Bambatha Rebellion: Difference between revisions

Bambatha rebellion
	Part of the aftermath of the Anglo-Zulu War
	; Zulu warriors
Date	1906
Location	Natal, South Africa
Result	British victory
Belligerents
United Kingdom Natal Colony; Cape Colony; India; Indian South Africans;	amaZondi and amaCube clans of the Zulu people
Commanders and leaders
Colonel Duncan McKenzie	Chief Bambatha kaMancinza
Strength
4,316 soldiers (including 2,978 Militia)	Unknown
Casualties and losses
36 (including 6 levies)	3,000 to 4,000 killed

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The Bambatha Rebellion (or the Zulu Rebellion) of 1906 was led by Bambatha kaMancinza (c. 1860–1906?), leader of the Zondi clan of the Zulu people, who lived in the Mpanza Valley (now a district near Greytown, KwaZulu-Natal) against British rule and taxation in the Colony of Natal, South Africa.

Overview

In the years following the Anglo-Boer War, British employers in Natal had difficulty recruiting Black farmers because of increased competition from the gold mines of the Witwatersrand. The colonial authorities introduced a poll tax £1 (equivalent to £140 in 2023) in addition to the existing hut tax to pressure Zulu men to enter the labour market.^[3]

Bambatha had occasionally been in trouble with the Natal colonial administration, and the authorities suspected that he had joined with other chiefs in expressing discontent over the tax. He was summoned to Greytown, but, fearing arrest, did not attend. He realised that the administration was intent on crushing dissent and fled to Zululand to consult with King Dinizulu.^[4] Bambatha returned to the Mpanza Valley to discover that the Natal government had deposed him as chief.^[3] He gathered together a small force of supporters and began launching a series of guerrilla attacks, using the Nkandla forest as a base.^[3]

The British troops succeeded in getting face to face with and surrounding the rebels at Mome Gorge. As the sun rose, British colonial soldiers opened fire with machine guns and cannon, on rebels equipped mostly assegais (spears), knobkerries (fighting sticks) and cowhide shields.^[3] It was reported that Bambatha had been killed in action by Natal government forces, but this claim was disputed by his supporters, who believed that he fled to Mozambique.^[5]

Between 3,000 and 4,000 Zulus were killed. More than 7,000 were imprisoned, and 4,000 flogged. The war cost the Natal government £883,576^[6] (equivalent to £120,000,000 in 2023).

Mahatma Gandhi's role

Amount actually collected from the poll tax between 1906 and 1909^[7]
1906	1907	1908	1909
Natal
£68,500	£49,637	£45,150	£41,498
Zululand
£7,990	£4,267	£3,940	£3,520
Total
£76,490	£53,904	£49,090	£45,018

Indian lawyer Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, who was in South Africa at the time, felt that the Indians in South Africa would do best for themselves to serve the British Empire as a reserve force in the Army against the Zulus during the rebellion.^[8] Gandhi actively encouraged the British government to recruit Indians. He argued that Indians should support the war efforts in order to legitimise their claims to full citizenship. The British government, however, refused to allow Indians to enlist as combatants. Nonetheless, they accepted Gandhi's offer to let a detachment of Indians volunteer as a stretcher bearer corps to treat wounded English^[9] soldiers. This corps of 21 was commanded by Gandhi. Gandhi urged the Indian population in South Africa to join the war through his columns in Indian Opinion: "If the Government only realised what reserve force is being wasted, they would make use of it and give Indians the opportunity of a thorough training for actual warfare".^[8] Later in 1927 he wrote of the event as "No war but a man hunt".^[10]

Commemoration

In 2006, the hundredth anniversary of the rebellion was commemorated in a ceremony which declared Chief Bambatha a national hero of post-Apartheid South Africa. Also, his picture appeared on a postage stamp and a street was renamed in his honour.^[3]

According to speeches in the ceremony, the beheaded body had not really been Bambatha's and the actual chief succeeded in escaping to Mozambique. This belief is still widely current; a DNA test of his alleged body failed to give a definite answer.^[11]

The hip-hop musician Afrika Bambaataa takes his name from Bambatha and his rebellion.^[12]

References

Citations

^ Stuart 1913, p. 548.
^ Stuart 1913, p. 540.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Hennop 2006.
^ "Chief Bhambatha kaMancinza Zondi | South African History Online". www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
^ "Chief Bhambatha kaMancinza Zondi | South African History Online". www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
^ Stuart 1913, p. 550.
^ Stuart 1913, p. 131.
^ ^a ^b Gandhi 1961, p. 175, Indian Opinion.
^ Gandhi, M.K. (1927). The Story of My Experiments with Truth.
^ Gandhi 2009, p. 500.
^ Bishop 2004.
^ Anon. 2017.

