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Thomas Venner (died 19 January 1661^{[note 1]}) was a cooper and rebel who became the last leader of the Fifth Monarchy Men, who tried unsuccessfully to overthrow Oliver Cromwell in 1657, and subsequently led a coup in London against the newly restored government of Charles II. This event, known as "Venner's Rising", lasted four days beginning on January 6, 1661, before the royal authorities captured the rebels. The rebel leadership suffered execution on 19 January 1661.

Biography

Venner had moved to New England in 1637 and stayed for 22 years before returning to plot against Cromwell. He assumed leadership of the Fifth Monarchists after the execution of General Thomas Harrison at Charing Cross on 19 October 1660. Venner led a congregation, which included New Model Army veterans, that met in a rented room above a tavern in Swan's Alley off Coleman Street.

On 6 January 1661 he led a number of his men – Samuel Pepys said they later turned out to be only 50, although it had been thought they were 500 at first – to a bookseller called Mr. Johnson at St. Paul's to demand the Cathedral keys. On being refused they broke in and accosted passers-by asking who they were for. One answered "King Charles" and they shot him through the heart. Several musketeers sent to dislodge them were beaten back and a detachment from the London Trained Bands under the Lord Mayor, Major General Sir Richard Browne, attacked them and they retreated to Ken Wood near Highgate.

On January 9 they attacked again at Wood Street and Threadneedle Street forcing the King's Life Guard of Foot (a force of 1200 men commanded by John Russell) to retreat. They then attempted to storm the Comptor Prison to liberate the inmates in order to join them but were repulsed by fierce fighting. Venner is said to have killed three men with a halberd in Threadneedle Street.

A force of General Monck's men under Colonel Cox pursued them to their last stands in the Helmet Tavern on Threadneedle Street and the Blue Anchor on Coleman Street. Royalist troops broke through the clay roof tiles with musket butts and fired upon the wounded defenders, breaking in through the ceiling. Venner was captured after being wounded nineteen times. Others were shot out of hand.

He was put on trial at the Old Bailey and hanged, drawn and quartered on 19 January 1661. According to Tobias Smollett, Venner and his followers "affirmed to the last that if they had been deceived, the Lord himself was their deceiver".^[1]

Family

Venner's son, also Thomas (born 1641), a fellow-rebel, led the Monmouth cavalry in 1688.^[2]^{[verification needed]}

His grand-daughter Elizabeth married a linen draper's son, John Potter, later Bishop of Oxford and Archbishop of Canterbury.

Notes

^ According to the then prevailing Old Style calendar, the turn of the year occurred on Lady Day, 25 March. As such, Venner died in 1660 according to contemporary accounts, but in 1661 as described by modern historians who take the start of the year to be 1 January.

References

^ Tobias Smollett, A Complete History of England, Book VII Chap. 1, p. 406
^ Greaves, Richard L. (23 September 2004). "Venner, Thomas (1608/9–1661)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28191. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

External links

The Diary of Samuel Pepys Saturday 19 January 1661
Fifth Monarchists or Fifth Monarchy Men

[OS-1] According to the then prevailing Old Style calendar, the turn of the year occurred on Lady Day, 25 March. As such, Venner died in 1660 according to contemporary accounts, but in 1661 as described by modern historians who take the start of the year to be 1 January.

[2] Tobias Smollett, A Complete History of England, Book VII Chap. 1, p. 406

[3] Greaves, Richard L. (23 September 2004). "Venner, Thomas (1608/9–1661)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28191. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[note 1]

