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{{Infobox spaceflight
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = PSLV-C3
| name = PSLV-C3
| names_list = <!--list of previous names if the spacecraft has been renamed.
| names_list = <!--list of previous names if the spacecraft has been renamed.
Include the dates applicable if possible, and separate each name with a linebreak.
Include the dates applicable if possible, and separate each name with a linebreak.
Omit if the spacecraft has only ever been known by one name.
Omit if the spacecraft has only ever been known by one name.
Do not include Harvard, COSPAR/NSSDC or SATCAT/NORAD/NASA designations as alternative names-->
Do not include Harvard, COSPAR/NSSDC or SATCAT/NORAD/NASA designations as alternative names-->


<!--image of the spacecraft/mission-->
<!--image of the spacecraft/mission-->| image = PSLV.svg
| image = PSLV.svg
| image_caption = Model of the [[PSLV]] rocket
| image_caption = Model of the [[PSLV]] rocket
| image_alt = <!--image alt text-->
| image_alt = <!--image alt text-->
| image_size = 70px
| image_size = 70px


<!--Basic details-->
<!--Basic details-->| mission_type = Deployment of three [[satellite]]s.
| mission_type = Deployment of three [[satellite]]s.
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| Harvard_designation = <!--spacecraft launched 1962 and earlier only (eg. 1957 Alpha 2)-->
| operator = [[File:ISRO Logo.gif|25px]] [[ISRO]]
| Harvard_designation = <!--spacecraft launched 1962 and earlier only (eg. 1957 Alpha 2)-->
| COSPAR_ID = <!--spacecraft launched since 1963 only (aka NSSDC ID; eg. 1998-067A)-->
| COSPAR_ID = <!--spacecraft launched since 1963 only (aka NSSDC ID; eg. 1998-067A)-->
| SATCAT = <!--satellite catalogue number, omit leading zeroes (e.g. 25544)-->
| website = [http://www.isro.gov.in/ ISRO website]
| SATCAT = <!--satellite catalogue number, omit leading zeroes (e.g. 25544)-->
| mission_duration = 1,658 seconds
| website = [http://www.isro.gov.in/ ISRO website]
| distance_travelled = <!--How far the spacecraft travelled (if known)-->
| mission_duration = 1,658 seconds
| distance_travelled = <!--How far the spacecraft travelled (if known)-->
| orbits_completed = <!--number of times the spacecraft orbited the Earth - see below for spacecraft beyond Earth orbit-->
| orbits_completed = <!--number of times the spacecraft orbited the Earth - see below for spacecraft beyond Earth orbit-->
| suborbital_range = <!--downrange distance reached if spacecraft did not enter orbit-->
| suborbital_apogee = {{convert|586.7|km|mi|0}}
| suborbital_range = <!--downrange distance reached if spacecraft did not enter orbit-->
| suborbital_apogee = {{convert|586.7|km|mi|0}}


<!--Spacecraft properties-->
<!--Spacecraft properties-->| spacecraft = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]
| spacecraft = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]
| spacecraft_type = [[Expendable launch vehicle]]
| spacecraft_bus = <!--eg. A2100M, Star-2, etc-->
| spacecraft_type = [[Expendable launch vehicle]]
| manufacturer = [[ISRO]]
| spacecraft_bus = <!--eg. A2100M, Star-2, etc-->
| manufacturer = [[File:ISRO Logo.gif|25px]] [[ISRO]]
| launch_mass = {{convert|294000|kg|lbs}}
| BOL_mass = <!--spacecraft mass in orbit at beginning of operational life, after LEOP phase-->
| launch_mass = {{convert|294000|kg|lbs}}
| landing_mass = <!--Mass after landing (recovered spacecraft only)-->
| BOL_mass = <!--spacecraft mass in orbit at beginning of operational life, after LEOP phase-->
| landing_mass = <!--Mass after landing (recovered spacecraft only)-->
| dry_mass = <!--spacecraft mass in orbit without fuel-->
| payload_mass = {{convert|1294|kg|lbs}}
| dry_mass = <!--spacecraft mass in orbit without fuel-->
| payload_mass = {{convert|1294|kg|lbs}}
| dimensions = {{convert|44.4|m|ft|0}}<br>(overall height)
| dimensions = {{convert|44.4|m|ft|0}}<br>(overall height)
| power = <!--end-of-life power, in watts-->
| power = <!--end-of-life power, in watts-->


<!--Expedition details-->
<!--Expedition details-->| space_station = <!--space station the expedition occurred aboard-->
|space_station = <!--space station the expedition occurred aboard-->
| start_date = <!--date the crew took command of the station-->
|start_date = <!--date the crew took command of the station-->
| end_date = <!--date the crew ceased command of the station-->
|end_date = <!--date the crew ceased command of the station-->
| arrival_craft = <!--spacecraft the crew arrived aboard-->
|arrival_craft = <!--spacecraft the crew arrived aboard-->
| departure_craft = <!--spacecraft the crew departed aboard-->
|departure_craft = <!--spacecraft the crew departed aboard-->