Sources

Anon. (6 June 2017). "Afrika Bambaataa, Disc Jockey (1957–)". The Biography.com website. A&E Television Networks. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018.
Bishop, Craig (11 October 2004). "DNA test fails to identify Zulu rebel prince". IOL News. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
Gandhi, Mahatma (1961) [1906]. Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi. Vol. 5 : 1905-1906. Government of India.
Gandhi, M. K. (2009). An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments With Truth. The Floating Press. ISBN 978-1-77541-405-6.
Hennop, Jan (9 June 2006). "SA to mark historic Zulu rebellion". Independent Online. Archived from the original on 12 July 2006.^{[unreliable source]}
Stuart, James (1913). A History of the Zulu Rebellion 1906: And of Dinuzulu's Arrest, Trial, and Expatriation. London: Macmillan.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|1906 uprising in South Africa}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
 {{use South African English|date=June 2019}}
 {{Infobox military conflict
-|conflict=Bambatha rebellion
+| conflict          = Bambatha rebellion
-|partof=the aftermath of the [[Anglo-Zulu War]]
+| partof            = the aftermath of the [[Anglo-Zulu War]]
-| image= ZuluWarriors.jpg
+| image             = ZuluWarriors.jpg
-| image_size = 300
+| image_size        = 300
-|caption=Zulu warriors
+| caption           = Zulu warriors
-|date=1906
+| date              = 1906
-|place=[[Colony of Natal|Natal]], [[South Africa]]
+| place             = [[Colony of Natal|Natal]], [[South Africa]]
-|result=British victory
+| result            = British victory
-|combatant1={{flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
+| combatant1        = {{flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
-* [[File:Flag of the Natal Colony 1875-1910.svg|23px|border|link=]] [[Natal Colony]]
+* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Natal Colony 1875-1910.svg}} [[Natal Colony]]
-* [[File:Flag of the Cape Colony 1876-1910.svg|23px|border|link=]] [[British Cape Colony|Cape Colony]]
+* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Cape Colony 1876-1910.svg}} [[British Cape Colony|Cape Colony]]
 *{{flagicon|British Raj}} [[British Raj|India]]
 *[[Indian South Africans]]
-|combatant2=amaZondi and amaCube clans of the [[Zulu people]]
+| combatant2        = amaZondi and amaCube clans of the [[Zulu people]]
-|commander1=Colonel Duncan McKenzie
+| commander1        = Colonel Duncan McKenzie
+| commander2        = [[Bhambatha|Chief Bambatha kaMancinza]]
-*[[Mahatma Gandhi]]
+| strength1         = 4,316 soldiers (including 2,978 Militia){{sfn|Stuart|1913|p=548}}
-|commander2=[[Bhambatha|Chief Bambatha kaMancinza]]
+| strength2         = Unknown
-|strength1=4,316 soldiers (including 2,978 Militia){{sfn|Stuart|1913|p=548}}
+| casualties1       = 36 (including 6 levies){{sfn|Stuart|1913|p=540}}
-|strength2=Unknown
+| casualties2       = 3,000 to 4,000 killed|
-|casualties1=36 (including 6 levies){{sfn|Stuart|1913|p=540}}
-|casualties2=3,000 to 4,000 killed
-|
 }}
 {{Scramble for Africa}}
-The '''Bambatha Rebellion''' (or the '''Zulu Rebellion''') of 1906 was led by [[Bhambatha|Bambatha kaMancinza]] (c. 1860–1906?), leader of the [[amaZondi]] clan of the [[Zulu people]], who lived in the Mpanza Valley (now a district near [[Greytown, KwaZulu-Natal]]) against British rule and taxation in the [[Colony of Natal]], [[South Africa]].
+The '''Bambatha Rebellion''' (or the '''Zulu Rebellion''') of 1906 was led by [[Bhambatha|Bambatha kaMancinza]] (c. 1860–1906?), leader of the Zondi clan of the [[Zulu people]], who lived in the Mpanza Valley (now a district near [[Greytown, KwaZulu-Natal]]) against British rule and taxation in the [[Colony of Natal]], [[South Africa]].
 == Overview ==
 [[File:Bambatha and helper.png|right|thumb|140px|Bhambatha (on the right) with an attendant]]
-In the years following the [[Second Boer War|Anglo-Boer War]], British employers in Natal had difficulty recruiting black farm workers because of increased competition from the [[gold]] mines of the [[Witwatersrand]]. The colonial authorities introduced a [[Tax per head|poll tax]] £1 ({{inflation|index=UK|start_year=1906|value=1|r=-1|cursign=£|fmt=eq}}) in addition to the existing hut tax to pressure Zulu men to enter the labour market.{{sfn|Hennop|2006}} Bambatha, who ruled about 5,500 people living in about 1,100 households, was one of the chiefs who resisted the introduction and collection of the new tax.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
