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{{Short description|Species of true bug}}
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{{Taxobox | image = Bueffelzikade fg01.jpg
{{Speciesbox
| image_width = 240px
⚫
| image = Bueffelzikade.jpg
| image_caption = ''Stictocephala bisonia''
| image_caption = ''Stictocephala bisonia'', side view
| name = ''Stictocephala bisonia''<ref name="TAMU">{{cite web|url= http://insects.tamu.edu/extension/youth/bug/bug048.html|title= Buffalo Treehopper|accessdate= 2008-07-16|author= John A. Jackman|last=Jackman|first= John A.|date= 2001-08-10|work= Texas Cooperative Extension|publisher= [[Texas A&M University|Texas A&M]] Entomology Department}}</ref>
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| image2 = Membracidae - Stictocephala bisonia.JPG
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| image2_caption = Upperside
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
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| genus = Stictocephala
| classis = [[Insect]]a
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| species = bisonia
| ordo = [[Hemiptera]]
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| authority = [[Dennis D. Kopp|Kopp]] & [[Thomas R. Yonke|Yonke]], 1977
| subordo = [[Auchenorrhyncha]]
| familia = [[Treehopper|Membracidae]]<ref name="TAMU"/>
| subfamilia = [[Membracinae]]
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| genus = ''[[Stictocephala]]''
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| species = '''''S. bisonia'''''
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| binomial = ''Stictocephala bisonia''
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| binomial_authority = ([[Dennis D. Kopp|Kopp]] & [[Thomas R. Yonke|Yonke]])<ref name="TAMU"/>
}}
}}

The '''buffalo treehopper''' ('''''Stictocephala bisonia''''') is a [[species]] of [[treehopper]] native to [[North America]]. It is also sometimes [[taxonomy|classified]] as ''Ceresa bisonia''.<ref name="EB">{{Citation | year =2008 | contribution =buffalo treehopper | contribution-url =http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/83648/buffalo-treehopper#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=buffalo%20treehopper%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia | title =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | edition =Online | publisher =[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] | accessdate =2008-07-14}}</ref>
The '''buffalo treehopper''' ('''''Stictocephala bisonia''''') is a [[species]] of [[treehopper]] belonging to the subfamily [[Smiliinae]].<ref>[https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id871380/ Biolib]</ref> It is sometimes [[Taxonomy (biology)|classified]] as ''Ceresa bisonia''.<ref name="EB">{{Citation | year =2008 | contribution =buffalo treehopper | contribution-url =http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/83648/buffalo-treehopper#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=buffalo%20treehopper%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia | title =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | edition =Online | publisher =[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] | accessdate =2008-07-14}}</ref>

==Distribution==
This species is native to [[North America]], but now it is widespread throughout southern Europe and it is also present in the [[Near East]] and in [[North Africa]].<ref>[http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=239575 Fauna europaea]{{dead link|date=January 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>


==Appearance==
==Appearance==
Buffalo treehoppers are a bright green color and have a somewhat triangular shape that helps [[camouflage]] them so as to resemble [[thorn]]s or a [[twig]]gy protuberance.<ref name="TAMU"/><ref name="Penn State CoAS">{{cite web|url= http://tfpg.cas.psu.edu/279.htm|title= Buffalo Treehopper|accessdate= 2008-07-16|date= 2008-06-05|work= Pennsylvania Tree Fruit Production Guide|publisher= [[Pennsylvania State University]], College of Agricultural Sciences}}</ref><ref name="Ecology of BT">{{cite web|url= http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm|title= Buffalo Treehopper: Stictocephala bisonia|first=Mark|last=Moran|date= 2004-04-05|work= Study of Northern Virginia Ecology|publisher= [[Fairfax County Public Schools]]| accessdate =2008-07-14}}</ref> It gets its name from the vague resemblance of its profile to that of an [[American bison]].<ref name="Penn State CoAS"/> They grow to 6 to 8 millimeters (0.24 to 0.31 in) long and have transparent wings.<ref name="Penn State CoAS"/><ref name="Ecology of BT"/>
Buffalo treehoppers are a bright green color and have a somewhat triangular shape that helps [[camouflage]] them so as to resemble [[Thorns, spines, and prickles|thorn]]s or a [[twig]]gy protuberance.<ref>John A. Jackman,Bastiaan M. Drees - A Field Guide to Common Texas Insects - Taylor Trade Publishing</ref><ref name="Penn State CoAS">{{cite web|url= http://tfpg.cas.psu.edu/279.htm|title= Buffalo Treehopper|accessdate= 2008-07-16|date= 2008-06-05|work= Pennsylvania Tree Fruit Production Guide|publisher= [[Pennsylvania State University]], College of Agricultural Sciences}}</ref><ref name="Ecology of BT">{{cite web|url= http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081220050536/http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 2008-12-20|title= Buffalo Treehopper: Stictocephala bisonia|first=Mark|last=Moran|date= 2004-04-05|work= Study of Northern Virginia Ecology|publisher= [[Fairfax County Public Schools]]| accessdate =2019-05-20}}</ref> It gets its name from the vague resemblance of its profile to that of an [[American bison]].<ref name="Penn State CoAS"/> They grow to 6 to 8 millimeters (0.24 to 0.31 in) long and have transparent wings.<ref name="Penn State CoAS"/><ref name="Ecology of BT"/>