<!--Launch details-->| launch_date = {{start date|2001|10|22|10|23|00|}} ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
<!--Crew details-->
| crew_size = [[Unmanned spacecraft|Unmanned]]
| launch_rocket = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Sriharikota Launching Range]]
| crew_members = <!--crew who launched AND landed aboard the spacecraft-->
| launch_contractor = [[ISRO]]
| crew_launching = <!--crew who only launched aboard the spacecraft-->
| crew_landing = <!--crew who only landed aboard the spacecraft-->
| deployment_from = <!--place where deployed from-->
| crew_callsign = <!--spacecraft's callsign-->
| deployment_date = <!--date deployed-->
| crew_expedition = <!--space station expedition(s) the mission was in support of, do NOT use if the mission is an expedition itself-->
| entered_service = <!--date on which the spacecraft entered service, if it did not do so immediately after launch-->
| crew_EVAs = <!--number of EVAs conducted during the mission-->
| crew_EVA_duration = <!--time spent on EVA-->
| crew_photo = <!--omit the "file" prefix-->
| crew_photo_alt = <!--alt text for image-->
| crew_photo_caption = <!--image caption-->
| crew_photo_size = <!--defaults to 220px-->

<!--Launch details-->
| launch_date = {{start date|2001|10|22|10|23|00|TZ=IST}} ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
| launch_rocket = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Sriharikota Launching Range]]
| launch_contractor = [[File:ISRO Logo.gif|25px]] [[ISRO]]
| deployment_from = <!--place where deployed from-->
| deployment_date = <!--date deployed-->
| entered_service = <!--date on which the spacecraft entered service, if it did not do so immediately after launch-->
<!-- * - e.g. Proton-M/Briz-M not Proton-M, but Titan IV(401)A not Titan IV(401)A-Centaur-->
<!-- * - e.g. Proton-M/Briz-M not Proton-M, but Titan IV(401)A not Titan IV(401)A-Centaur-->


<!--end of mission-->
<!--end of mission-->| disposal_type = Placed in [[graveyard orbit]]
| deactivated = {{end date|2001|10|22}}
| disposal_type = Placed in [[graveyard orbit]]
| destroyed = <!--when craft was destroyed (if other than by re-entry)-->
| deactivated = {{end date|2001|10|22}}
| destroyed = <!--when craft was destroyed (if other than by re-entry)-->
| last_contact = <!--when last signal received if not decommissioned-->
| last_contact = <!--when last signal received if not decommissioned-->
| recovery_by = <!--recovered by-->
| recovery_by = <!--recovered by-->
| recovery_date = <!--recovery date-->
| recovery_date = <!--recovery date-->
| decay_date = <!--when craft re-entered the atmosphere, not needed if it landed-->
| decay_date = <!--when craft re-entered the atmosphere, not needed if it landed-->
| landing_date = <!--when the spacecraft made a controlled landing, not needed if it did not return intact-->
| landing_site = <!--where the craft landed; site/runway or coordinates-->
| landing_date = <!--when the spacecraft made a controlled landing, not needed if it did not return intact-->
| landing_site = <!--where the craft landed; site/runway or coordinates-->
<!--
<!--
The following template should be used for ONE of the three above fields "end_of_mission", "decay" or "landing" if the spacecraft is no longer operational.
The following template should be used for ONE of the three above fields "end_of_mission", "decay" or "landing" if the spacecraft is no longer operational.
Line 86: Line 66:


<!--orbit parameters-->
<!--orbit parameters-->
<!--as science-related articles, SI units should be the principal units of measurement, however we usually use {{convert}} to display imperial units in parentheses after the initial values-->
<!--as science-related articles, SI units should be the principal units of measurement, however we usually use {{convert}} to display imperial units in parentheses after the initial values-->| orbit_reference = [[Sun-synchronous orbit|Sun-synchronous]]
| orbit_reference = [[Sun-synchronous orbit|Sun-synchronous]]
| orbit_regime = [[Low Earth orbit]]
| orbit_longitude = <!--geosynchronous satellites only-->
| orbit_regime = [[Low Earth orbit]]
| orbit_slot = <!--Designation of orbital position or slot, if not longitude (e.g plane and position of a GPS satellite)-->
| orbit_longitude = <!--geosynchronous satellites only-->
| orbit_semimajor = <!--semimajor axis-->
| orbit_slot = <!--Designation of orbital position or slot, if not longitude (e.g plane and position of a GPS satellite)-->
| orbit_semimajor = <!--semimajor axis-->
| orbit_eccentricity = <!--orbital eccentricity-->
| orbit_eccentricity = <!--orbital eccentricity-->
| orbit_periapsis = <!--periapsis altitude-->
| orbit_periapsis = <!--periapsis altitude-->
| orbit_apoapsis = <!--apoapsis altitude-->
| orbit_apoapsis = <!--apoapsis altitude-->
| orbit_inclination = <!--orbital inclination-->
| orbit_inclination = <!--orbital inclination-->
| orbit_period = <!--time taken to complete an orbit-->
| orbit_period = <!--time taken to complete an orbit-->
| orbit_RAAN = <!--right ascension of the ascending node-->
| orbit_RAAN = <!--right ascension of the ascending node-->
| orbit_arg_periapsis = <!--argument of perigee/periapsis-->
| orbit_mean_anomaly = <!--mean anomaly at epoch, only use in conjunction with an epoch value-->
| orbit_arg_periapsis = <!--argument of perigee/periapsis-->
| orbit_mean_anomaly = <!--mean anomaly at epoch, only use in conjunction with an epoch value-->
| orbit_mean_motion = <!--mean motion of the satellite, usually measured in orbits per day-->
| orbit_repeat = <!--repeat interval/revisit time-->
| orbit_mean_motion = <!--mean motion of the satellite, usually measured in orbits per day-->
| orbit_velocity = <!--speed at which the spacecraft was travelling at epoch - only use for spacecraft with low orbital eccentricity-->
| orbit_repeat = <!--repeat interval/revisit time-->
| orbit_velocity = <!--speed at which the spacecraft was travelling at epoch - only use for spacecraft with low orbital eccentricity-->
| orbit_epoch = <!--the date at which the orbit parameters were correct-->
| orbit_rev_number = <!--revolution number-->
| orbit_epoch = <!--the date at which the orbit parameters were correct-->
| apsis = <!--planet specific apsis term (eg. gee/helion/selene/etc - defaults to generic "apsis")-->
| orbit_rev_number = <!--revolution number-->
| interplanetary = <!--Infobox spaceflight/IP can be called multiple times for missions with multiple targets or combined orbiter/lander missions, etc-->
| apsis = <!--planet specific apsis term (eg. gee/helion/selene/etc - defaults to generic "apsis")-->
|interplanetary = <!--Infobox spaceflight/IP can be called multiple times for missions with multiple targets or combined orbiter/lander missions, etc-->


<!--Cargo parameters-->| payload_items = [[File:India flag-XL-anim.gif|25px]] [[Technology Experiment Satellite|TES]]<br>[[File:Flag of Germany.svg|25px]] [[BIRD (satellite)|BIRD]]<br>[[File:Nuvola Belgian flag.svg|25px]] [[PROBA]]
| cargo_mass = {{convert|1294|kg|lbs}}
| cargo_mass_press = <!--Mass of pressurised cargo-->
| cargo_mass_unpress = <!--Mass of unpressurised cargo (e.g. Dragon Trunk)-->
| cargo_mass_fuel = <!--Mass of fuel transferred from spacecraft's tanks-->
| cargo_mass_gas = <!--Mass of gasses transferred (e.g. oxygen)-->
| cargo_mass_water = <!--Mass of water transferred-->


<!--Telescope parameters-->| instrument_type = <!--converts telescope fields to suit a camera or other similar instrument-->
<!--Cargo parameters-->
| telescope_name = <!--name, if different to the satellite-->
| payload_items = [[File:India flag-XL-anim.gif|25px]] [[Technology Experiment Satellite|TES]]<br>[[File:Flag of Germany.svg|25px]] [[BIRD (satellite)|BIRD]]<br>[[File:Nuvola Belgian flag.svg|25px]] [[PROBA]]
| telescope_type = <!--type of telescope, mirror arrangement, etc-->
| cargo_mass = {{convert|1294|kg|lbs}}
| cargo_mass_press = <!--Mass of pressurised cargo-->
| telescope_diameter = <!--diameter of telescope-->
| telescope_focal_length = <!--focal length of telescope-->
| cargo_mass_unpress = <!--Mass of unpressurised cargo (e.g. Dragon Trunk)-->
| cargo_mass_fuel = <!--Mass of fuel transferred from spacecraft's tanks-->
| telescope_area = <!--collecting area-->
| telescope_wavelength = <!--wavelengths at which the telescope operates-->
| cargo_mass_gas = <!--Mass of gasses transferred (e.g. oxygen)-->
| cargo_mass_water = <!--Mass of water transferred-->
| telescope_resolution = <!--resolution of telescope-->
| instruments = <!--a list of instruments on the satellite-->


