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{{Short description|Family of turtles}}
__NOTOC__
:''Alternatively, "Pelomedusidae" may refer to the [[Pelomedusoidea]]. See [[#Systematics and taxonomy|below]] for details.''
:''Alternatively, "Pelomedusidae" may refer to the [[Pelomedusoidea]]. See [[#Systematics and taxonomy|below]] for details.''
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Taxobox
| image = Pelomedusa subrufa Beloa 070306.JPG
| image = African helmeted turtle (Pelomedusa subrufa).jpg
| image_alt = "Pelomedusa subrufa", African helmeted turtle
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Pelomedusa subrufa'', <br>[[African helmeted turtle]]
| image_caption = ''Pelomedusa subrufa'', [[African helmeted turtle]]
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| taxon = Pelomedusidae
⚫
| authority = [[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1868
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
⚫
| synonyms = Pelomedusinae <small>Cope, 1868</small>
| subphylum = [[Vertebrata]]
| synonyms_ref =
| superclassis = [[Tetrapoda]]
⚫
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| classis = [[Reptilia]]
⚫
| subdivision = *''[[Pelomedusa]]'' <small>[[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler]], 1830</small>
| subclassis = [[Anapsida]]
⚫
*''[[Pelusios]]'' <small>Wagler, 1830</small>
| ordo = [[Testudines]]
| subordo = [[Pleurodira]]
| familia = '''Pelomedusidae'''
⚫
| familia_authority = [[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1868
⚫
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genera]]
| subdivision =
⚫
''[[Pelomedusa]]'' <small>[[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler]], 1830</small><br />
⚫
''[[Pelusios]]'' <small>Wagler, 1830</small><br />
''[[Posadachelys]]'' † <small>Aguillón, 2014</small>
| synonyms =
⚫
Pelomedusinae <small>Cope, 1868</small>
}}
}}


'''Pelomedusidae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of freshwater [[turtle]]s native to [[sub-Saharan Africa]], with a single species, ''[[Pelomedusa subrufa]]'', also found in [[Yemen]]. They range in size from {{convert|12|to|45|cm|in|abbr=on}} in [[carapace]] length, and are generally roundish in shape. They are unable to fully withdraw their heads into their shells, instead drawing them to the side and folding them beneath the upper edge of their shells, hence are called '''African side-necked turtles'''.
'''Pelomedusidae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of freshwater [[turtle]]s endemic to [[sub-Saharan Africa]], including Madagascar, São Tomé, and the Seychelles (although this population may have been introduced by humans). They range in size from {{convert|12|to|45|cm|in|abbr=on}} in [[carapace]] length, and are generally roundish in shape. They are unable to fully withdraw their heads into their shells, instead drawing them to the side and folding them beneath the upper edge of their shells, hence are called '''African side-necked turtles'''.


The family contains two living [[genera]]. They are distinguished from their closest relatives by a hinge in the front section of the [[plastron]].<ref name=EoR>Obst, Fritz Jürgen (1998): [Pelomedusinae]. ''In:'' Cogger, H.G., & Zweifel, R.G. (eds.): ''Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians'': 112-113. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.</ref>
The family contains two living [[genera]], ''[[African helmeted turtle|Pelomedusa]]'' and ''[[Pelusios]]''. They are distinguished from their closest relatives by a hinge in the front section of the [[plastron]].<ref name=EoR>Obst, Fritz Jürgen (1998): [Pelomedusinae]. ''In:'' Cogger, H.G., & Zweifel, R.G. (eds.): ''Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians'': 112-113. San Diego: Academic Press. {{ISBN|0-12-178560-2}}.</ref>


Pelomedusidae spend most of their time in the mud at the bottom of rivers or shallow lakes, where they eat invertebrates, such as insects, molluscs, and worms. Many species [[aestivate]] through the dry season, burying themselves in the mud.<ref name=EoR/>
Pelomedusids spends most of their time in the mud at the bottom of rivers or shallow lakes, where they eat invertebrates, such as insects, mollusks, and worms. Many species [[aestivate]] through the dry season, burying themselves in the mud.<ref name=EoR/>


== Systematics and taxonomy ==
== Systematics and taxonomy ==
Within [[Pleurodira]], Pelomedusidae is more closely related to the South American and Malagasy [[Podocnemididae]] than to the South American and Australian [[Chelidae]], with the clade containing both Pelomedusidae and Podocnemididae to the exclusion of Chelidae dubbed [[Pelomedusoides]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ferreira |first1=Gabriel S. |last2=Bronzati |first2=Mario |last3=Langer |first3=Max C. |last4=Sterli |first4=Juliana |date=March 2018 |title=Phylogeny, biogeography and diversification patterns of side-necked turtles (Testudines: Pleurodira) |journal=Royal Society Open Science |language=en |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=171773 |doi=10.1098/rsos.171773 |issn=2054-5703 |pmc=5882704 |pmid=29657780|bibcode=2018RSOS....571773F }}</ref>
The related [[Podocnemididae]] are either treated as a distinct family, or as a [[subfamily]] (Podocnemidinae) in the Pelomedusidae. The African side-necked turtles are then also demoted to subfamily rank, as the '''Pelomedusinae'''.<ref name=EoR/>