==Life cycle==
==Life cycle==
[[File: Stictocephala bisonia qtl4.jpg |thumb|240px|left|''Stictocephala bisonia'']]
[[Image:Bueffelzikade.jpg|left|200px|thumb]]
''S. bisonia'' mates during the summer months.<ref name="Ecology of BT"/> Males attract females with a song that, unlike similar songs used by [[cicada]] and [[cricket (insect)|cricket]]s, are outside the sonic range audible to humans.<ref name="Ecology of BT"/> Females lay [[egg (biology)|egg]]s from July to October using a blade-like [[ovipositor]].<ref name="Penn State CoAS"/><ref name="Ecology of BT"/> Up to a dozen eggs are laid in each slit made by the female.<ref name="Penn State CoAS"/><ref name="Ecology of BT"/>
''S. bisonia'' mates during the summer months.<ref name="Ecology of BT"/> Males attract females with a song that, unlike similar songs used by [[cicada]] and [[cricket (insect)|cricket]]s, is perceived by the female not as sound waves but as vibrations through the host plant.<ref name="Treehopper Sounds">{{cite web|url= http://treehoppers.insectmuseum.org/public/site/treehoppers/home/sounds|title= Sounds of Courtship, Discovery, and Defense|first=Lewis|last=Deitz|date= 2011-01-18|work= Treehoppers|publisher= [[North Carolina State University Insect Museum]]| accessdate=2019-05-20}}</ref> Females lay [[egg (biology)|egg]]s from July to October using a blade-like [[ovipositor]].<ref name="Penn State CoAS"/><ref name="Ecology of BT"/> Up to a dozen eggs are laid in each slit made by the female.<ref name="Penn State CoAS"/><ref name="Ecology of BT"/>


[[Nymph (biology)|Nymph]]s emerge from the eggs the following May or June.<ref name="Penn State CoAS"/><ref name="Ecology of BT"/> The nymphs, which resemble wingless adults but have a more spiny appearance, descend from the trees where they hatched to feed on [[grass]]es, [[weed]]s, and other non-[[woody plant]]s.<ref name="Penn State CoAS"/><ref name="Ecology of BT"/>
[[Nymph (biology)|Nymphs]] emerge from the eggs the following May or June.<ref name="Penn State CoAS"/><ref name="Ecology of BT"/> The nymphs, which resemble wingless adults, but have a more spiny appearance, descend from the trees where they hatched to feed on [[grass]]es, [[weed]]s, and other non[[woody plant]]s.<ref name="Penn State CoAS"/><ref name="Ecology of BT"/>


They [[molt]] several times in the following month and a half until they have reached adulthood.<ref name="Ecology of BT"/> At this time they return to the trees to continue their [[Biological life cycle|life cycle]].<ref name="Ecology of BT"/>
They [[molt]] several times in the following month and a half until they have reached adulthood.<ref name="Ecology of BT"/> Then they return to the trees to continue their [[Biological life cycle|life cycle]].<ref name="Ecology of BT"/>