<!--Telescope parameters-->
<!--transponder parameters-->| trans_band = <!--Transponder frequency bands-->
| trans_frequency = <!--specific frequencies-->
| instrument_type = <!--converts telescope fields to suit a camera or other similar instrument-->
| telescope_name = <!--name, if different to the satellite-->
| trans_bandwidth = <!--bandwidth-->
| telescope_type = <!--type of telescope, mirror arrangement, etc-->
| trans_capacity = <!--capacity of the transponders-->
| telescope_diameter = <!--diameter of telescope-->
| trans_coverage = <!--area covered-->
| telescope_focal_length= <!--focal length of telescope-->
| trans_TWTA = <!--TWTA output power-->
| telescope_area = <!--collecting area-->
| trans_EIRP = <!--equivalent isotropic power-->
| trans_HPBW = <!--half-power beam width-->
| telescope_wavelength = <!--wavelengths at which the telescope operates-->
| telescope_resolution = <!--resolution of telescope-->
| instruments = <!--a list of instruments on the satellite-->

<!--transponder parameters-->
| trans_band = <!--Transponder frequency bands-->
| trans_frequency = <!--specific frequencies-->
| trans_bandwidth = <!--bandwidth-->
| trans_capacity = <!--capacity of the transponders-->
| trans_coverage = <!--area covered-->
| trans_TWTA = <!--TWTA output power-->
| trans_EIRP = <!--equivalent isotropic power-->
| trans_HPBW = <!--half-power beam width-->


<!--Only use where a spacecraft/mission is part of a clear programme of sequential missions.
<!--Only use where a spacecraft/mission is part of a clear programme of sequential missions.
If in doubt, leave it out-->| programme = '''[[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle#Launch history|Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle missions]]'''
If in doubt, leave it out-->
| previous_mission = '''[[PSLV-C2]]'''
| programme = '''[[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle#Launch history|Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle missions]]'''
| previous_mission = '''[[PSLV-C2]]'''
| next_mission = '''[[PSLV-C4]]'''
| next_mission = '''[[PSLV-C4]]'''


<!--mission insignia or patch-->
<!--mission insignia or patch-->| insignia = <!--omit the "file" prefix-->
| insignia = <!--omit the "file" prefix-->
| insignia_caption = <!--image caption-->
| insignia_caption = <!--image caption-->
| insignia_alt = <!--image alt text-->
| insignia_alt = <!--image alt text-->
| insignia_size = <!--include px/em; defaults to 180px-->
| insignia_size = <!--include px/em; defaults to 180px-->
}}
}}
'''PSLV-C3''' was the third operational launch and overall sixth mission of the [[PSLV]] program. This launch was also the forty-sixth launch by [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] since its first mission on 1 January 1962. The vehicle carried three satellites which were deployed in the [[Sun-synchronous orbit|Sun-synchronous]] [[Low Earth orbit]].<ref name="PSLV-C3">{{cite news|title=PSLV-C3|publisher=[[Indian Space Research Organisation]]|accessdate=10 Jul 2016|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c3}}</ref><ref name="PSLV-C3 brochure">{{cite news|title=PSLV-C3 brochure|publisher=[[Indian Space Research Organisation]]|accessdate=10 Jul 2016|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/pdf/pslv-brochures/PSLVC3.pdf}}</ref> The vehicle carried [[Technology Experiment Satellite]] ([[India]]n experimental [[earth observation satellite]]), [[BIRD (satellite)|BIRD]] ([[Germany|German]] [[earth observation satellite]]) and [[PROBA]] (experimental satellite from [[Belgium]]). This was India's and ISRO's second commercial [[spaceflight]]. PSLV-C3 was launched at 10:23 a.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 22 October 2001 from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (then called "Sriharikota Launching Range").<ref name="PSLV-C3 Successfully Launched : Puts Three Satellites In Orbit">{{cite news|title=PSLV-C3 Successfully Launched : Puts Three Satellites In Orbit|publisher=defense-aerospace.com|accessdate=10 Jul 2016|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/release/7051/india's-isro-launches-three-satellites-(oct.-23).html}}</ref><ref name="ISRO's timeline. 1960s to today. #46">{{cite news|title=ISRO's timeline. 