Within Pelomedusidae are 2 genera and 27 extant species.<ref>Uetz, P., Freed, P, Aguilar, R., Reyes, F. & Hošek, J. (eds.) (2023) The Reptile Database, http://www.reptile-database.org , accessed May, 9th 2023</ref>
As [[taxonomic rank]] is only meaningful as part of a sequence (a biological "family" has no fixed meaning on its own), both treatments are technically correct. Ultimately, the issue hinges upon the Austro-American sideneck turtles ([[Chelidae]]).{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} These [[Pleurodira]] are less closely related to the Podocnemididae and Pelomedusidae than these are to each other.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} If all three are ranked as full families, the Chelidae are treated as a [[basal (evolution)|basal]] lineage, while the other two are united in the [[Taxonomic rank|superfamily]] [[Pelomedusoidea]].{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} This treatment is preferred here, because it allows more convenient placement of [[prehistoric]] pleurodires (e.g. the [[Bothremydidae]]).

* '''''[[Pelomedusa]]'''''
** ''[[Pelomedusa barbata]]''
** ''[[Pelomedusa galeata]]''
** ''[[Pelomedusa gehafie]]''
** ''[[Pelomedusa kobe]]''
** ''[[Pelomedusa neumanni]]''
** ''[[Pelomedusa olivacea]]''
** [[Pelomedusa olivacea|''Pelomedusa schweinfurthi'']]
** ''[[Pelomedusa somalica]]''
** [[African helmeted turtle|''Pelomedusa subrufa'']]
** ''[[Pelomedusa variabilis]]''
* '''''[[Pelusios]]'''''
** [[Adanson's mud turtle|''Pelusios adansonii'']]
** [[Okavango mud turtle|''Pelusios bechuanicus'']]
** [[Turkana mud turtle|''Pelusios broadleyi'']]
** [[African keeled mud turtle|''Pelusios carinatus'']]
** [[West African mud turtle|''Pelusios castaneus'']]
** [[Yellow-bellied mud turtle|''Pelusios castanoides'']]
** [[Central African mud turtle|''Pelusios chapini'']]
** [[Ivory Coast mud turtle|''Pelusios cupulatta'']]
** [[African forest turtle|''Pelusios gabonensis'']]
** ''[[Pelusios marani]]''
** [[African dwarf mud turtle|''Pelusios nanus'']]
** [[West African black turtle|''Pelusios niger'']]
** [[Variable mud turtle|''Pelusios rhodesianus'']]
** [[Serrated hinged terrapin|''Pelusios sinuatus'']]
** [[East African black mud turtle|''Pelusios subniger'']]
** [[Upemba mud turtle|''Pelusios upembae'']]
** [[Williams' mud turtle|''Pelusios williamsi'']]
''Pelusios seychellensis'' was originally described as an endemic species to the Seychelles based on Museum specimens from the 19th century. However, this species was never found again and thus listed as Extinct by the IUCN. However, mitochondrial evidence proved the specimens to actually be from [[Pelusios castanaeus|''P. castaneus'']] thus revoking the species status of ''P. seychellensis''.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0057116 | doi-access=free | title=One Extinct Turtle Species Less: Pelusios seychellensis is Not Extinct, It Never Existed | year=2013 | last1=Stuckas | first1=Heiko | last2=Gemel | first2=Richard | last3=Fritz | first3=Uwe | journal=PLOS ONE | volume=8 | issue=4 | pages=e57116 | pmid=23573185 | pmc=3616038 | bibcode=2013PLoSO...857116S }}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
Line 39: Line 60:


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*[[Edward Drinker Cope]]. 1868. An Examination of the REPTILIA and BATRACHIA obtained by the Orton Expedition to Equador [sic] and the Upper Amazon, with notes on other Species. ''Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia'' '''20''': 96-140. (Pelomedusidæ, new family, p.&nbsp;119).
*[[Edward Drinker Cope]]. 1868. An Examination of the REPTILIA and BATRACHIA obtained by the Orton Expedition to Equador [sic] and the Upper Amazon, with notes on other species. ''Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia'' '''20''': 96-140. (Pelomedusidæ, new family, p.&nbsp;119).
*Goin CJ, Goin OB, Zug GR. 1978. ''Introduction to Herpetology: Third Edition.'' San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company. xi + 378 pp. ISBN 0-7167-0020-4. (Family Pelomedusidae, pp.&nbsp;271–272).
*Goin CJ, Goin OB, Zug GR. 1978. ''Introduction to Herpetology: Third Edition.'' San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company. xi + 378 pp. {{ISBN|0-7167-0020-4}}. (Family Pelomedusidae, pp.&nbsp;271–272).