==Feeding==
==Feeding==
Both adult and immature buffalo treehoppers feed upon [[plant sap|sap]] using specialized mouthparts suited for this purpose.<ref name="Ecology of BT"/> [[Black locust]], [[clover]], [[elm]], [[goldenrod]], and [[willow]] are among their favorite food sources.<ref name="Ecology of BT"/> It is also an occasional [[pest (organism)|pest]] of [[fruit tree]]s and is harmful to young [[orchard]] trees, especially [[malus|apple trees]].<ref name="Ecology of BT"/> It has become an [[invasive species]] in some parts of [[Europe]].<ref name="EB"/>
Both adult and immature buffalo treehoppers feed upon [[plant sap|sap]] using specialized mouthparts suited for this purpose.<ref name="Ecology of BT"/> [[Black locust]], [[clover]], [[elm]], [[goldenrod]], and [[willow]] are among their favorite food sources.<ref name="Ecology of BT"/> It is also an occasional [[pest (organism)|pest]] of [[fruit tree]]s and is harmful to young [[orchard]] trees, especially [[malus|apple trees]].<ref name="Ecology of BT"/> It has become an [[invasive species]] in some parts of [[Europe]].<ref name="EB"/>


==References==
==Bibliography==
* Alberto Alma et al., Particularities of Polynema striaticorne as egg parasite of Stictocephala bisonia (Rhynchota: Auchenorrhyncha), 6th Auchenorrhyncha Meeting Turin, 1988, pp.&nbsp;597–603.
* Arzone, C. Vidano, A. Alma Auchenorrhyncha introduced into Europe from the Nearctic region: taxonomic and phytopathological problems. Proceedings of 2nd International Workshop on Leafhoppers and Planthoppers of Economic Importance : Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA, 28 July-1 August 1986: 3-17
* D. D. Kopp, Yonke, T. R., Taxonomic Status of the Buffalo Treehopper and the Name Ceresa bubalus, in Annals of the Entomological Society of America, vol. 70, no. 6, 1977, pp.&nbsp;901–905
* Gabriel Simões de Andrade (1997): Stictocephala alta (Walker, 1851) sp. rev., comb. n., the Correct Name for the "Buffalo Treehopper", with S. bisonia Kopp & Yonke, 1977 as a New Synonym, and Notes on Hadrophallus bubalus (Fabricius, 1794) comb. n. (Homoptera: Membracidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society Vol. 123, No. 4: 289-295.
* Gabriel Simões de Andrade (2008): On the synonymy of Stictocephala alta (Walker) and Thelia constans Walker (Hemiptera: Membracidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 25 (1): 148–149
* P. Bovey & H. Leuzinger (1938): Présence en Suisse de Ceresa bubalus F., Membracidae nuisible d’origine américaine. Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des sciences naturelles 60: 193–200
* W. V. Balduf: Observations on the buffalo tree-hopper Ceresa bubalus Fabr. (Membracidae, Homoptera) and the bionomics of an egg parasite, Polynema striaticorne Girault (Mymaridae, Hymenoptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 1928, 21(3):419-435.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
* {{Cite web|url=https://500px.com/photo/124407801/stictocephala-biso%C3%B1a-buffalo-treehopper-by-felipe-vilarroya|title=Stictocephala bisonia, Buffalo treehopper|website=500px.com|access-date=2017-01-09}}
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{{commons|Stictocephala bisonia}}
* [http://vertdeterre.com/nature/animal/insecte-membracide+bison.htm Vertdeterre {{in lang|fr}}]
* [http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/stictocephala+bisonia/match/1 Catalogue of life]
*{{Wikispecies inline|Ceresini}}
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*{{Commons inline|2=''Stictocephala bisonia''}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q486537}}
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[[Category:Auchenorrhyncha]]


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[[Category:Smiliinae]]
[[de:Büffelzikade]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1977]]
[[it:Stictocephala bisonia]]
[[Category:Hemiptera of North America]]
[[hu:Bivalykabóca]]
[[Category:Hemiptera of Europe]]

Latest revision as of 06:43, 4 March 2024

Buffalo treehopper
Stictocephala bisonia, side view
Upperside
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Auchenorrhyncha
Family: Membracidae
Genus: Stictocephala
Species:
S. bisonia
Binomial name
Stictocephala bisonia
Kopp & Yonke, 1977

The buffalo treehopper (Stictocephala bisonia) is a species of treehopper belonging to the subfamily Smiliinae.[1] It is sometimes classified as Ceresa bisonia.[2]

Distribution

[edit]