1960s to today. #46|publisher=[[Indian Space Research Organisation]]|accessdate=10 Jul 2016|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/isros-timeline-1960s-to-today#46}}</ref><ref name="SPACEWARN Activities">{{cite news|title=SPACEWARN Activities|publisher=[[NASA]]|accessdate=10 Jul 2016|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/spacewarn/spx576.html}}</ref><ref name="Space Launch Report: PSLV">{{cite news|title=Space Launch Report: PSLV|publisher=spacelaunchreport.com|accessdate=10 Jul 2016|url=http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/pslv.html}}</ref><ref name="PSLV-C3 Successfully Launched : Puts 3 Satellites In Orbit">{{cite news|title=PSLV-C3 Successfully Launched : Puts 3 Satellites In Orbit|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|accessdate=10 Jul 2016|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2001/roct2001/22102001/r2210200111.html}}</ref><ref name="PSLV-C3 launches three satellites">{{cite news|title=PSLV-C3 launches three satellites|publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|accessdate=10 Jul 2016|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2001/10/23/stories/142367ps.htm}}</ref>
'''PSLV-C3''' was the third operational launch and overall sixth mission of the [[PSLV]] program. This launch was also the forty-sixth launch by [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] since its first mission on 1 January 1962. The vehicle carried three satellites which were deployed in the [[Sun-synchronous orbit|Sun-synchronous]] [[Low Earth orbit]].<ref name="PSLV-C3">{{cite news|title=PSLV-C3|publisher=[[Indian Space Research Organisation]]|accessdate=10 Jul 2016|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c3}}</ref><ref name="PSLV-C3 brochure">{{cite news|title=PSLV-C3 brochure|publisher=[[Indian Space Research Organisation]]|accessdate=10 Jul 2016|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/pdf/pslv-brochures/PSLVC3.pdf}}</ref> The vehicle carried [[Technology Experiment Satellite]] (Indian experimental [[Earth observation satellite]]), [[BIRD (satellite)|BIRD]] (German [[Earth observation satellite]]) and [[PROBA]] (experimental satellite from [[Belgium]]). This was India's and ISRO's second commercial [[spaceflight]]. PSLV-C3 was launched at 10:23&nbsp;a.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 22 October 2001 from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (then called "Sriharikota Range").<ref name="PSLV-C3 Successfully Launched : Puts Three Satellites In Orbit">{{cite news|title=PSLV-C3 Successfully Launched : Puts Three Satellites In Orbit|publisher=defense-aerospace.com|accessdate=10 Jul 2016|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/release/7051/india's-isro-launches-three-satellites-(oct.-23).html}}</ref><ref name="ISRO's timeline. 1960s to today. #46">{{cite news|title=ISRO's timeline. 1960s to today. #46|publisher=[[Indian Space Research Organisation]]|accessdate=10 Jul 2016|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/isros-timeline-1960s-to-today#46}}</ref><ref name="SPACEWARN Activities">{{cite news|title=SPACEWARN Activities|publisher=[[NASA]]|accessdate=10 Jul 2016|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/spacewarn/spx576.html}}</ref><ref name="Space Launch Report: PSLV">{{cite news|title=Space Launch Report: PSLV|publisher=spacelaunchreport.com|accessdate=10 Jul 2016|url=http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/pslv.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104225437/http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/pslv.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=January 4, 2013}}</ref><ref name="PSLV-C3 Successfully Launched : Puts 3 Satellites In Orbit">{{cite news|title=PSLV-C3 Successfully Launched : Puts 3 Satellites In Orbit|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|accessdate=10 Jul 2016|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2001/roct2001/22102001/r2210200111.html}}</ref><ref name="PSLV-C3 launches three satellites">{{cite news|title=PSLV-C3 launches three satellites|publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|accessdate=10 Jul 2016|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2001/10/23/stories/142367ps.htm}}</ref>


