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Cavetto molding and resulting shadow pattern

Ovolo molding and resulting shadow pattern

Cyma recta molding and resulting shadow pattern

Moulding (British English), or molding (American English), also coving (in United Kingdom, Australia), is a strip of material with various profiles used to cover transitions between surfaces or for decoration. It is traditionally made from solid milled wood or plaster, but may be of plastic or reformed wood. In classical architecture and sculpture, the moulding is often carved in marble or other stones. In historic architecture, and some expensive modern buildings, it may be formed in place with plaster.

A "plain" moulding has right-angled upper and lower edges. A "sprung" moulding has upper and lower edges that bevel towards its rear, allowing mounting between two non-parallel planes (such as a wall and a ceiling), with an open space behind. Mouldings may be decorated with paterae as long, uninterrupted elements may be boring for eyes.

Types

Decorative mouldings have been made of wood, stone and cement. Recently^[when?] mouldings have been made of extruded polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and expanded polystyrene (EPS) as a core with a cement-based protective coating. Synthetic mouldings are a cost-effective alternative that rival the aesthetic and function of traditional profiles.^{[citation needed]}

Common mouldings include:

Archivolt: Ornamental moulding or band following the curve on the underside of an arch.
Astragal: Semi-circular moulding attached to one of a pair of doors to cover the gap where they meet.
Baguette: Thin, half-round moulding, smaller than an astragal, sometimes carved, and enriched with foliages, pearls, ribbands, laurels, etc. When enriched with ornaments, it was also called chapelet.^[1]
Bandelet: Any little band or flat moulding, which crowns a Doric architrave. It is also called a tenia (from Greek ταινία an article of clothing in the form of a ribbon).^[1]
Baseboard, "base moulding" or "skirting board": Used to conceal the junction of an interior wall and floor, to protect the wall from impacts and to add decorative features. A "speed base" makes use of a base "cap moulding" set on top of a plain 1" thick board, however there are hundreds of baseboard profiles.
Baton: See Torus
Batten or board and batten: Symmetrical moulding that is placed across a joint where two parallel panels or boards meet
Bead moulding: Narrow, half-round convex moulding, when repeated forms reeding
Beading or bead: Moulding in the form of a row of half spherical beads, larger than pearling
- Other forms: Bead and leaf, bead and reel, bead and spindle
Beak: Small fillet moulding left on the edge of a larmier, which forms a canal, and makes a kind of pendant.^[1] See also: chin-beak
Bed-mould or bed moulding: Narrow moulding used at the junction of a wall and ceiling, found under the cornice, of which it is a part.^[2] Similar to crown moulding, a bed mould is used to cover the joint between the ceiling and wall. Bed moulds can be either sprung or plain, or flush to the wall as an extension of a cornice mould.^[3]
Bolection: Raised moulding projecting proud of a face frame at the intersection of the different levels between the frame and an inset panel on a door or wood panel. It will sometimes have a rabbet on its underside the depth of the lower level so it can lay flat over both. It can leave an inset panel free to expand or contract with temperature and humidity.
Cable moulding or ropework: Convex moulding carved in imitation of a twisted rope or cord, and used for decorative mouldings of the Romanesque style in England, France and Spain and adapted for 18th-century silver and furniture design (Thomas Sheraton)^[4]^[5]
Cabled fluting or cable: Convex circular moulding sunk in the concave fluting of a classic column, and rising about one-third of the height of the shaft^[1]
Casing: Finish trim around the sides of a door or window opening covering the gap between finished wall and the jam or frame it is attached to.
Cartouche (in French) escutcheon: Framed panel in the form of a scroll with an inscribed centre, or surrounded by compound mouldings decorated with floral motifs
Cavetto: (in Italian) cavare ("to hollow"): Concave, quarter-round moulding sometimes employed in the place of the cymatium of a cornice, as in the Doric order of the Theatre of Marcellus.^[6] It forms the crowning feature of Egyptian temples and took the place of the cymatium in many Etruscan temples.
Chair rail or dado rail: Horizontal moulding placed part way up a wall to protect the surface from chair-backs, and used simply as decoration
Chamfer: Beveled edge between two adjacent surfaces
Chin-beak: Concave quarter-round moulding, rare in ancient buildings, more common today.^[1]
Corner guard: Used to protect the edge of the wall at an outside corner, or to cover a joint on an inside corner.
Cornice: Generally any horizontal decorative moulding
Cove moulding or coving: Concave-profile moulding that is used at the junction of an interior wall and ceiling
Crown moulding: Wide, sprung moulding that is used at the junction of an interior wall and ceiling. General term for any moulding at the top or "crowning" an architectural element.