This species is native to North America, but now it is widespread throughout southern Europe and it is also present in the Near East and in North Africa.[3]

Appearance

[edit]

Buffalo treehoppers are a bright green color and have a somewhat triangular shape that helps camouflage them so as to resemble thorns or a twiggy protuberance.[4][5][6] It gets its name from the vague resemblance of its profile to that of an American bison.[5] They grow to 6 to 8 millimeters (0.24 to 0.31 in) long and have transparent wings.[5][6]

Life cycle

[edit]
Stictocephala bisonia

S. bisonia mates during the summer months.[6] Males attract females with a song that, unlike similar songs used by cicada and crickets, is perceived by the female not as sound waves but as vibrations through the host plant.[7] Females lay eggs from July to October using a blade-like ovipositor.[5][6] Up to a dozen eggs are laid in each slit made by the female.[5][6]

Nymphs emerge from the eggs the following May or June.[5][6] The nymphs, which resemble wingless adults, but have a more spiny appearance, descend from the trees where they hatched to feed on grasses, weeds, and other nonwoody plants.[5][6]

They molt several times in the following month and a half until they have reached adulthood.[6] Then they return to the trees to continue their life cycle.[6]

Feeding

[edit]

Both adult and immature buffalo treehoppers feed upon sap using specialized mouthparts suited for this purpose.[6] Black locust, clover, elm, goldenrod, and willow are among their favorite food sources.[6] It is also an occasional pest of fruit trees and is harmful to young orchard trees, especially apple trees.[6] It has become an invasive species in some parts of Europe.[2]

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Alberto Alma et al., Particularities of Polynema striaticorne as egg parasite of Stictocephala bisonia (Rhynchota: Auchenorrhyncha), 6th Auchenorrhyncha Meeting Turin, 1988, pp. 597–603.
  • Arzone, C. Vidano, A. Alma Auchenorrhyncha introduced into Europe from the Nearctic region: taxonomic and phytopathological problems. Proceedings of 2nd International Workshop on Leafhoppers and Planthoppers of Economic Importance : Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA, 28 July-1 August 1986: 3-17
  • D. D. Kopp, Yonke, T. R., Taxonomic Status of the Buffalo Treehopper and the Name Ceresa bubalus, in Annals of the Entomological Society of America, vol. 70, no. 6, 1977, pp. 901–905
  • Gabriel Simões de Andrade (1997): Stictocephala alta (Walker, 1851) sp. rev., comb. n., the Correct Name for the "Buffalo Treehopper", with S. bisonia Kopp & Yonke, 1977 as a New Synonym, and Notes on Hadrophallus bubalus (Fabricius, 1794) comb. n. (Homoptera: Membracidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society Vol. 123, No. 4: 289-295.
  • Gabriel Simões de Andrade (2008): On the synonymy of Stictocephala alta (Walker) and Thelia constans Walker (Hemiptera: Membracidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 25 (1): 148–149
  • P. Bovey & H. Leuzinger (1938): Présence en Suisse de Ceresa bubalus F., Membracidae nuisible d’origine américaine. Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des sciences naturelles 60: 193–200
  • W. V. Balduf: Observations on the buffalo tree-hopper Ceresa bubalus Fabr. (Membracidae, Homoptera) and the bionomics of an egg parasite, Polynema striaticorne Girault (Mymaridae, Hymenoptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 1928, 21(3):419-435.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Biolib
  2. ^ a b "buffalo treehopper", Encyclopædia Britannica (Online ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2008, retrieved 2008-07-14
  3. ^ Fauna europaea[dead link‍]
  4. ^ John A. Jackman,Bastiaan M. Drees - A Field Guide to Common Texas Insects - Taylor Trade Publishing
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "Buffalo Treehopper". Pennsylvania Tree Fruit Production Guide. Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences. 2008-06-05. Retrieved 2008-07-16.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Moran, Mark (2004-04-05). "Buffalo Treehopper: Stictocephala bisonia". Study of Northern Virginia Ecology. Fairfax County Public Schools. Archived from the original on 2008-12-20. Retrieved 2019-05-20.
  7. ^ Deitz, Lewis (2011-01-18). "Sounds of Courtship, Discovery, and Defense". Treehoppers. North Carolina State University Insect Museum. Retrieved 2019-05-20.
[edit]
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