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{commons category}}{{Portal|Turtles}}
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.jcvi.org/reptiles/families/pelomedusidae.php Pelomedusidae family on reptile-database.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090421201435/http://www.jcvi.org/reptiles/families/pelomedusidae.php Family Pelomedusidae on reptile-database.org]


{{Pleurodira}}
{{Pleurodira}}
{{Testudines}}
{{Testudines}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q743646}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Pelomedusidae]]
[[Category:Pelomedusidae| ]]
[[Category:Reptile families]]
[[Category:Turtle families]]
[[Category:Turtles of Africa| ]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Sub-Saharan Africa| ]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope]]

Latest revision as of 11:56, 23 February 2024

Alternatively, "Pelomedusidae" may refer to the Pelomedusoidea. See below for details.

Pelomedusidae
"Pelomedusa subrufa", African helmeted turtle
Pelomedusa subrufa, African helmeted turtle
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Testudines
Suborder: Pleurodira
Hyperfamily: Pelomedusoides
Family: Pelomedusidae
Cope, 1868
Genera
Synonyms

Pelomedusinae Cope, 1868

Pelomedusidae is a family of freshwater turtles endemic to sub-Saharan Africa, including Madagascar, São Tomé, and the Seychelles (although this population may have been introduced by humans). They range in size from 12 to 45 cm (4.7 to 17.7 in) in carapace length, and are generally roundish in shape. They are unable to fully withdraw their heads into their shells, instead drawing them to the side and folding them beneath the upper edge of their shells, hence are called African side-necked turtles.

The family contains two living genera, Pelomedusa and Pelusios. They are distinguished from their closest relatives by a hinge in the front section of the plastron.[1]

Pelomedusids spends most of their time in the mud at the bottom of rivers or shallow lakes, where they eat invertebrates, such as insects, mollusks, and worms. Many species aestivate through the dry season, burying themselves in the mud.[1]

Systematics and taxonomy

[edit]

Within Pleurodira, Pelomedusidae is more closely related to the South American and Malagasy Podocnemididae than to the South American and Australian Chelidae, with the clade containing both Pelomedusidae and Podocnemididae to the exclusion of Chelidae dubbed Pelomedusoides.[2]

Within Pelomedusidae are 2 genera and 27 extant species.[3]

Pelusios seychellensis was originally described as an endemic species to the Seychelles based on Museum specimens from the 19th century. However, this species was never found again and thus listed as Extinct by the IUCN. However, mitochondrial evidence proved the specimens to actually be from P. castaneus thus revoking the species status of P. seychellensis.[4]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Obst, Fritz Jürgen (1998): [Pelomedusinae]. In: Cogger, H.G., & Zweifel, R.G. (eds.): Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians: 112-113. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
  2. ^ Ferreira, Gabriel S.; Bronzati, Mario; Langer, Max C.; Sterli, Juliana (March 2018). "Phylogeny, biogeography and diversification patterns of side-necked turtles (Testudines: Pleurodira)". Royal Society Open Science. 5 (3): 171773. Bibcode:2018RSOS....571773F. doi:10.1098/rsos.171773. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 5882704. PMID 29657780.
  3. ^ Uetz, P., Freed, P, Aguilar, R., Reyes, F. & Hošek, J. (eds.) (2023) The Reptile Database, http://www.reptile-database.org , accessed May, 9th 2023
  4. ^ Stuckas, Heiko; Gemel, Richard; Fritz, Uwe (2013). "One Extinct Turtle Species Less: Pelusios seychellensis is Not Extinct, It Never Existed". PLOS ONE. 8 (4): e57116. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...857116S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057116. PMC 3616038. PMID 23573185.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Edward Drinker Cope. 1868. An Examination of the REPTILIA and BATRACHIA obtained by the Orton Expedition to Equador [sic] and the Upper Amazon, with notes on other species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 20: 96-140. (Pelomedusidæ, new family, p. 119).
  • Goin CJ, Goin OB, Zug GR. 1978. Introduction to Herpetology: Third Edition. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company. xi + 378 pp. ISBN 0-7167-0020-4. (Family Pelomedusidae, pp. 271–272).
[edit]
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