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 [[File:Thomas venner.jpg|thumbnail|right|Thomas Venner]]
 [[File:Who Shall Rouse Him Up.JPG|right|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Ian Bone]] speaking at the installation of the [[Thomas Rainsborough]] memorial plaque (12 May 2013), championing Thomas Venner and the Fifth Monarchy Men. The banner is a replica of that used by the insurgents at the time.]]
-'''Thomas Venner''' (died 19 January 1661<ref group="note" name="OS">According to the then prevailing [[Old Style and New Style dates|Old Style calendar]], the turn of the year occurred on [[Lady Day]], 25 March. As such, Venner died in 1660 according to contemporary accounts, but in 1661 as described by modern historians who take the start of the year to be 1 January.</ref>) was a [[Cooper (profession)|cooper]] and rebel who became the last leader of the [[Fifth Monarchists|Fifth Monarchy Men]], who tried unsuccessfully to overthrow [[Oliver Cromwell]] in 1657, and subsequently led a coup in [[London]] against the newly restored government of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]. This event, known as "Venner's Rising", lasted four days (1–4 January 1661) before the Royal authorities captured the rebels. The rebel leadership suffered execution on 19 January 1661.
+'''Thomas Venner''' (died 19 January 1661<ref group="note" name="OS">According to the then prevailing [[Old Style and New Style dates|Old Style calendar]], the turn of the year occurred on [[Lady Day]], 25 March. As such, Venner died in 1660 according to contemporary accounts, but in 1661 as described by modern historians who take the start of the year to be 1 January.</ref>) was a [[Cooper (profession)|cooper]] and rebel who became the last leader of the [[Fifth Monarchists|Fifth Monarchy Men]], who tried unsuccessfully to overthrow [[Oliver Cromwell]] in 1657, and subsequently led a coup in [[London]] against the newly restored government of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]. This event, known as "Venner's Rising", lasted four days beginning on January 6, 1661, before the royal authorities captured the rebels. The rebel leadership suffered execution on 19 January 1661.
 ==Biography==
@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 [[File:Incidents in the Rebellion of the Fifth Monarchy Men under Thomas Venner, and the Execution of their Leaders.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|''Incidents in the Rebellion of the Fifth Monarchy Men under Thomas Venner, and the Execution of their Leaders'', illustration, 17th century]]
-On Sunday 1 January 1661 he led a number of his men – [[Samuel Pepys]] said they later turned out to be only 50, although it had been thought they were 500 at first – to a bookseller called Mr. Johnson at St. Paul's to demand the Cathedral keys. On being refused they broke in and accosted passers-by asking who they were for. One answered "King Charles" and they shot him through the heart. A number of musketeers sent to dislodge them were beaten back and a detachment from the [[London Trained Bands]] under the Lord Mayor, Major General Sir [[Sir Richard Browne, 1st Baronet, of London|Richard Browne]], attacked them and they retreated to [[Hampstead Heath#Kenwood|Ken Wood]] near [[Highgate]].
+On 6 January 1661 he led a number of his men – [[Samuel Pepys]] said they later turned out to be only 50, although it had been thought they were 500 at first – to a bookseller called Mr. Johnson at St. Paul's to demand the Cathedral keys. On being refused they broke in and accosted passers-by asking who they were for. One answered "King Charles" and they shot him through the heart. Several musketeers sent to dislodge them were beaten back and a detachment from the [[London Trained Bands]] under the Lord Mayor, Major General Sir [[Sir Richard Browne, 1st Baronet, of London|Richard Browne]], attacked them and they retreated to [[Hampstead Heath#Kenwood|Ken Wood]] near [[Highgate]].
-On the Wednesday they attacked again at [[Wood Street, London|Wood Street]] and [[Threadneedle Street]] forcing the King's [[John Russell's Regiment of Guards|Life Guard of Foot]] (a force of 1200 men commanded by [[John Russell (Royalist)|John Russell]]) to retreat. They then attempted to storm the [[Wood Street Counter|Comptor Prison]] to liberate the inmates in order to join them, but were repulsed in fierce fighting. Venner is said to have killed three men with a [[halberd]] in [[Threadneedle Street]].
+On January 9 they attacked again at [[Wood Street, London|Wood Street]] and [[Threadneedle Street]] forcing the King's [[John Russell's Regiment of Guards|Life Guard of Foot]] (a force of 1200 men commanded by [[John Russell (Royalist)|John Russell]]) to retreat. They then attempted to storm the [[Wood Street Counter|Comptor Prison]] to liberate the inmates in order to join them but were repulsed by fierce fighting. Venner is said to have killed three men with a [[halberd]] in [[Threadneedle Street]].
 A force of [[General Monck]]'s men under Colonel Cox pursued them to their last stands in the Helmet Tavern on Threadneedle Street and the Blue Anchor on Coleman Street.  Royalist troops broke through the clay roof tiles with musket butts and fired upon the wounded defenders, breaking in through the ceiling. Venner was captured after being wounded nineteen times. Others were shot out of hand.
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 ==Family==
-Venner's son, also Thomas (born 1641), a fellow-rebel, led the [[Duke of Monmouth|Monmouth]] cavalry in 1688.<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-28191?rskey=aevvRA&result=2#odnb-9780198614128-e-28191-headword-2 |title=Venner, Thomas (1608/9–1661)<!-- includes the younger Thomas --> |first=Richard L. |last=Greaves |date=23 September 2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/28191 |work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>{{verify inline|reason=I don't have access to the content of the article so couldn't verify this statement|date=September 2022}}
+Venner's son, also Thomas (born 1641), a fellow-rebel, led the [[Duke of Monmouth|Monmouth]] cavalry in 1688.<ref>{{cite ODNB |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-28191 |title=Venner, Thomas (1608/9–1661)<!-- includes the younger Thomas --> |first=Richard L. |last=Greaves |date=23 September 2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/28191 |isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 }}</ref>{{verify inline|reason=I don't have access to the content of the article so couldn't verify this statement|date=September 2022}}
 His grand-daughter Elizabeth married a linen draper's son, [[John Potter (bishop)|John Potter]], later [[Bishop of Oxford]] and [[Archbishop of Canterbury]].
+==Notes==
+{{NoteFoot}}
 ==References==
@@ Line 26: / Line 29: @@
 ==Further reading==
-* Anonymous. ''The Last Speech and Prayer with other Passages of Thomas Venner'' (London, 1660<ref group="note" name="OS"/>)
+* Anonymous. ''The Last Speech and Prayer with other Passages of Thomas Venner'' (London, 1660)
 *Banks, Charles. ''Thomas Venner, the Boston wine-cooper and Fifth-Monarchy man'', New England Historic Genealogical Society (1893)
 *Burrage, Champlin. "The Fifth Monarchy Insurrections", ''The English Historical Review'', Vol. XXV, 1910
@@ Line 35: / Line 38: @@
 * [http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/01/19/index.php The Diary of Samuel Pepys] Saturday 19 January 1661
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030410045209/http://exlibris.org/nonconform/engdis/fifthmonarchists.html Fifth Monarchists or Fifth Monarchy Men]
-*{{worldcat id|id=lccn-n85-53641}}
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