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The '''Extended Projection Principle''' (EPP) is a [[Linguistics|linguistic]] hypothesis about the obligatoriness of subjects. It was proposed by [[Noam Chomsky]] as an addendum to the [[Projection principle]] (which it has outlived significantly).<ref>{{cite book
The '''extended projection principle''' ('''EPP''') is a [[Linguistics|linguistic]] hypothesis about [[Subject_(grammar)|subjects]]. It was proposed by [[Noam Chomsky]] as an addendum to the [[projection principle]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Chomsky
| last = Chomsky
| first = Noam
| first = Noam
| authorlink = Noam Chomsky
| authorlink = Noam Chomsky
| title = Some concepts and consequences of the theory of government and binding
| title = Some concepts and consequences of the theory of government and binding
| url = https://archive.org/details/someconceptscons0000chom
| url-access = registration
| year = 1982
| year = 1982
| publisher = MIT Press
| publisher = MIT Press
| page = 10
| page = [https://archive.org/details/someconceptscons0000chom/page/10 10]
| isbn = 978-0-262-53042-2
}}</ref> The basic idea of the EPP is that clauses must contain a [[noun phrase|NP]] or [[determiner phrase|DP]] in the subject position (i.e. in the [[specifier]] of [[tense phrase|TP]] or [[inflectional phrase|IP]], or in the specifier of [[verb phrase|VP]] in languages in which subjects don't raise to TP/IP such as [[Welsh language|Welsh]]).
}}</ref> The basic idea of the EPP is that clauses must contain a [[noun phrase]] or [[determiner phrase]] in the subject position (i.e. in the [[Specifier (linguistics)|specifier]] of a [[tense phrase]] or [[inflectional phrase]] or in the specifier of a [[verb phrase]] in languages in which subjects don't [[Raising (syntax)|raise]] to TP/IP, e.g. [[Welsh language|Welsh]]).


==Details==
Most verbs require meaningful subjects—for example, "kick" in "Tom kicked the ball" takes the subject "Tom". However, other verbs do not require (and in fact, do not permit) meaningful subjects—for example, one can say "it rains" but not "the sky rains". The EPP states that regardless of whether the main predicate assigns a meaningful [[theta role]] to a subject, a subject must be present syntactically. As a result, verbs which do not assign external theta roles will appear with subjects that are either [[dummy pronoun]]s (e.g. expletive "it," "there"), or ones which have been moved into subject position from a lower position (e.g. subject of an embedded clause which comes after the verbs like seem, appear etc. ).
Most verbs require meaningful subjects—for example, "kick" in "Tom kicked the ball" takes the subject "Tom". However, other verbs do not require (and in fact, do not permit) meaningful subjects—for example, one can say "it rains" but not "the sky rains". The EPP states that regardless of whether the main predicate assigns a meaningful [[theta role]] to a subject, a subject must be present syntactically. As a result, verbs that do not assign external theta roles will appear with subjects that are either [[dummy pronoun]]s (e.g. expletive "it," "there"), or ones which have been moved into subject position from a lower position (e.g., subject of an embedded clause after the verbs, like ''seem'', ''appear'' etc. ).


Examples which have been proposed to be the result of expletive subject insertion in accordance with the EPP:
Examples proposed to be the result of expletive subject insertion in accordance with the EPP:


#It seemed that John would never calm down.
#It seemed that John would never calm down.
#It ( rains | snows | hails | etc. ) frequently in Quebec.
#It ( rains / snows / hails / etc. ) frequently in Quebec.
#There seems to be a problem with the radiator.
#There seems to be a problem with the radiator.


Notice that in all of these the overt subject has no ''referential'' reading.
Notice that in all of these the overt subject has no ''referential'' reading.


In languages that allow [[pro-drop]] (such as Spanish or Italian), the empty category ''pro'' (not to be confused with Big[[PRO (linguistics)|PRO]]) can fulfill the requirement of the EPP.
In languages that allow [[pro-drop]] (such as Spanish or Italian), the empty category [[Empty_category#pro (little pro)|''pro'']] (not to be confused with Big [[PRO (linguistics)|PRO]]) can fulfill the requirement of the EPP.