Cyma: Moulding of double curvature, combining the convex ovolo and concave cavetto. When the concave part is uppermost, it is called a cyma recta but if the convex portion is at the top, it is called a Cyma reversa (See diagram at Ogee.) When crowning moulding at the entablature is of the cyma form, it is called a cymatium.^[7]
Dentils: Small blocks spaced evenly along the bottom edge of the cornice
Drip cap: Moulding placed over a door or window opening to prevent water from flowing under the siding or across the glass
Echinus: Similar to the ovolo moulding and found beneath the abacus of the Doric capital or decorated with the egg-and-dart pattern below the Ionic capital^[4]
Egg-and-dart: egg shapes alternating with V-shapes; one of the most widely used classical mouldings.^[4]
- Also: egg and tongue, egg and anchor, egg and star
Fillet: Small, flat band separating two surfaces, or between the flutes of a column. Fillet is also used on handrail applications when the handrail is "plowed" to accept square shaped balusters. The fillet is used on the bottom side of the handrail between each of the balusters.
Fluting: Vertical, half-round grooves cut into the surface of a column in regular intervals, each separated by a flat astragal. This ornament was used for all but the Tuscan order
Godroon or Gadroon: Ornamental band with the appearance of beading or reeding, especially frequent in silverwork and moulding. It comes from the Latin guttus, meaning flask. It is said to be derived from raised work on linen, applied in France to varieties of the, bead and reel, in which the bead is often carved with ornament. In England the term is constantly used by auctioneers to describe the raised convex decorations under the bowl of stone or terracotta vases. The godroons radiate from the vertical support of the vase and rise halfway up the bowl.
- Also: Gadrooning, lobed decoration, (k)nukked decoration, thumb moulding
Guilloché: Interlocking curved bands in a repeating pattern often forming circles enriched with rosettes and found in Assyrian ornament, classical and Renaissance architecture.^[4]
Keel moulding : Sharp-edged moulding resembling a cross-section of a ship's keel, common in the Early English and Decorated styles.
Lamb's tongue : Lambs Tongue is a moulding having a deep, symmetrical profile ending in a narrow edge.^[8]
Muntin: Narrow strip of wood or metal separating and holding panes of glass in a window.
Ogee: see "Cyma"
Order: Each of a series of mouldings
Ovolo: Simple, convex quarter-round moulding that can also be enriched with the egg-and-dart or other pattern
Neck moulding
Panel mould: A moulding that is flat on the back and profiled on the face. It is applied directly on a flat surface like a wall or flush door in squares or rectangles to simulate a panel.
Picture rail: Functional moulding installed 2.1–2.7 metres (7–9 ft) above the floor from which framed art is hung, common in commercial buildings and homes with plaster walls.
Rosette: Circular, floral decorative element found in Mesopotamian design and early Greek stele, common in revival styles of architecture since the Renaissance.^[4]

Scotia: Concave moulding with asymmetric upper and lower profiles. When used as a base its lower edge projects beyond the top, as on columns as a transition between two torus mouldings with different diameters;^[4] also used with its upper edge projecting on mantels, crown mouldings, and on stairs, supporting their treads' nosing
Screen moulding: Small moulding used to hide and reinforce where a screen is attached to its frame.
Shoe moulding, toe moulding or quarter-round: Small flexible moulding used at the junction of a baseboard and floor as a stylistic element or to cover any gap between the two.
Strapwork: Imitates thick lengths of leather straps applied to a surface to produce pattern of ribs in connected circles, squares, scrolls, lozenges etc. Popular in England in 16th and 17th centuries, used in plaster on ceilings,^[9] also sculpted in stone on exterior of buildings, e.g. around entrance doors. Also carved in wood, and used for topiary designs for parterres.
Torus: Convex, semi-circular moulding, larger than an astragal, often at the base of a column, which may be enriched with leaves or plaiting. In the Ionic orders there are generally two torus mouldings separated by a scotia with annulets.^[10]
Trim moulding: General term used for mouldings used to create added detail or cover up gaps, including corner mouldings, cove mouldings, rope mouldings, quarter rounds, and accent mouldings.^[11]

Use

At their simplest, mouldings hide and help weather seal natural joints produced in the framing process of building a structure. As decorative elements, they are a means of applying light- and dark-shaded stripes to a structural object without having to change the material or apply pigments. Depending on their function they may be primarily a means of hiding or weather-sealing a joint, purely decorative, or some combination of the three.

As decorative elements the contrast of dark and light areas gives definition to the object. If a vertical wall is lit at an angle of about 45 degrees above the wall (for example, by the sun) then adding a small overhanging horizontal moulding, called a fillet moulding, will introduce a dark horizontal shadow below it. Adding a vertical fillet to a horizontal surface will create a light vertical shadow. Graded shadows are possible by using mouldings in different shapes: the concave cavetto moulding produces a horizontal shadow that is darker at the top and lighter at the bottom; an ovolo (convex) moulding makes a shadow that is lighter at the top and darker at the bottom. Other varieties of concave moulding are the scotia and congé and other convex mouldings the echinus, the torus and the astragal.

Placing an ovolo directly above a cavetto forms a smooth s-shaped curve with vertical ends that is called an ogee or cyma reversa moulding. Its shadow appears as a band light at the top and bottom but dark in the interior. Similarly, a cavetto above an ovolo forms an s with horizontal ends, called a cyma or cyma recta. Its shadow shows two dark bands with a light interior.

Together the basic elements and their variants form a decorative vocabulary that can be assembled and rearranged in endless combinations. This vocabulary is at the core of both classical architecture and Gothic architecture.