==Mission highlights==
==Mission highlights==
The mission involved placing Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) and Bispectral and Infrared Remote Detection (BIRD) in a 568&nbsp;km circular orbit. It would then place the PRoject for On Board Autonomy (PROBA) satellite in an 568&nbsp;km x 638&nbsp;km elliptical orbit. This demonstrated ISRO capability to launch multiple satellites in multiple orbits. It also earned ISRO $1 million for each satellite.<ref name="PSLV-C3"/><ref name="PSLV-C3 brochure"/><ref name=":0" />
*Third operational launch of the [[PSLV]] program.
*Overall sixth mission of the [[PSLV]] program.
*Second commercial launch by [[ISRO]].
*Three satellites injected in [[Sun-synchronous orbit|Sun-synchronous]] [[low Earth orbit]].
<ref name="PSLV-C3"/><ref name="PSLV-C3 brochure"/>


==Mission parameters==
==Mission parameters==
Line 167: Line 136:
* '''Propellant''':
* '''Propellant''':
** ''First stage:'' [[Solid-fuel rocket|Solid]] [[Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene|HTPB based]] (138.0 + 54 tonnes)
** ''First stage:'' [[Solid-fuel rocket|Solid]] [[Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene|HTPB based]] (138.0 + 54 tonnes)
** ''Second stage:'' [[Liquid fuel rocket|Liquid]] [[Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine|UDMH]] + [[N2O4]] (40 tonnes)
** ''Second stage:'' [[Liquid fuel rocket|Liquid]] [[Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine|UDMH]] + {{N2O4}} (40 tonnes)
** ''Third stage:'' [[Solid-fuel rocket|Solid]] [[Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene|HTPB based]] (7 tonnes)
** ''Third stage:'' [[Solid-fuel rocket|Solid]] [[Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene|HTPB based]] (7 tonnes)
** ''Fourth stage:'' [[Liquid fuel rocket|Liquid]] [[Monomethylhydrazine|MMH]] + [[Mixed oxides of nitrogen|MON]] (2.0 tonnes)
** ''Fourth stage:'' [[Liquid fuel rocket|Liquid]] [[Monomethylhydrazine|MMH]] + [[Mixed oxides of nitrogen|MON]] (2.0 tonnes)
Line 192: Line 161:
! Country !! Name !! Nos !! Mass !! Type !! Objective
! Country !! Name !! Nos !! Mass !! Type !! Objective
|-
|-
| {{Flagicon|India}} [[India]] || [[Technology Experiment Satellite|TES]] || 1 || 1,108 kg || [[Satellite]] || Experimental [[Earth observation satellite]]
| {{Flagicon|India}} India || [[Technology Experiment Satellite|TES]] || 1 || 1,108&nbsp;kg || [[Satellite]] || Experimental [[Earth observation satellite]]
|-
|-
| {{Flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgium]] || [[BIRD (satellite)|BIRD]] || 1 || 94 kg || [[Miniaturized satellite#Microsatellites|Microsatellite]] || [[Remote sensing]] [[technology demonstration]]
| {{Flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgium]] || [[BIRD (satellite)|BIRD]] || 1 || 94&nbsp;kg || [[Miniaturized satellite#Microsatellites|Microsatellite]] || [[Remote sensing]] [[technology demonstration]]
|-
|-
| {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany]] || [[PROBA]] || 1 || 92 kg || [[Miniaturized satellite#Microsatellites|Microsatellite]] || [[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation]] [[technology demonstration]]
| {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany]] || [[PROBA]] || 1 || 92&nbsp;kg || [[Miniaturized satellite#Microsatellites|Microsatellite]] || [[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation]] [[technology demonstration]]
|-
|-
|}
|}


==Launch & planned flight profile==
==Launch and planned flight profile==
[[File:Full size heat shield of PSLV 7850.JPG|right|thumb|270px|[[Heat shield]] of PSLV displayed at [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] heritage center.]]
[[File:Full size heat shield of PSLV 7850.JPG|right|thumb|270px|[[Heat shield]] of PSLV displayed at [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] heritage center.]]
PSLV-C3 was launched at 10:23 a.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 22 October 2001 from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (then called "Sriharikota Launching Range"). The mission was planned with pre-flight prediction of covering overall distance of {{convert|586.668|km|mi|0}}. Following was the planned flight profile.<ref name="PSLV-C3"/><ref name="PSLV-C3 brochure"/><ref name="PSLV-C3 Successfully Launched : Puts Three Satellites In Orbit"/><ref name="SPACEWARN Activities"/><ref name="Space Launch Report: PSLV"/><ref name="PSLV-C3 Successfully Launched : Puts 3 Satellites In Orbit"/><ref name="PSLV-C3 launches three satellites"/>
PSLV-C3 was launched at 10:23&nbsp;a.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 22 October 2001 from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (then called "Sriharikota Launching Range"). The mission was planned with pre-flight prediction of covering overall distance of {{convert|586.668|km|mi|0}}. The total flight time was 1658 seconds as PROBA was to be launched into an elliptical orbit after TES and BIRD were launched into a circular orbit.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=SUBRAMANIAN |first=T. S. |title=An ISRO landmark |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/article30252612.ece |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> The orbit raise was done using the yaw RCS thrusters in off-modulated mode.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PSLV-C4 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/PSLV-C4/HTML/files/assets/basic-html/page-3.html |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

Following was the planned flight profile.<ref name="PSLV-C3" /><ref name="PSLV-C3 brochure" /><ref name="PSLV-C3 Successfully Launched : Puts Three Satellites In Orbit" /><ref name="SPACEWARN Activities" /><ref name="Space Launch Report: PSLV" /><ref name="PSLV-C3 Successfully Launched : Puts 3 Satellites In Orbit" /><ref name="PSLV-C3 launches three satellites" />


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 238: Line 209:
| T+1,011.92 || 572.709 || [[BIRD (satellite)|BIRD]] separation ||
| T+1,011.92 || 572.709 || [[BIRD (satellite)|BIRD]] separation ||
|-
|-
| T+1,091.92 || 574.064 || [[PROBA]] orbit rise start ||
| T+1,091.92 || 574.064 || [[PROBA]] orbit raise start ||
|-
|-
| T+1,552.50 || 585.018 || 7,593 || PROBA orbit rise stop ||
| T+1,552.50 || 585.018 || 7,593 || PROBA orbit raise stop ||
|-
|-
| T+1,602.50 || 586.688 || 7,592 || PROBA orbit separation || Mission over
| T+1,602.50 || 586.688 || 7,592 || PROBA orbit separation || Mission over
|-
|-
|}
|}