+In the years following the [[Second Boer War|Anglo-Boer War]], British employers in Natal had difficulty recruiting Black farmers because of increased competition from the [[gold]] mines of the [[Witwatersrand]]. The colonial authorities introduced a [[Tax per head|poll tax]] £1 ({{inflation|index=UK|start_year=1906|value=1|r=-1|cursign=£|fmt=eq}}) in addition to the existing hut tax to pressure Zulu men to enter the labour market.{{sfn|Hennop|2006}}
+Bambatha had occasionally been in trouble with the Natal colonial administration, and the authorities suspected that he had joined with other chiefs in expressing discontent over the tax. He was summoned to Greytown, but, fearing arrest, did not attend. He realised that the administration was intent on crushing dissent and fled to Zululand to consult with [[Dinuzulu|King Dinizulu]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Chief Bhambatha kaMancinza Zondi {{!}} South African History Online|url = http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/chief-bhambatha-kamancinza-zondi|website = www.sahistory.org.za|access-date = 2015-09-19}}</ref>
-The government of Natal sent [[police officer]]s to collect the tax from recalcitrant districts, and in February 1906 two British officers were killed near [[Richmond, KwaZulu-Natal]]. In the resulting introduction of martial law, Bambatha fled north to consult King [[Dinuzulu]], who gave tacit support to Bambatha and invited him and his family to stay at the royal homestead.{{citation needed|date=June 2019|reason=needed for the whole paragraph}}
+Bambatha returned to the Mpanza Valley to discover that the Natal government had deposed him as chief.{{sfn|Hennop|2006}} He gathered together a small force of supporters and began launching a series of [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] attacks, using the Nkandla forest as a base.{{sfn|Hennop|2006}}
+The British troops succeeded in getting face to face with and surrounding the rebels at Mome Gorge. As the sun rose, British colonial soldiers opened fire with machine guns and cannon, on rebels equipped mostly [[assegai]]s (spears), [[knobkerrie]]s (fighting sticks) and [[cowhide]] [[shield]]s.{{sfn|Hennop|2006}} It was reported that Bambatha had been killed in action by Natal government forces, but this claim was disputed by his supporters, who believed that he fled to Mozambique.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Chief Bhambatha kaMancinza Zondi {{!}} South African History Online|url = http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/chief-bhambatha-kamancinza-zondi|website = www.sahistory.org.za|access-date = 2015-09-19}}</ref>
-Bambatha returned to the Mpanza Valley to discover that the Natal government had deposed him as chief.{{sfn|Hennop|2006}} He gathered together a small force of supporters and began launching a series of [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] attacks, using the Nkandla forest as a base.{{sfn|Hennop|2006}} Following a series of initial successes, colonial troops under the command of [[Colonel]] Duncan McKenzie set out on an expedition in late April 1906.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
+Between 3,000 and 4,000 Zulus were killed. More than 7,000 were imprisoned, and 4,000 flogged. The war cost the [[Colony of Natal|Natal government]] £883,576{{sfn|Stuart|1913|p=550}} ({{inflation|UK|883576|1906|r=-6|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}).
-The British succeeded in getting face to face with and surrounding the rebels at Mome Gorge. As the sun rose, colonial soldiers opened fire with machine guns and cannon, on rebels mostly armed only with traditional [[assegai]]s (spears), [[knobkerrie]]s (fighting sticks) and [[cowhide]] [[shield]]s.{{sfn|Hennop|2006}}
-Bambatha was killed and beheaded during the battle; however, many of his supporters believed that he was still alive, and his wife refused to go into mourning. Bambatha's main ally, the 95-year-old Zulu [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocrat]] [[Sigananda kaSokufa|Inkosi Sigananda Shezi]] of the amaCube clan (cousin and near-contemporary of the Zulu king [[Shaka]]) was captured by the colonial troops and died a few days later.{{citation needed|date=June 2019|reason=needed for the whole paragraph}}