Design

Classical

When practiced in the Classical tradition the combination and arrangement of mouldings are primarily done according to preconceived compositions.^{[citation needed]} Typically, mouldings are rarely improvised by the architect or builder, but rather follows established conventions that define the ratio, geometry, scale, and overall configuration of a moulding course or entablature in proportion to the entire building. Classical mouldings have their roots in ancient civilizations, with examples such the 'cornice cavetto' and 'papyriform columns' appearing in ancient Egyptian architecture,^{[citation needed]} while Greek and Roman practices developed into the highly the regulated classical orders. Necessary to the spread of Classical architecture was the circulation of pattern books, which provided reproducible copies and diagrammatic plans for architects and builders.^{[citation needed]} Works containing sections and ratios of mouldings appear as early as the Roman era with Vitruvius and much later influential publications such as Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola's, Five Orders of Architecture, and James Gibbs's, Rules for Drawing the Several Parts of Architecture. Pattern books can be credited for the regularization and continuity of classical architectural mouldings across countries and continents particularly during the colonial era, contributing to the global occurrence of Classical mouldings and elements.^{[citation needed]} Pattern books remained common currency amongst architects and builders up until the early 20th century, but soon after mostly disappeared as Classical architecture lost favor to Modernist and post-war building practices that conscientiously stripped their buildings of mouldings.^{[citation needed]} However, the study of formalized pattern languages, including mouldings, has since been revived through online resources and the popularity of new classical architecture in the early 21st century.^{[citation needed]}

Gothic

The middle ages are characterized as a period of decline and erosion in the formal knowledge of Classical architectural principles.^{[citation needed]} This eventually resulted in an amateur and 'malformed' use of moulding patterns that eventually developed into the complex and inventive Gothic style.^{[citation needed]} While impressive and seemingly articulate across Europe, Gothic architecture remained mostly regional and no comprehensive pattern books were developed at the time, but instead likely circulated through pilgrimage and the migration of trained Gothic masons.^{[citation needed]} These medieval forms were later imitated by prominent Gothic Revivalists such as Augustus Pugin and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc who formalized Gothic mouldings, developing them into its own systematic pattern books which could be replicated by architects with no native Gothic architecture.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). "Table of architecture". Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. p. 128.
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bed-Mould". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 622.
^ "Bed Mould". metrie.com. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Lewis, Philippa & Gillian Darley (1986) Dictionary of Ornament, NY: Pantheon
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cable Moulding". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 921.
^ Spiers, Richard Phené (1911). "Mouldings" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 932–934.
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cyma". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 690.
^ "Lamb's tongue profile". Retrieved August 26, 2019.
^ See drawings of period ceilings in Bankart, George, "The Art of the Plasterer", 1908; also Millar, William, "Plastering, Plain & Decorative", 1897
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Torus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 79.
^ Distinctive Wood Designs Inc. (2010) "Trim Mouldings"

External links

Media related to Mouldings at Wikimedia Commons

[cy-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). "Table of architecture". Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. p. 128.

[EB1911-2] One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bed-Mould". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 622.

[metrie-3] "Bed Mould". metrie.com. Retrieved November 23, 2015.

[do-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Lewis, Philippa & Gillian Darley (1986) Dictionary of Ornament, NY: Pantheon

[5] One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cable Moulding". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 921.

[6] Spiers, Richard Phené (1911). "Mouldings" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 932–934.

[7] One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cyma". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 690.

[8] "Lamb's tongue profile". Retrieved August 26, 2019.

[9] See drawings of period ceilings in Bankart, George, "The Art of the Plasterer", 1908; also Millar, William, "Plastering, Plain & Decorative", 1897

[10] One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Torus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 79.

[11] Distinctive Wood Designs Inc. (2010) "Trim Mouldings"