==Fourth Stage Break-up event==
The fourth stage of the PSLV had undergone a break-up event on 19 December 2001, likely caused by an explosion.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Parthasarathi |last2=Sharma |first2=Radhey |last3=Adimurthy |first3=V. |title=Analysis of the possible cause of break up of PSLV-C3/PS4 stage |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002cosp...34E1374B/abstract |conference=34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly |publisher=The Second World Space Congress |place=Houston, Texas |date=October 2002 |page=1374 |bibcode=2002cosp...34E1374B }}</ref> After the explosion of PSLV-C3, ISRO carried out passivation of the upper stages of the PSLV, from the PSLV-C4 mission onwards.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kosambe |first=Santosh |date=2019 |title=Overview of the Space Debris Mitigation Activities in ISRO |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336366346 |journal=Journal of Aircraft and Space Technology |volume=3 |pages=199–200 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> As per ISRO, this event generated 386 debris objects, of which 76 are still in orbit, as on 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Chethan Kumar|date=Mar 25, 2022 |title=In 2021, 135 launches put 1.8k objects in space, 102 launches put 522 objects in 2020; Isro flags off debris concern {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-2021-135-launches-put-1-8k-objects-in-space-102-launches-put-522-objects-in-2020-isro-flags-off-debris-concern/articleshow/90448200.cms |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Situational Assessment 2021 - ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/24-mar-2022/space-situational-assessment-2021 |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Portal bar|India|Science|Space|Spaceflight}}
{{Portal bar|India|Science|Space|Spaceflight}}


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{{Expendable launch systems}}
{{Expendable launch systems}}


[[Category:ISRO space probes]]
[[Category:Indian Space Research Organisation]]
[[Category:Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
[[Category:Space launch vehicles of India]]
[[Category:Space programme of India]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2001]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2001]]
[[Category:Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]

Latest revision as of 15:12, 26 February 2024

PSLV-C3
Model of the PSLV rocket
Mission typeDeployment of three satellites.
OperatorISRO
WebsiteISRO website
Mission duration1,658 seconds
Apogee586.7 kilometres (365 mi)
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftPolar Satellite Launch Vehicle
Spacecraft typeExpendable launch vehicle
ManufacturerISRO
Launch mass294,000 kilograms (648,000 lb)
Payload mass1,294 kilograms (2,853 lb)
Dimensions44.4 metres (146 ft)
(overall height)
Start of mission
Launch date10:23:00, October 22, 2001 (2001-10-22T10:23:00) (IST)
RocketPolar Satellite Launch Vehicle
Launch siteSriharikota Launching Range
ContractorISRO
End of mission
DisposalPlaced in graveyard orbit
DeactivatedOctober 22, 2001 (2001-10-22)
Orbital parameters
Reference systemSun-synchronous
RegimeLow Earth orbit
Payload
TES
BIRD
PROBA
Mass1,294 kilograms (2,853 lb)
← PSLV-C2
PSLV-C4 →

PSLV-C3 was the third operational launch and overall sixth mission of the PSLV program. This launch was also the forty-sixth launch by Indian Space Research Organisation since its first mission on 1 January 1962. The vehicle carried three satellites which were deployed in the Sun-synchronous Low Earth orbit.[1][2] The vehicle carried Technology Experiment Satellite (Indian experimental Earth observation satellite), BIRD (German Earth observation satellite) and PROBA (experimental satellite from Belgium). This was India's and ISRO's second commercial spaceflight. PSLV-C3 was launched at 10:23 a.m. IST on 22 October 2001 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (then called "Sriharikota Range").[3][4][5][6][7][8]

Mission highlights

[edit]

The mission involved placing Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) and Bispectral and Infrared Remote Detection (BIRD) in a 568 km circular orbit. It would then place the PRoject for On Board Autonomy (PROBA) satellite in an 568 km x 638 km elliptical orbit. This demonstrated ISRO capability to launch multiple satellites in multiple orbits. It also earned ISRO $1 million for each satellite.[1][2][9]

Mission parameters

[edit]
  • Mass:
    • Total liftoff weight: 294,000 kilograms (648,000 lb)
    • Payload weight: 1,294 kilograms (2,853 lb)
  • Overall height: 44.4 metres (145.7 ft)
  • Propellant:
    • First stage: Solid HTPB based (138.0 + 54 tonnes)
    • Second stage: Liquid UDMH + N2O4 (40 tonnes)
    • Third stage: Solid HTPB based (7 tonnes)
    • Fourth stage: Liquid MMH + MON (2.0 tonnes)
  • Engine:
    • First stage: S139
    • Second stage: Vikas
    • Third stage:
    • Fourth stage: 2 x PS-4
  • Thrust:
    • First stage: 4,430 + 677 x 6 kN
    • Second stage: 724 kN
    • Third stage: 324 kN
    • Fourth stage: 7.4 x 2 kN
  • Altitude: 586.7 kilometres (365 mi)
  • Maximum velocity:7,593 metres per second (24,911 ft/s) (recorded at time of fourth stage ignition)
  • Duration: 1,658 seconds

[1][2][10]

Payload

[edit]

PSLV-C3 carried and deployed total three satellites. Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) was the main payload and BIRD and PROBA were two auxiliary payloads that were mounted on PSLV-C3. In the flight sequence, TES was injected first, followed by BIRD and then PROBA.[1][2]

Country Name Nos Mass Type Objective
India India TES 1 1,108 kg Satellite Experimental Earth observation satellite
Belgium Belgium BIRD 1 94 kg Microsatellite Remote sensing technology demonstration
Germany Germany PROBA 1 92 kg Microsatellite Earth observation technology demonstration

Launch and planned flight profile

[edit]
Heat shield of PSLV displayed at HAL heritage center.

