^ Hoshino, S. and K. Togashi, A Simple Method for Determining Aphelenchoides besseyi Infestation Level of Oryza sativa Seeds. J Nematol, 1999. 31(4S): p. 641-3.
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