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@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Molding-ogee.png|right|frame|[[Ogee]] (cyma reversa) molding and resulting shadow pattern]] -->
 }}
-'''Moulding''' (also spelled '''molding''' in the United States though usually not within the industry), also known as '''coving''' <small>(United Kingdom, Australia)</small>, is a strip of material with various profiles used to cover transitions between surfaces or for decoration.  It is traditionally made from solid [[Millwork (building material)|milled wood]] or plaster, but may be of plastic or reformed wood.  In [[classical architecture]] and sculpture, the molding is often carved in marble or other [[List of stone|stone]]s.
+'''Moulding''' ([[British English]]), or '''molding''' ([[American English]]), also '''coving''' (in United Kingdom, Australia), is a strip of material with various profiles used to cover transitions between surfaces or for decoration. It is traditionally made from solid [[Millwork (building material)|milled wood]] or [[plaster]], but may be of plastic or reformed wood.  In [[classical architecture]] and sculpture, the moulding is often carved in marble or other [[List of stone|stone]]s.  In historic architecture, and some expensive modern buildings, it may be formed in place with [[plaster]].
-A "plain" molding has right-angled upper and lower edges. A "sprung" molding has upper and lower edges that [[bevel]] towards its rear,  allowing mounting between two non-parallel planes (such as a wall and a ceiling), with an open space behind. Moldings may be decorated with [[Patera (architecture)|paterae]] as long, uninterrupted elements may be boring for eyes.
+A "plain" moulding has right-angled upper and lower edges. A "sprung" moulding has upper and lower edges that [[bevel]] towards its rear,  allowing mounting between two non-parallel planes (such as a wall and a ceiling), with an open space behind. Mouldings may be decorated with [[Patera (architecture)|paterae]] as long, uninterrupted elements may be boring for eyes.
 ==Types==
-<!-- Courtesy note per [[WP:RSECT]]: [[Drip cap]] and [[Drip-cap]] redirect here -->
-[[File:Moldings on the Table of architecture.jpg|thumb|right|Moldings from 1728 [[:Image:Table of architecture, Cyclopaedia, 1728, volume 1.jpg|Table of architecture]] in the ''[[Cyclopaedia, or Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences|Cyclopedia]]''<ref name="cy" />]]
-Decorative moldings have been made of [[wood]], [[Rock (geology)|stone]] and [[cement]]. Recently moldings have been made of [[extruded]] [[PVC]] and Expanded [[Polystyrene]] (EPS) as a core with a cement-based protective coating. Synthetic moldings are a cost-effective alternative that rival the aesthetic and function of traditional profiles.
+[[File:Victorian_Mouldings.jpg|thumb|right|Decorative plaster mouldings and coving in a late Victorian town house in South Wales.]] Decorative mouldings have been made of [[wood]], [[Rock (geology)|stone]] and [[cement]]. Recently{{When|date=April 2023}} mouldings have been made of [[extruded]] [[polyvinyl chloride]] (PVC) and [[expanded polystyrene]] (EPS) as a core with a cement-based protective coating. Synthetic mouldings are a cost-effective alternative that rival the aesthetic and function of traditional profiles.{{cn|date=April 2022}}
+[[File:Moldings on the Table of architecture.jpg|thumb|right|Moldings from 1728 [[:Image:Table of architecture, Cyclopaedia, 1728, volume 1.jpg|Table of architecture]] in the ''[[Cyclopaedia, or Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences|Cyclopedia]]''<ref name="cy" />]]
-Common moldings include:
+'''Common mouldings include''':
-* '''[[Astragal]]''': Semi-circular molding attached to one of a pair of doors to cover the gap where they meet.
+* '''[[Archivolt]]''': Ornamental moulding or band following the curve on the underside of an arch.
-* '''Baguette''': Thin, half-round molding, smaller than an astragal, sometimes carved, and enriched with [[foliage]]s, [[pearl]]s, [[ribband]]s, [[Bay laurel|laurel]]s, etc. When enriched with ornaments, it was also called ''chapelet''.<ref name="cy">{{1728}}</ref>
+* '''[[Astragal]]''': Semi-circular moulding attached to one of a pair of doors to cover the gap where they meet.
-* '''Bandelet''': Any little band or flat molding, which crowns a Doric [[architrave]]. It is also called a [[Taenia (architecture)|tenia]] (from Greek ταινία an article of clothing in the form of a ribbon).<ref name="cy" />
+* '''Baguette''': Thin, half-round moulding, smaller than an astragal, sometimes carved, and enriched with [[foliage]]s, [[pearl]]s, [[ribband]]s, [[Bay laurel|laurel]]s, etc. When enriched with ornaments, it was also called ''chapelet''.<ref name="cy">{{1728 |volume=1 |url=https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/A4C5AV6Q7LZ5DY8E/pages/A4N5ZPGUTLPI7T8J |title=Table of architecture |page=128}}</ref>
-* '''[[Baseboard]]''', "base molding" or "skirting board": Used to conceal the junction of an interior [[wall]] and [[floor]], to protect the wall from impacts and to add decorative features. A "speed base" makes use of a base "cap molding" set on top of a plain 1" thick board, however there are hundreds of baseboard profiles.
+* '''Bandelet''': Any little band or flat moulding, which crowns a Doric [[architrave]]. It is also called a [[Taenia (architecture)|tenia]] (from Greek {{lang|grc|ταινία}} an article of clothing in the form of a ribbon).<ref name="cy" />
+* '''[[Baseboard]]''', "base moulding" or "skirting board": Used to conceal the junction of an interior [[wall]] and [[floor]], to protect the wall from impacts and to add decorative features. A "speed base" makes use of a base "cap moulding" set on top of a plain 1" thick board, however there are hundreds of baseboard profiles.
 * '''Baton''': See Torus
-* '''[[Batten]]''' or '''board and batten''': Symmetrical molding that is placed across a joint where two parallel panels or boards meet
+* '''[[Batten]]''' or '''board and batten''': Symmetrical moulding that is placed across a joint where two parallel panels or boards meet
-* '''Bead molding''': Narrow, half-round convex molding, when repeated forms ''reeding''