PSLV-C3 was launched at 10:23 a.m. IST on 22 October 2001 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (then called "Sriharikota Launching Range"). The mission was planned with pre-flight prediction of covering overall distance of 586.668 kilometres (365 mi). The total flight time was 1658 seconds as PROBA was to be launched into an elliptical orbit after TES and BIRD were launched into a circular orbit.[9] The orbit raise was done using the yaw RCS thrusters in off-modulated mode.[11]

Following was the planned flight profile.[1][2][3][5][6][7][8]

Stage Time
(seconds)		 Altitude
(kilometer)		 Velocity
(meter/sec)		 Event Remarks
First stage T+0 0.02 452 First stage ignition Lift-off
T+1.24 Ignition of 4 ground-lit strap-on motors
T+25.04 2.515 551 Ignition of 2 air-lit strap-on motors
T+68.04 23.472 1,155 Separation of 4 ground-lit strap-on motors
T+90.04 40.061 1,644 Separation of 2 air-lit strap-on motors
T+112.73 67.601 2,028 First stage separation
Second stage T+112.93 67.828 2,027 Second stage ignition
T+156.73 115.604 2,284 Heat shield separation
T+278.81 236.272 4,099 Second stage separation
Third stage T+280.01 237.433 4,097 Third stage ignition
T+498.33 455.487 6,086 Third stage separation
Fourth stage T+520.60 460.818 6,065 Fourth stage ignition
T+914.92 571.247 7,575 Fourth stage thrust cut-off
T+971.92 572.080 TES separation
T+1,011.92 572.709 BIRD separation
T+1,091.92 574.064 PROBA orbit raise start
T+1,552.50 585.018 7,593 PROBA orbit raise stop
T+1,602.50 586.688 7,592 PROBA orbit separation Mission over

Fourth Stage Break-up event

[edit]

The fourth stage of the PSLV had undergone a break-up event on 19 December 2001, likely caused by an explosion.[12] After the explosion of PSLV-C3, ISRO carried out passivation of the upper stages of the PSLV, from the PSLV-C4 mission onwards.[13] As per ISRO, this event generated 386 debris objects, of which 76 are still in orbit, as on 2021.[14][15]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e "PSLV-C3". Indian Space Research Organisation. Retrieved 10 Jul 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d e "PSLV-C3 brochure" (PDF). Indian Space Research Organisation. Retrieved 10 Jul 2016.
  3. ^ a b "PSLV-C3 Successfully Launched : Puts Three Satellites In Orbit". defense-aerospace.com. Retrieved 10 Jul 2016.
  4. ^ "ISRO's timeline. 1960s to today. #46". Indian Space Research Organisation. Retrieved 10 Jul 2016.
  5. ^ a b "SPACEWARN Activities". NASA. Retrieved 10 Jul 2016.
  6. ^ a b "Space Launch Report: PSLV". spacelaunchreport.com. Archived from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved 10 Jul 2016.
  7. ^ a b "PSLV-C3 Successfully Launched : Puts 3 Satellites In Orbit". Press Information Bureau. Retrieved 10 Jul 2016.
  8. ^ a b "PSLV-C3 launches three satellites". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 10 Jul 2016.
  9. ^ a b SUBRAMANIAN, T. S. "An ISRO landmark". Frontline. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
  10. ^ "PSLV details". Indian Space Research Organisation. Retrieved 10 Jul 2016.
  11. ^ "PSLV-C4". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
  12. ^ Bandyopadhyay, Parthasarathi; Sharma, Radhey; Adimurthy, V. (October 2002). Analysis of the possible cause of break up of PSLV-C3/PS4 stage. 34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly. Houston, Texas: The Second World Space Congress. p. 1374. Bibcode:2002cosp...34E1374B.
  13. ^ Kosambe, Santosh (2019). "Overview of the Space Debris Mitigation Activities in ISRO". Journal of Aircraft and Space Technology. 3: 199–200 – via ResearchGate.
  14. ^ Chethan Kumar (Mar 25, 2022). "In 2021, 135 launches put 1.8k objects in space, 102 launches put 522 objects in 2020; Isro flags off debris concern | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
  15. ^ "Space Situational Assessment 2021 - ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
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