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{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Automatic Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = ''Eudyptula''
| name = ''Eudyptula''
| fossil_range={{fossil_range|Piacenzian|Recent}}<ref name=Thomas>
| image = LittlePenguin PerthZoo SMCSept05.jpg
{{Cite journal|first1=Daniel B|last1=Thomas|first2=Alan JD|last2=Tennyson|first3=Felix G|last3=Marx |first4=Daniel T|last4=Ksepka|year=2023|title=Pliocene fossils support a New Zealand origin for the smallest extant penguins|journal= Journal of Paleontology|volume=97 |issue=3 |pages=711–721 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2023.30|doi-access=free|bibcode=2023JPal...97..711T }}</ref>
| image_caption = ''Eudyptula minor''
| image = Eudyptula_minor_Bruny_1.jpg
| image_caption = [[Australian little penguin]] near burrow at night, [[Bruny Island, Tasmania]], [[Australia]]
| taxon = Eudyptula
| taxon = Eudyptula
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
| subdivision = ''[[Eudyptula minor]]''<br />
''[[Eudyptula minor]]''<br />
''[[Eudyptula novaehollandiae]]''
''[[Eudyptula novaehollandiae]]''
| authority = [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1856
| authority = [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1856
| type_species = ''[[Eudyptula minor|Aptenodytes minor]]''<ref>(''Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis'' 3 (1780): [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015073704044;view=1up;seq=187 135], [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015073704044;view=1up;seq=209 147].</ref>
}}
}}


The genus '''''Eudyptula''''' ("good little diver") contains two species of [[penguin]], found in southern [[Australia]], [[Tasmania]], [[New Zealand]] and the [[Chatham Islands]]. They are commonly known as the [[little penguin]], little blue penguin, or fairy penguin. In the language of the [[Māori people]] of [[New Zealand]], little blue penguins are known as '''''kororaa'''''.
The genus '''''Eudyptula''''' ("good little diver") contains two species of [[penguin]], found in southern [[Australia]], [[Tasmania]], and [[New Zealand]] (including the [[Chatham Islands]]). They are commonly known as the [[little penguin]], little blue penguin, or, in Australia, fairy penguin. In the language of the [[Māori people]] of [[New Zealand]], little penguins are known as {{lang|mi|kororā}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/little-penguin|title=Little penguin|last=Flemming|first=S.A.|date=2013|website=NZ Birds Online|access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref>