+* '''Bead moulding''': Narrow, half-round convex moulding, when repeated forms ''reeding''
-* '''Beading''' or '''bead''':  Molding in the form of a row of half spherical beads, larger than ''pearling''
+* '''Beading''' or '''bead''':  Moulding in the form of a row of half spherical beads, larger than ''pearling''
 **Other forms: Bead and leaf, bead and reel, bead and spindle
-* '''Beak''':  Small fillet molding left on the edge of a [[larmier]], which forms a canal, and makes a kind of [[pendant]].<ref name="cy" /> See also: chin-beak
+* '''Beak''':  Small fillet moulding left on the edge of a [[larmier]], which forms a canal, and makes a kind of [[pendant]].<ref name="cy" /> See also: chin-beak
+* '''Bed-mould''' or '''bed moulding''': Narrow moulding used at the junction of a wall and [[ceiling]], found under the [[cornice]], of which it is a part.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Bed-Mould|volume=3|page=622}}</ref> Similar to crown moulding, a bed mould is used to cover the joint between the ceiling and wall. Bed moulds can be either sprung or plain, or flush to the wall as an extension of a cornice mould.<ref name=metrie>{{cite web |url=https://metrie.com/product-category/bed-mould/ |title=Bed Mould |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |website=metrie.com |access-date=November 23, 2015 |quote=}}</ref>
-* '''Bed molding''': Narrow molding used at the junction of a wall and [[ceiling]]. Bed moldings can be either sprung or plain.
-* '''[[Bolection]]''': Raised molding projecting proud of a face frame at the intersection of the different levels between the frame and an inset panel on a door or wood panel. It will sometimes have a [[rabbet]] on its underside the depth of the lower level so it can lay flat over both.  It can leave an inset panel free to expand or contract with temperature and humidity.
+* '''[[Bolection]]''': Raised moulding projecting proud of a face frame at the intersection of the different levels between the frame and an inset panel on a door or wood panel. It will sometimes have a [[rabbet]] on its underside the depth of the lower level so it can lay flat over both.  It can leave an inset panel free to expand or contract with temperature and humidity.
-* '''Cable molding''' or '''ropework''': Convex molding carved in imitation of a twisted rope or cord, and used for decorative moldings of the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque style]] in England, France and Spain and adapted for 18th-century silver and furniture design ([[Thomas Sheraton]])<ref name="do">Lewis, Philippa & Gillian Darley (1986) ''Dictionary of Ornament'', NY: Pantheon</ref><ref>{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Cable Moulding|volume=4|page=921}}</ref>
+* '''{{vanchor|Cable moulding}}''' or '''ropework''': Convex moulding carved in imitation of a twisted rope or cord, and used for decorative mouldings of the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque style]] in England, France and Spain and adapted for 18th-century silver and furniture design ([[Thomas Sheraton]])<ref name="do">Lewis, Philippa & Gillian Darley (1986) ''Dictionary of Ornament'', NY: Pantheon</ref><ref>{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Cable Moulding|volume=4|page=921}}</ref>
-* '''Cabled fluting''' or '''cable''': Convex circular molding sunk in the concave fluting of a classic column, and rising about one-third of the height of the shaft<ref name="cy" />
+* '''[[Cabled fluting]]''' or '''cable''': Convex circular moulding sunk in the concave fluting of a classic column, and rising about one-third of the height of the shaft<ref name="cy" />
 * '''Casing''': Finish trim around the sides of a [[door]] or [[window]] opening covering the gap between finished wall and the jam or frame it is attached to.
-* '''[[Cartouche (design)|Cartouche]]''' {{in lang|fr}} ''escutcheon'': Framed panel in the form of a scroll with an inscribed centre, or surrounded by compound moldings decorated with floral motifs
+* '''[[Cartouche (design)|Cartouche]]''' {{in lang|fr}} ''escutcheon'': Framed panel in the form of a scroll with an inscribed centre, or surrounded by compound mouldings decorated with floral motifs
-* '''[[Cavetto]]''': {{in lang|it}} ''cavare''("to hollow"): Concave, quarter-round molding sometimes employed in the place of the cymatium of a cornice, as in the Doric order of the [[Theatre of Marcellus]].<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Mouldings|volume=18|page=932||first=Richard Phené|last=Spiers|author-link=Richard Phené Spiers|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri18chisrich/page/932/mode/1up}}</ref> It forms the crowning feature of [[Egyptian temples]] and took the place of the cymatium in many [[Etruscan architecture|Etruscan]] temples.
+* '''[[Cavetto]]''': {{in lang|it}} ''cavare'' ("to hollow"): Concave, quarter-round moulding sometimes employed in the place of the cymatium of a cornice, as in the Doric order of the [[Theatre of Marcellus]].<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Mouldings |volume= 18 |last= Spiers |first= Richard Phené |author-link= Richard Phené Spiers |pages=932-934 }}</ref> It forms the crowning feature of [[Egyptian temples]] and took the place of the cymatium in many [[Etruscan architecture|Etruscan]] temples.
-* '''[[Chair rail]]''' or '''dado rail''': Horizontal molding placed part way up a wall to protect the surface from [[chair]]-backs, and used simply as decoration
+* '''[[Chair rail]]''' or '''dado rail''': Horizontal moulding placed part way up a wall to protect the surface from [[chair]]-backs, and used simply as decoration
-* '''[[Chamfer]]''': [[Beveled]] edge connecting two adjacent surfaces
+* '''[[Chamfer]]''': [[Beveled]] edge between two adjacent surfaces
-* '''Chin-beak''': Concave [[quarter-round]] molding, rare in ancient buildings, more common today.<ref name="cy" />
+* '''Chin-beak''': Concave [[quarter-round]] moulding, rare in ancient buildings, more common today.<ref name="cy" />
 * '''Corner guard''': Used to protect the edge of the wall at an outside corner, or to cover a joint on an inside corner.
+* '''[[Cornice]]''': Generally any horizontal decorative moulding
-* '''Cove molding''' or '''coving''': Concave-profile molding that is used at the junction of an interior wall and ceiling