-Between 3,000 and 4,000 Zulus were killed during the revolt (some of whom died fighting on the side of the Natal government). More than 7,000 were imprisoned, and 4,000 flogged. King Dinizulu was arrested and sentenced to four years imprisonment for treason.{{citation needed|date=June 2019|reason=needed for the whole paragraph}}
-The war cost the [[Colony of Natal|Natal government]] £883,576{{sfn|Stuart|1913|p=550}} ({{inflation|UK|883576|1906|r=-6|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}).
 ===Mahatma Gandhi's role===
@@ Line 63: / Line 58: @@
 |-
 |}
-[[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]], who was in South Africa at the time, felt that the Indians in South Africa would do best for themselves to serve the [[British Empire]] as a reserve force in the Army against the Zulu uprising.{{sfn|Gandhi|1961|p=175|loc=Indian Opinion}} Gandhi actively encouraged the British to recruit Indians. He argued that Indians should support the war efforts in order to legitimise their claims to full citizenship. The British, however, refused to commission Indians as army officers. Nonetheless, they accepted Gandhi's offer to let a detachment of Indians volunteer as a [[stretcher bearer]] corps to treat wounded British soldiers. This corps of 21 was commanded by Gandhi. Gandhi urged the Indian population in South Africa to join the war through his columns in ''Indian Opinion'': "If the Government only realised what reserve force is being wasted, they would make use of it and give Indians the opportunity of a thorough training for actual warfare".{{sfn|Gandhi|1961|p=175|loc=Indian Opinion}} Later in 1927 he wrote of the event as "No war but a man hunt".{{sfn|Gandhi|2009|p=500}}
+Indian lawyer [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]], who was in South Africa at the time, felt that the Indians in South Africa would do best for themselves to serve the [[British Empire]] as a reserve force in the Army against the Zulus during the rebellion.{{sfn|Gandhi|1961|p=175|loc=Indian Opinion}} Gandhi actively encouraged the British government to recruit Indians. He argued that Indians should support the war efforts in order to legitimise their claims to full citizenship. The British government, however, refused to allow Indians to enlist as combatants. Nonetheless, they accepted Gandhi's offer to let a detachment of Indians volunteer as a [[stretcher bearer]] corps to treat wounded English<ref>{{cite book |last=Gandhi |first=M.K. |author-link=M.K. Gandhi |date=1927 |title=The Story of My Experiments with Truth.}}</ref> soldiers. This corps of 21 was commanded by Gandhi. Gandhi urged the Indian population in South Africa to join the war through his columns in ''Indian Opinion'': "If the Government only realised what reserve force is being wasted, they would make use of it and give Indians the opportunity of a thorough training for actual warfare".{{sfn|Gandhi|1961|p=175|loc=Indian Opinion}} Later in 1927 he wrote of the event as "No war but a man hunt".{{sfn|Gandhi|2009|p=500}}
 ==Commemoration==
@@ Line 70: / Line 65: @@
 According to speeches in the ceremony, the beheaded body had not really been Bambatha's and the actual chief succeeded in escaping to [[Mozambique]]. This belief is still widely current; a DNA test of his alleged body failed to give a definite answer.{{sfn|Bishop|2004}}
-The [[hip-hop]] musician [[Afrika Bambaataa]] takes his name from [[Bambatha]] and his rebellion.{{sfn|Biography.com|2017}}
+The [[hip-hop]] musician [[Afrika Bambaataa]] takes his name from [[Bambatha]] and his rebellion.{{sfn|Anon.|2017}}
 ==See also==
@@ Line 77: / Line 72: @@
 ==References==
+{{Commons category|Bambatha Rebellion}}
-{{reflist|20em}}
-{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
-*{{Cite web|ref=harv  |editor=Biography.com |date=6 June 2017 |url=https://www.biography.com/people/afrika-bambaataa-5192017 |title=Biography: Afrika Bambaataa, Disc Jockey (1957–) |publisher=A&E Television Networks |website=The Biography.com website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022033454/https://www.biography.com/people/afrika-bambaataa-5192017 |archive-date=22 October 2018 |url-status=dead }}
-*{{Cite web|ref=harv |last=Bishop |first=Craig |date=11 October 2004 |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/dna-test-fails-to-identify-zulu-rebel-prince-223737 |title=DNA test fails to identify Zulu rebel prince  |website=IOL News|access-date=2019-02-23}}