For many years, a [[White-flippered penguin|white-flippered form]] of the little blue penguin found only in the South Island of New Zealand was considered either a separate species, ''[[White-flippered penguin|Eudyptula albosignata]]'', or just a subspecies, ''Eudyptula minor albosignata''. Analysis of [[mtDNA]] revealed that ''Eudyptula'' fell instead into two groups: a western one, found in Australia and [[Otago]], New Zealand, and another found in the rest of New Zealand.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Banks | first1 = Jonathan C. | last2 = Mitchell | first2 = Anthony D. | last3 = Waas | first3 = Joseph R. | last4 = Paterson | first4 = Adrian M. | year = 2002 | title = An unexpected pattern of molecular divergence within the blue penguin (''Eudyptula minor'') complex | url = http://notornis.osnz.org.nz/system/files/Notornis_49_1_29.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Notornis | volume = 49 | issue = 1| pages = 29–38 }}</ref> These two groups are now considered full species, ''[[Eudyptula novaehollandiae]]'' in Australia and Otago and ''[[Little Penguin|Eudyptula minor]]'' elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0144966| issn = 1932-6203| volume = 10| issue = 12| pages = –0144966| last1 = Grosser| first1 = Stefanie| last2 = Burridge| first2 = Christopher P.| last3 = Peucker| first3 = Amanda J.| last4 = Waters| first4 = Jonathan M.| title = Coalescent Modelling Suggests Recent Secondary-Contact of Cryptic Penguin Species| journal = PLOS ONE| accessdate = 2016-03-07| date = 2015-12-14| url = http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0144966| pmid=26675310| pmc=4682933}}</ref> ''E. novaehollandiae'' probably arrived in New Zealand less than 500 years ago, following the local extinction of ''E. minor'' in Otago.<ref>{{Cite journal|last2=Rawlence|first2=Nicolas J.|last3=Anderson|first3=Christian N. K.|last4=Smith|first4=Ian W. G.|last5=Scofield|first5=R. Paul|last6=Waters|first6=Jonathan M.|date=2016-02-10|title=Invader or resident? Ancient-DNA reveals rapid species turnover in New Zealand little penguins|url=http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/lookup/doi/10.1098/rspb.2015.2879|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=283|issue=1824|pages=20152879|doi=10.1098/rspb.2015.2879|issn=1471-2954|last1=Grosser|first1=Stefanie|accessdate=2016-03-07|pmc=4760177}}</ref>
For many years, a [[White-flippered penguin|white-flippered form]] of the little penguin found only in [[Canterbury, New Zealand|North Canterbury]], New Zealand was considered either a separate species, ''[[White-flippered penguin|Eudyptula albosignata]]'', or just a subspecies, ''Eudyptula minor albosignata''. Analysis of [[mtDNA]] revealed that ''Eudyptula'' falls instead into two groups: a western one, found along the southern coast of Australia and the [[Otago]] region of New Zealand, and another found in the rest of New Zealand.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Banks | first1 = Jonathan C. | last2 = Mitchell | first2 = Anthony D. | last3 = Waas | first3 = Joseph R. | last4 = Paterson | first4 = Adrian M. | year = 2002 | title = An unexpected pattern of molecular divergence within the blue penguin (''Eudyptula minor'') complex | url = http://notornis.osnz.org.nz/system/files/Notornis_49_1_29.pdf | journal = Notornis | volume = 49 | issue = 1| pages = 29–38 }}</ref> These two groups are now considered full species: ''[[Eudyptula novaehollandiae]]'' in Australia and Otago, and ''[[Little Penguin|Eudyptula minor]]'' elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0144966| issn = 1932-6203| volume = 10| issue = 12| pages = –0144966| last1 = Grosser| first1 = Stefanie| last2 = Burridge| first2 = Christopher P.| last3 = Peucker| first3 = Amanda J.| last4 = Waters| first4 = Jonathan M.| title = Coalescent Modelling Suggests Recent Secondary-Contact of Cryptic Penguin Species| journal = PLOS ONE| date = 2015-12-14| pmid=26675310| pmc=4682933| bibcode = 2015PLoSO..1044966G| doi-access = free}}</ref> ''E. novaehollandiae'' probably arrived in New Zealand from Australia less than 500 years ago, following the [[local extinction]] of ''E. minor'' in Otago.<ref>{{Cite journal|last2=Rawlence|first2=Nicolas J.|last3=Anderson|first3=Christian N. K.|last4=Smith|first4=Ian W. G.|last5=Scofield|first5=R. Paul|last6=Waters|first6=Jonathan M.|date=2016-02-10|title=Invader or resident? Ancient-DNA reveals rapid species turnover in New Zealand little penguins|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=283|issue=1824|pages=20152879|doi=10.1098/rspb.2015.2879|pmid=26842575|issn=1471-2954|last1=Grosser|first1=Stefanie|pmc=4760177}}</ref>


==Classification==
==Classification==
'''Order [[Sphenisciformes]]'''
'''Order [[Sphenisciformes]]'''
* '''Family [[Spheniscidae]]'''
* '''Family [[Spheniscidae]]'''
** '''Genus ''Eudyptula'''''
**'''Genus ''Eudyptula'''''
*** ''[[Little penguin|Eudyptula minor]]'' – little (blue) penguin
***''[[Little penguin|Eudyptula minor]]'' – little penguin
***''[[Eudyptula novaehollandiae]]'' – Australian little penguin
***''[[Eudyptula novaehollandiae]]'' – Australian little penguin
***{{extinct}}''[[Eudyptula wilsonae]]''<ref name=Thomas />
===Extant Species===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common Name !! Distribution
|-
|[[File: Blue Penguin Kapiti.jpg|left|frameless]]<!--The image of Eudyptula minor must depict the New Zealand endemic species Eudyptula minor. Do NOT replace this image with an image of the Australian species Eudyptula novaehollandiae.-->|| ''[[Little penguin|Eudyptula minor]]''||little penguin || [[New Zealand]], [[Chatham Islands]]
|-
|[[File:Eudyptula_minor_Bruny_1.jpg|left|frameless]]||''[[Eudyptula novaehollandiae]]''||Australian little penguin ||[[Southern Australia]], [[Otago]]
|-
|}