-* '''[[Crown molding]]''': Wide, sprung molding that is used at the junction of an interior wall and ceiling. General term for any molding at the top or "crowning" an architectural element.
+* '''Cove moulding''' or '''coving''': Concave-profile moulding that is used at the junction of an interior wall and ceiling
+* '''[[Crown moulding]]''': Wide, sprung moulding that is used at the junction of an interior wall and ceiling. General term for any moulding at the top or "crowning" an architectural element.
 {{anchor|Cyma}}{{anchor|Cyma recta}}{{anchor|Cyma reversa}}
-* '''Cyma''': Molding of double curvature, combining the convex ''ovolo'' and concave ''cavetto''. When the concave part is uppermost, it is called a ''cyma recta'' but if the convex portion is at the top, it is called a ''Cyma reversa'' (See diagram at [[Ogee#Moulding|Ogee]].) When crowning molding at the entablature is of the cyma form, it is called a [[cymatium]].<ref>{{EB1911 |inline=y| wstitle=Cyma |volume=7 |page=690}}</ref>
+* '''Cyma''': Moulding of double curvature, combining the convex ''ovolo'' and concave ''cavetto''. When the concave part is uppermost, it is called a ''cyma recta'' but if the convex portion is at the top, it is called a ''Cyma reversa'' (See diagram at [[Ogee#Moulding|Ogee]].) When crowning moulding at the entablature is of the cyma form, it is called a [[cymatium]].<ref>{{EB1911 |inline=y| wstitle=Cyma |volume=7 |page=690}}</ref>
 * '''[[Dentil]]s''': Small blocks spaced evenly along the bottom edge of the cornice
-* '''Drip cap''': Molding placed over a door or window opening to prevent water from flowing under the siding or across the glass
+* '''{{vanchor|Drip cap}}''': Moulding placed over a door or window opening to prevent water from flowing under the siding or across the glass
-* '''Echinus''': Similar to the ovolo molding and found beneath the abacus of the Doric capital or decorated with the [[egg-and-dart]] pattern below the Ionic capital<ref name="do" />
+* '''Echinus''': Similar to the ovolo moulding and found beneath the abacus of the Doric capital or decorated with the [[egg-and-dart]] pattern below the Ionic capital<ref name="do" />
-* '''[[Egg-and-dart]]''': egg shapes alternating with ''V''-shapes; one of the most widely used classical moldings.<ref name="do" />
+* '''[[Egg-and-dart]]''': egg shapes alternating with ''V''-shapes; one of the most widely used classical mouldings.<ref name="do" />
-** Also: Egg and tongue, egg and anchor, egg and star
+** Also: egg and tongue, egg and anchor, egg and star
-* '''Fillet''': Small, flat band separating two surfaces, or between the flutes of a column. Fillet is also used on handrail applications when the handrail is "plowed" to accept square shaped balusters. The fillet is used on the bottom side of the handrail between each of the balusters.
+* '''Fillet''': Small, flat band separating two surfaces, or between the [[fluting (architecture)|flutes]] of a column. Fillet is also used on handrail applications when the handrail is "plowed" to accept square shaped balusters. The fillet is used on the bottom side of the handrail between each of the balusters.
 * '''Fluting''': Vertical, half-round grooves cut into the surface of a column in regular intervals, each separated by a flat ''astragal''. This ornament was used for all but the [[Tuscan order]]
-* '''Godroon''' or '''Gadroon''': Ornamental band with the appearance of beading or reeding, especially frequent in silverwork and molding. It comes from the Latin word ''Guttus'', meaning flask. It is said to be derived from raised work on linen, applied in France to varieties of the, bead and reel, in which the bead is often carved with ornament. In England the term is constantly used by auctioneers to describe the raised convex decorations under the bowl of stone or terracotta vases. The godroons radiate from the vertical support of the vase and rise halfway up the bowl.
+* '''Godroon''' or '''Gadroon''': Ornamental band with the appearance of beading or reeding, especially frequent in silverwork and moulding. It comes from the Latin {{lang|la|guttus}}, meaning flask. It is said to be derived from raised work on linen, applied in France to varieties of the, bead and reel, in which the bead is often carved with ornament. In England the term is constantly used by auctioneers to describe the raised convex decorations under the bowl of stone or terracotta vases. The godroons radiate from the vertical support of the vase and rise halfway up the bowl.
-**Also: [[Gadrooning]], lobed decoration, (k)nukked decoration, thumb molding
+**Also: [[Gadrooning]], lobed decoration, (k)nukked decoration, {{vanchor|thumb moulding}}
 * '''[[Guilloché]]''': Interlocking curved bands in a repeating pattern often forming circles enriched with rosettes and found in [[Assyria]]n ornament, [[classical architecture|classical]] and [[Renaissance architecture]].<ref name="do" />
-* '''Keel molding''' : Sharp-edged molding resembling a cross-section of a ship's [[keel]], common in the [[Early English Period|Early English]] and Decorated styles.
+* '''{{vanchor|Keel moulding}}''' : Sharp-edged moulding resembling a cross-section of a ship's [[keel]], common in the [[Early English Period|Early English]] and Decorated styles.
-* '''Lamb's Tongue''': Lambs Tongue is a moulding having a deep, symmetrical profile ending in a narrow edge.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wrp-timber-mouldings.co.uk/moulding-profiles/profiles/lambs-tongue|title=Lamb's tongue profile|access-date=August 26, 2019}}</ref>
+* '''{{vanchor|Lamb's tongue}}''' : Lambs Tongue is a moulding having a deep, symmetrical profile ending in a narrow edge.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wrp-timber-mouldings.co.uk/moulding-profiles/profiles/lambs-tongue|title=Lamb's tongue profile|access-date=August 26, 2019}}</ref>
 * '''[[Muntin]]''': Narrow strip of wood or metal separating and holding panes of glass in a window.
 * '''[[Ogee]]''': see "Cyma"
-* '''[[Ovolo]]''': Simple, convex [[quarter-round]] molding that can also be enriched with the egg-and-dart or other pattern
+* '''[[Order (mouldings)|Order]]''': Each of a series of mouldings