-*{{cite book|ref=harv |last=Gandhi |first=M. K. |authorlink=M. K. Gandhi |title=An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments With Truth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=in3_3H1szHYC&pg=PA500|year=2009 |publisher=The Floating Press |isbn=978-1-77541-405-6}}
-*{{cite web|ref=harv |last=Hennop |first=Jan |date=9 June 2006 |url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=qw1149861062181B224 |title=SA to mark historic Zulu rebellion |website= |publisher=Independent Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060712082059/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=qw1149861062181B224 |archive-date=7July 2006}}{{Unreliable source|sure=y|reason=See warning at bottom of the page "Reliance on the information this site contains is at your own risk"|date=June 2019}}
-*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Gandhi|first=Mahatma |authorlink=Mahatma Gandhi|title=Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3xDAAAAYAAJ|volume=Vol. 5 : 1905-1906|year=1961|publisher=Government of India|orig-year=1906}}
-* {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Stuart |first=James |title=A History of the Zulu Rebellion 1906: And of Dinuzulu's Arrest, Trial, and Expatriation |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofzulureb00stua/page/n8 |year=1913 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London}}
-{{refend}}
-==Further reading==
+===Citations===
+{{Reflist}}
-*{{cite journal|ref=harv |last1=Vandervort |first1=Bruce |title=An Historical Atlas of the Zulu Rebellion of 1906 (review) |journal=The Journal of Military History |volume=68 |issue=3 |year=2004 |pages=974–975 |issn=1543-7795 |doi=10.1353/jmh.2004.0155}}
+===Sources===
+{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
+*{{Cite web|author=Anon. |date=6 June 2017 |url=https://www.biography.com/people/afrika-bambaataa-5192017 |title=Afrika Bambaataa, Disc Jockey (1957–) |publisher=A&E Television Networks |website=The Biography.com website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022033454/https://www.biography.com/people/afrika-bambaataa-5192017 |archive-date=22 October 2018 |url-status=dead }}
+*{{Cite web|last=Bishop |first=Craig |date=11 October 2004 |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/dna-test-fails-to-identify-zulu-rebel-prince-223737 |title=DNA test fails to identify Zulu rebel prince  |website=IOL News|access-date=2019-02-23}}
+*{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Mahatma |author-link=Mahatma Gandhi|title=Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3xDAAAAYAAJ|volume=5 : 1905-1906|year=1961|publisher=Government of India|orig-year=1906}}
+*{{cite book|last=Gandhi |first=M. K. |author-link=M. K. Gandhi |title=An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments With Truth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=in3_3H1szHYC&pg=PA500|year=2009 |publisher=The Floating Press |isbn=978-1-77541-405-6}}
+*{{cite web|last=Hennop |first=Jan |date=9 June 2006 |url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=qw1149861062181B224 |title=SA to mark historic Zulu rebellion |publisher=Independent Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060712082059/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=qw1149861062181B224 |archive-date=12 July 2006}}{{Unreliable source?|sure=y|reason=See warning at bottom of the page "Reliance on the information this site contains is at your own risk"|date=June 2019}}
+* {{cite book |last=Stuart |first=James |title=A History of the Zulu Rebellion 1906: And of Dinuzulu's Arrest, Trial, and Expatriation |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofzulureb00stua/page/n8 |year=1913 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London}}
+{{Refend}}
+===Further reading===
+{{Refbegin}}
+*{{cite journal|last1=Vandervort |first1=Bruce |title=An Historical Atlas of the Zulu Rebellion of 1906 (review) |journal=The Journal of Military History |volume=68 |issue=3 |year=2004 |pages=974–975 |issn=1543-7795 |doi=10.1353/jmh.2004.0155|s2cid=161395474 }}
+{{Refend}}
-{{Commons category|Bambatha Rebellion}}
 {{British colonial campaigns}}
 {{Political history of South Africa}}
+{{Authority control}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
 [[Category:1906 in the Colony of Natal]]
@@ Line 99: / Line 100: @@
 [[Category:African resistance to colonialism]]
 [[Category:Conflicts in 1906]]
+[[Category:Rebellions against the British Empire]]
 [[Category:Rebellions in Africa]]
 [[Category:Zulu history]]
+[[Category:Battles involving the Zulu]]