===Fossil species===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image || Scientific name !! Distribution
|-
| || ''Eudyptula wilsonae''<ref name=Thomas />|| [[Tangahoe Formation]], [[Taranaki]], [[New Zealand]]
|-
|}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Austrodyptornithes|S.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3021378}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3021378}}


[[Category:Eudyptula| ]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]
[[Category:Penguins]]
[[Category:Penguins]]
[[Category:Spheniscidae]]
[[Category:Spheniscidae]]
[[Category:Eudyptula| ]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte]]

Latest revision as of 06:34, 23 February 2024

Eudyptula
Temporal range: Piacenzian–Recent
↓
[1]
Australian little penguin near burrow at night, Bruny Island, Tasmania, Australia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Sphenisciformes
Family: Spheniscidae
Genus: Eudyptula
Bonaparte, 1856
Type species
Aptenodytes minor[2]
Species

Eudyptula minor
Eudyptula novaehollandiae

The genus Eudyptula ("good little diver") contains two species of penguin, found in southern Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand (including the Chatham Islands). They are commonly known as the little penguin, little blue penguin, or, in Australia, fairy penguin. In the language of the Māori people of New Zealand, little penguins are known as kororā.[3]

For many years, a white-flippered form of the little penguin found only in North Canterbury, New Zealand was considered either a separate species, Eudyptula albosignata, or just a subspecies, Eudyptula minor albosignata. Analysis of mtDNA revealed that Eudyptula falls instead into two groups: a western one, found along the southern coast of Australia and the Otago region of New Zealand, and another found in the rest of New Zealand.[4] These two groups are now considered full species: Eudyptula novaehollandiae in Australia and Otago, and Eudyptula minor elsewhere.[5] E. novaehollandiae probably arrived in New Zealand from Australia less than 500 years ago, following the local extinction of E. minor in Otago.[6]

Classification

[edit]

Order Sphenisciformes

Extant Species

[edit]
Image Scientific name Common Name Distribution
Eudyptula minor little penguin New Zealand, Chatham Islands
Eudyptula novaehollandiae Australian little penguin Southern Australia, Otago

Fossil species

[edit]
Image Scientific name Distribution
Eudyptula wilsonae[1] Tangahoe Formation, Taranaki, New Zealand

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Thomas, Daniel B; Tennyson, Alan JD; Marx, Felix G; Ksepka, Daniel T (2023). "Pliocene fossils support a New Zealand origin for the smallest extant penguins". Journal of Paleontology. 97 (3): 711–721. Bibcode:2023JPal...97..711T. doi:10.1017/jpa.2023.30.
  2. ^ (Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis 3 (1780): 135, 147.
  3. ^ Flemming, S.A. (2013). "Little penguin". NZ Birds Online. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  4. ^ Banks, Jonathan C.; Mitchell, Anthony D.; Waas, Joseph R.; Paterson, Adrian M. (2002). "An unexpected pattern of molecular divergence within the blue penguin (Eudyptula minor) complex" (PDF). Notornis. 49 (1): 29–38.
  5. ^ Grosser, Stefanie; Burridge, Christopher P.; Peucker, Amanda J.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2015-12-14). "Coalescent Modelling Suggests Recent Secondary-Contact of Cryptic Penguin Species". PLOS ONE. 10 (12): –0144966. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1044966G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144966. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4682933. PMID 26675310.
  6. ^ Grosser, Stefanie; Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Anderson, Christian N. K.; Smith, Ian W. G.; Scofield, R. Paul; Waters, Jonathan M. (2016-02-10). "Invader or resident? Ancient-DNA reveals rapid species turnover in New Zealand little penguins". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 283 (1824): 20152879. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.2879. ISSN 1471-2954. PMC 4760177. PMID 26842575.
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