+* '''[[Ovolo]]''': Simple, convex [[quarter-round]] moulding that can also be enriched with the egg-and-dart or other pattern
-* '''Neck molding'''
+* '''{{vanchor|Neck moulding}}'''
-* '''Panel Mould''': A moulding that is flat on the back and profiled on the face. Panel mould is applied directly on a flat surface like a wall or flush door. The moulding is mitered before applying and installed in squares or rectangles on a surface to simulate a panel.
+* '''Panel mould''': A moulding that is flat on the back and profiled on the face. It is applied directly on a flat surface like a wall or flush door in squares or rectangles to simulate a panel.
-* '''{{visible anchor|Picture rail}}''': Functional molding installed 7–9 feet above the floor from which framed art is hung, common in commercial buildings and homes with [[plaster]] walls.
+* '''{{visible anchor|Picture rail}}''': Functional moulding installed {{convert|7|-|9|ft|order=flip}} above the floor from which framed art is hung, common in commercial buildings and homes with [[plaster]] walls.
 * '''[[Rosette (design)|Rosette]]''': Circular, floral decorative element found in [[Mesopotamia]]n design and early Greek ''[[stele]]'', common in [[revival style]]s of architecture since the Renaissance.<ref name="do" />
+{{Anchor|Scotia}}
-* '''Scotia''': Concave molding with a lower edge projecting beyond the top and so used at the base of columns as a transition between two torus moldings with different diameters<ref name="do" />
+* '''Scotia''': Concave moulding with asymmetric upper and lower profiles.  When used as a base its lower edge projects beyond the top, as on columns as a transition between two torus mouldings with different diameters;<ref name="do" /> also used with its upper edge projecting on mantels, crown mouldings, and on stairs, supporting their treads' nosing
-* '''Screen molding''': Small molding used to hide and reinforce where a screen is attached to its frame.
+* '''Screen moulding''': Small moulding used to hide and reinforce where a screen is attached to its frame.
-* '''Shoe molding''', '''toe molding''' or [[quarter-round]]: Small flexible molding used at the junction of a baseboard and floor as a stylistic element or to cover any gap between the two.
+* '''Shoe moulding''', '''toe moulding''' or [[quarter-round]]: Small flexible moulding used at the junction of a baseboard and floor as a stylistic element or to cover any gap between the two.
-* '''[[Strapwork]]''': Imitates thick lengths of leather straps applied to a surface to produce pattern of ribs in connected circles, squares, scrolls, lozenges etc. Popular in England in 16th & 17th. centuries, used in plaster on ceilings,<ref>See drawings of period ceilings in Bankart, George, "The Art of the Plasterer", 1908; also Millar, William, "Plastering, Plain & Decorative", 1897</ref> also sculpted in stone on exterior of buildings, e.g. around entrance doors. Also carved in wood, and used for [[topiary]] designs for [[parterre]]s.
+* '''[[Strapwork]]''': Imitates thick lengths of leather straps applied to a surface to produce pattern of ribs in connected circles, squares, scrolls, lozenges etc. Popular in England in 16th and 17th centuries, used in plaster on ceilings,<ref>See drawings of period ceilings in Bankart, George, "The Art of the Plasterer", 1908; also Millar, William, "Plastering, Plain & Decorative", 1897</ref> also sculpted in stone on exterior of buildings, e.g. around entrance doors. Also carved in wood, and used for [[topiary]] designs for [[parterre]]s.
-* '''Torus''': Convex, semi-circular molding, larger than an astragal, often at the base of a column, which may be enriched with leaves or plaiting. In the [[Ionic order]]s there are generally two torus mouldings separated by a scotia with [[Annulet (architecture)|annulets]].<ref>{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Torus |volume=27 |page=79}}</ref>
+* '''{{visible anchor|Torus}}''': Convex, semi-circular moulding, larger than an astragal, often at the base of a column, which may be enriched with leaves or plaiting. In the [[Ionic order]]s there are generally two torus mouldings separated by a scotia with [[annulet (architecture)|annulets]].<ref>{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Torus |volume=27 |page=79}}</ref>
-* '''Trim molding''':  General term used for moldings used to create added detail or cover up gaps, including corner moldings, cove moldings, rope moldings, quarter rounds, and accent moldings.<ref>Distinctive Wood Designs Inc. (2010) [http://www.distinctivewooddesigns.com/trim.php "Trim Mouldings"]</ref>
+* '''Trim moulding''':  General term used for mouldings used to create added detail or cover up gaps, including corner mouldings, cove mouldings, rope mouldings, quarter rounds, and accent mouldings.<ref>Distinctive Wood Designs Inc. (2010) [http://www.distinctivewooddesigns.com/trim.php "Trim Mouldings"]</ref>
 ==Use==
 {{original research|section|date=October 2017}}
-At their simplest, moldings hide and help weather seal natural joints produced in the framing process of building a structure. As decorative elements, they are a means of applying light- and dark-shaded stripes to a structural object without having to change the material or apply [[pigments]]. Depending on their function they may be primarily a means of hiding or weather-sealing a joint, purely decorative, or some combination of the three.
+At their simplest, mouldings hide and help weather seal natural joints produced in the framing process of building a structure. As decorative elements, they are a means of applying light- and dark-shaded stripes to a structural object without having to change the material or apply [[pigments]]. Depending on their function they may be primarily a means of hiding or weather-sealing a joint, purely decorative, or some combination of the three.