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18th century	Queen Anne's War (1702–13) Tuscarora War (1711–15) Yamasee War (1715–17) Father Rale's War/Dummer's War (1722–25) War of Jenkins' Ear (1740–42) King George's War (1744–48) Carnatic Wars (1746–63) Nova Scotia (1749–55) French and Indian War (1754–63) Seven Years' War (1756–63) Bengal War (1756–65) Anglo-Cherokee War (1758–61) Jamaica (1762) Anglo-Spanish War (1762–63) Pontiac's War (1763–66) Regulator Movement in North Carolina (1765–71) First Carib War (1769–73) Rohilkhand (1773–74) Lord Dunmore's War (1774) American Revolutionary War (1775–83) First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–82) Second Anglo-Mysore War (1779–84) Gold Coast (1781–82) Assam (1786) Australian frontier wars (1788–1934) Nootka Sound (1789) Third Anglo-Mysore War (1789–92) Cotiote (Wayanad) War (1793–1806) Rohilkhand (1794) Cape Colony (1795) Jamaica (1795–96) Grenada (1795–96) Ceylon (1795) Kandyan Wars (1796–1818) Irish Rebellion (1798) Malta (1798–1800) Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798–99) Dwyer's guerrilla campaign (1799–1803) Polygar Wars (1799–1805)
19th century	Newfoundland (1800) Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–05) Castle Hill convict rebellion (1804) Surinam (1804) Cape Colony (1806) Río de la Plata (1806–07) Egypt (1807) Froberg mutiny (1807) Santo Domingo (1808–09) Martinique (1809) Persian Gulf (1809) Guadeloupe (1810) Reunion (1810) Mauritius (1810) Seychelles (1810) Spice Islands (1810) Java (1810–11) Xhosa Wars (1811–79) USA (1812–15) Nepal (1814–16) Guadeloupe (1815) Cape Colony (1815) Algiers (1816) Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–18) Persian Gulf (1819) Guiana (1823) Anglo-Ashanti wars (1824–1901) First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26) Black War (Van Diemen's Land) (1828–32) Jamaica (1831–32) Malacca (1831–33) Lower Canada (1837–38) Upper Canada (1837–38) Aden Expedition (1839) Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–41) First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–42) First Opium War (1839–42) New Zealand Wars (1845–72) First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46) Río de la Plata (1845–50) Canton (1847) British Honduras (1847–1901) Ceylon (1848) Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–49) Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852) Eureka Rebellion (1854) Åland War (1854–56) Anglo-Persian War (1856–57) Second Opium War (1856–60) Indian Rebellion (1857–59) Revolt of Rajab Ali (1857–58) Kagoshima (1863) Ambela campaign (1863–64) Shimonoseki (1864) Duar War (1864–65) Fenian Rebellion in Canada (1866–71) Abyssinia (1868) Manitoba (1870) Perak (1875–76) Anglo-Zulu War (1879) Second Anglo-Afghan War (1879–80) Basutoland (1880–81) First Boer War (1880–81) Mahdist War (1881–99) Anglo-Egyptian War (1882) Saskatchewan (1885) Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885) Central Africa (1886–89) Hazara (1888) Mashonaland (1890) Hunza–Nagar Campaign (1891) Anglo-Manipur War (1891) Pahang Uprising (1891–1895) Matabeleland (1893–94) North Borneo (1894–1905) Chitral Expedition (1895) Jameson Raid South Africa (1896) Anglo-Zanzibar War (1896) Matabeleland (1896–97) Benin Expedition (1897) Siege of Malakand (1897) First Mohmand campaign (1897–98) Tirah campaign (1897–98) Six-Day War (1899) Boxer Rebellion (1898–1901) Second Boer War (1899–1902)
20th century	Somaliland (1900–20) West Africa (1901–02) Tibet expedition (1903–04) Bambatha Rebellion (1906) Maritz rebellion (1914–15) Tochi (1914–15) Nyasaland (1915) Nigeria (1915) Peshawar (1915) Mohmand (1916–17) Quebec (1917) Nigeria (1918) Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919) Waziristan campaign (1919–20) Iraqi Revolt (1920) Malabar rebellion (1921) Kurdistan (1922–24) Transjordan (1923) Pink's War (1925) Ikhwan revolt (1927–30) Tirah (1930–31) Barzani revolt (1931–32) Second Mohmand campaign (1935) Arab revolt in Palestine (1936–39) Waziristan campaign (1936–39) Ethiopia (1943) Jewish revolt in Palestine (1944–48) Indochina (1945–46) Indonesia (1945) Sarawak (1946–50) Malayan Emergency (1948–60) Kenya Emergency (1952–60) Oman (1954–59) Cyprus Emergency (1955–59) Suez Crisis (1956) Oman (1962–76) Brunei (1962) Sarawak (1962–90) Malaysia (1962–66) Aden (1963–67) Falklands (1982)