McCloskey (1996) proposed that there is one group of languages that lacks the EPP: the [[verb–subject–object|VSO]] languages (like Irish), which appear not only to lack expletives, but also to lack movement operations triggered by the EPP.<ref>McCloskey, James (1996). "Subjects and subject positions in Irish." In Robert D. Borsley and Ian G. Roberts (eds.), ''The syntax of the Celtic languages: a comparative perspective'', pp. 241-283. Cambridge University Press.</ref>
McCloskey (1996) proposed that there is one group of languages that lacks the EPP: the [[verb–subject–object|VSO]] languages (like Irish), which appear not only to lack expletives, but also to lack [[syntactic movement|movement]] operations triggered by the EPP.<ref>McCloskey, James (1996). "Subjects and subject positions in Irish." In Robert D. Borsley and Ian G. Roberts (eds.), ''The syntax of the Celtic languages: a comparative perspective'', pp. 241-283. Cambridge University Press.</ref>


The Czech language, in addition to being a pro-drop language, has a number of sentential structures which lack subject at all:<ref>{{cite book
In his dialogue ''De ente'', Plato states that there cannot be a sentence without a noun [subject] and a verb. Aristotle teaches the same in ''Peri hermeneias 2'': 'Thus, a verb without a subject will mean nothing'. -El Brocense, 1587. This is an early formulation of Chomsky's Extended Projection Principle.{{Dubious|date=May 2011}}
| last = Novotný
| first = Jiří
| collaboration = a kol.
| title = Mluvnice češtiny pro střední školy
| year = 1992
| publisher = Fortuna
| place = Prague
| isbn = 80-85298-32-5
| language = cs
| pages = 86–89
}}</ref>
* Prší. (It rains).
* Připozdívá se (It's getting late.)
* Došlo k výbuchu. (An explosion occurred.)
* Zželelo se jim ho. (They took pity on him.)

==See also==
* [[Null-subject language]]
* [[Pro-sentence]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

[[para:extended projection principle]]


[[Category:Grammar]]
[[Category:Grammar]]

Latest revision as of 00:18, 27 February 2024

The extended projection principle (EPP) is a linguistic hypothesis about subjects. It was proposed by Noam Chomsky as an addendum to the projection principle.[1] The basic idea of the EPP is that clauses must contain a noun phrase or determiner phrase in the subject position (i.e. in the specifier of a tense phrase or inflectional phrase or in the specifier of a verb phrase in languages in which subjects don't raise to TP/IP, e.g. Welsh).

Details

[edit]

Most verbs require meaningful subjects—for example, "kick" in "Tom kicked the ball" takes the subject "Tom". However, other verbs do not require (and in fact, do not permit) meaningful subjects—for example, one can say "it rains" but not "the sky rains". The EPP states that regardless of whether the main predicate assigns a meaningful theta role to a subject, a subject must be present syntactically. As a result, verbs that do not assign external theta roles will appear with subjects that are either dummy pronouns (e.g. expletive "it," "there"), or ones which have been moved into subject position from a lower position (e.g., subject of an embedded clause after the verbs, like seem, appear etc. ).

Examples proposed to be the result of expletive subject insertion in accordance with the EPP:

  1. It seemed that John would never calm down.
  2. It ( rains / snows / hails / etc. ) frequently in Quebec.
  3. There seems to be a problem with the radiator.

Notice that in all of these the overt subject has no referential reading.

In languages that allow pro-drop (such as Spanish or Italian), the empty category pro (not to be confused with Big PRO) can fulfill the requirement of the EPP.

McCloskey (1996) proposed that there is one group of languages that lacks the EPP: the VSO languages (like Irish), which appear not only to lack expletives, but also to lack movement operations triggered by the EPP.[2]

The Czech language, in addition to being a pro-drop language, has a number of sentential structures which lack subject at all:[3]

  • Prší. (It rains).
  • Připozdívá se (It's getting late.)
  • Došlo k výbuchu. (An explosion occurred.)
  • Zželelo se jim ho. (They took pity on him.)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Chomsky, Noam (1982). Some concepts and consequences of the theory of government and binding. MIT Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-262-53042-2.
  2. ^ McCloskey, James (1996). "Subjects and subject positions in Irish." In Robert D. Borsley and Ian G. Roberts (eds.), The syntax of the Celtic languages: a comparative perspective, pp. 241-283. Cambridge University Press.
  3. ^ Novotný, Jiří; et al. (a kol.) (1992). Mluvnice češtiny pro střední školy (in Czech). Prague: Fortuna. pp. 86–89. ISBN 80-85298-32-5.
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