-As decorative elements the contrast of dark and light areas gives definition to the object. If a vertical wall is lit at an angle of about 45 degrees above the wall (for example, by the sun) then adding a small overhanging horizontal molding, called a [[Annulet (architecture)|fillet]] molding, will introduce a dark horizontal shadow below it. Adding a vertical fillet to a horizontal surface will create a light vertical shadow. Graded shadows are possible by using moldings in different shapes: the [[Concave polygon|concave]] ''cavetto'' molding produces a horizontal shadow that is darker at the top and lighter at the bottom; an ''[[ovolo]]'' ([[Convex polygon|convex]]) molding makes a shadow that is lighter at the top and darker at the bottom. Other varieties of concave molding are the ''scotia'' and ''congé'' and other convex moldings the ''echinus'', the ''[[torus]]'' and the astragal.
+As decorative elements the contrast of dark and light areas gives definition to the object. If a vertical wall is lit at an angle of about 45 degrees above the wall (for example, by the sun) then adding a small overhanging horizontal moulding, called a [[Annulet (architecture)|fillet]] moulding, will introduce a dark horizontal shadow below it. Adding a vertical fillet to a horizontal surface will create a light vertical shadow. Graded shadows are possible by using mouldings in different shapes: the [[Concave polygon|concave]] ''cavetto'' moulding produces a horizontal shadow that is darker at the top and lighter at the bottom; an ''[[ovolo]]'' ([[Convex polygon|convex]]) moulding makes a shadow that is lighter at the top and darker at the bottom. Other varieties of concave moulding are the ''scotia'' and ''congé'' and other convex mouldings the ''echinus'', the ''[[torus]]'' and the astragal.
-Placing an ovolo directly above a cavetto forms a smooth ''s''-shaped curve with vertical ends that is called an ''ogee'' or ''cyma reversa'' molding. Its shadow appears as a band light at the top and bottom but dark in the interior. Similarly, a cavetto above an ovolo forms an ''s'' with horizontal ends, called a ''cyma'' or ''cyma recta''. Its shadow shows two dark bands with a light interior.
+Placing an ovolo directly above a cavetto forms a smooth ''s''-shaped curve with vertical ends that is called an ''ogee'' or ''cyma reversa'' moulding. Its shadow appears as a band light at the top and bottom but dark in the interior. Similarly, a cavetto above an ovolo forms an ''s'' with horizontal ends, called a ''cyma'' or ''cyma recta''. Its shadow shows two dark bands with a light interior.
 Together the basic elements and their variants form a [[decorative]] [[vocabulary]] that can be assembled and rearranged in endless combinations. This vocabulary is at the core of both [[classical architecture]] and [[Gothic architecture]].
+== Design ==
+=== Classical ===
+When practiced in the Classical tradition the combination and arrangement of mouldings are primarily done according to preconceived compositions.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} Typically, mouldings are rarely improvised by the architect or builder, but rather follows established conventions that define the ratio, geometry, scale, and overall configuration of a moulding course or [[entablature]] in proportion to the entire building. Classical mouldings have their roots in ancient civilizations, with examples such the 'cornice cavetto' and 'papyriform columns' appearing in [[ancient Egyptian architecture]],{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} while Greek and Roman practices developed into the highly the regulated [[Classical order|classical orders]]. Necessary to the spread of Classical architecture was the circulation of [[pattern books]], which provided reproducible copies and diagrammatic plans for architects and builders.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} Works containing sections and ratios of mouldings appear as early as the Roman era with [[Vitruvius]] and much later influential publications such as [[Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola|Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola's]], [[The Five Orders of Architecture|''Five Orders of Architecture'']], and [[James Gibbs|James Gibbs's]], ''Rules for Drawing the Several Parts of Architecture''. Pattern books can be credited for the regularization and continuity of classical architectural mouldings across countries and continents particularly during the colonial era, contributing to the global occurrence of Classical mouldings and elements.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} Pattern books remained common currency amongst architects and builders up until the early 20th century, but soon after mostly disappeared as Classical architecture lost favor to [[Modern architecture|Modernist]] and [[post-war]] building practices that conscientiously stripped their buildings of mouldings.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} However, the study of formalized pattern languages, including mouldings, has since been revived through online resources and the popularity of [[New Classical architecture|new classical architecture]] in the early 21st century.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
+=== Gothic ===
+The middle ages are characterized as a period of decline and erosion in the formal knowledge of Classical architectural principles.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} This eventually resulted in an amateur and 'malformed' use of moulding patterns that eventually developed into the complex and inventive [[Gothic architecture|Gothic style]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} While impressive and seemingly articulate across Europe, Gothic architecture remained mostly regional and no comprehensive pattern books were developed at the time, but instead likely circulated through pilgrimage and the migration of trained Gothic masons.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} These medieval forms were later imitated by prominent [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revivalists]] such as [[Augustus Pugin]] and [[Eugène Viollet-le-Duc]] who formalized Gothic mouldings, developing them into its own systematic pattern books which could be replicated by architects with no native Gothic architecture.
 == See also ==
@@ Line 85: / Line 97: @@
 * [[Ancient Roman architecture]]
 * [[Architrave]]
-* [[Cornice]]
+* [[Baseboard]]
 * [[Entablature]]
 * [[Glossary of architecture]]
 * [[Molding plane]]
-* [[Order (mouldings)]]
 * [[Renaissance architecture]]

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