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{{Short description|Byzantine sculpture in Venice, Italy}}
{{Infobox artwork
{{Infobox artwork
| title = ''Carmagnola''
| title = ''Carmagnola''
| painting_alignment =
| painting_alignment =
| other_language_1 =
| other_language_1 =
| other_title_1 =
| other_title_1 =
| other_language_2 =
| other_language_2 =
| other_title_2 =
| other_title_2 =
| wikidata =
| wikidata =
| image = File:Carmagnola 1.jpg
| image = Porphyry head of Justinian I (cropped).jpg
| image_upright =
| image_upright = 1.1
| alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| caption =
| artist =
| year = possibly 6th-century AD
| artist =
⚫
| completion_date = <!-- For a more specific date (post-1583): {{start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} -->
| year = [[Late antiquity]]
⚫
| catalogue =
⚫
| completion_date = <!-- For a more specific date (post-1583): {{start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} -->
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| medium = [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]]
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| catalogue =
⚫
| movement =
⚫
| medium = [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]]
| subject = possibly Emperor [[Justinian I]]
⚫
| movement =
| subject =
| height_metric =
| width_metric =
| height_metric = 40cm
| width_metric =
| length_metric =
| length_metric =
| diameter_metric =
⚫
| height_imperial = <!-- (i.e. in imperial units) -->
| diameter_metric =
| width_imperial =
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| height_imperial = <!-- (i.e. in imperial units) -->
| width_imperial =
| length_imperial =
| length_imperial =
| diameter_imperial =
| diameter_imperial =
| dimensions =
| dimensions =
| dimensions_ref =
⚫
| metric_unit = <!-- Note: this parameter must either use the value given or not be included -->
| dimensions_ref =
| metric_unit = <!-- Note: this parameter must either use the value given or not be included -->
| imperial_unit = in <!-- Note: this parameter must either use the value given or not be included -->
| weight =
⚫
| imperial_unit = in <!-- Note: this parameter must either use the value given or not be included -->
| weight =
| designation =
| designation =
| condition =
⚫
| museum = [[St Mark's Basilica]]
| condition =
⚫
| city = [[Venice]]
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| museum = [[St Mark's Basilica]]
⚫
| coordinates = <!-- Only use for the coordinates (when known) of the artwork itself, i.e. not for the site, building, structure, etc where it is kept, otherwise leave blank (or omit): {{coord|LAT|LON|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} -->
⚫
| city = [[Venice]]
| owner =
⚫
| coordinates = <!-- Only use for the coordinates (when known) of the artwork itself, i.e. not for the site, building, structure, etc where it is kept, otherwise leave blank (or omit): {{coord|LAT|LON|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} -->
| owner =
| accession =
⚫
| preceded_by = <!-- preceding work by the same artist -->
| accession =
| preceded_by = <!-- preceding work by the same artist -->
| followed_by = <!-- next work by the same artist -->
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| module =
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| followed_by = <!-- next work by the same artist -->
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| website = <!-- Official webpage/site only: {{URL|example.com}} -->
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| module =
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| website = <!-- Official webpage/site only: {{URL|example.com}} -->
}}
}}


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==Description==
==Description==
The [[Diadem]] unambiguously identifies the head as that of a late [[Roman emperor]], and on stylistic grounds it has been dated between the 4th and 6th centuries, with several scholars identifying it as a depiction of [[Justinian]]. The flattened nose is ostensibly the result of damage and subsequent repolishing.<ref name=Marano>{{cite web|author=Yuri Marano|website=Last Statues of Antiquity (LSA Database), University of Oxford|title=Discussion: Porphyry head of emperor ('Justinian'). From Constantinople (now in Venice). Early sixth century.|url=http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk/database/discussion.php?id=826|date=2012}}</ref> It is "one of the most significant" of the ornamental trophies that adorn the Basilica's facade.<ref>{{cite web|website=Basilica di San Marco|title=The West Facade|url=http://www.basilicasanmarco.it/basilica/scultura/la-decorazione-delle-facciate/la-facciata-occidentale/?lang=en|author=Procuratoria di San Marco di Venezia|date=2020}}</ref>
The [[Diadem]] unambiguously identifies the head as that of a late [[Roman emperor]], and on stylistic grounds it has been dated between the 4th and 6th centuries, with several scholars identifying it as a depiction of [[Justinian]]. The flattened nose is ostensibly the result of damage and subsequent repolishing.<ref name=Marano>{{cite web|author=Yuri Marano|website=Last Statues of Antiquity (LSA Database), University of Oxford|title=Discussion: Porphyry head of emperor ('Justinian'). From Constantinople (now in Venice). Early sixth century.|url=http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk/database/discussion.php?id=826|date=2012}}</ref> It is "one of the most significant" of the ornamental trophies that adorn the Basilica's facade,<ref>{{cite web|website=Basilica di San Marco|title=The West Facade|url=http://www.basilicasanmarco.it/basilica/scultura/la-decorazione-delle-facciate/la-facciata-occidentale/?lang=en|author=Procuratoria di San Marco di Venezia|date=2020}}</ref> looking straight into the direction of Constantinople.
[[File:Headless statue of an emperor (possibly Justinian I), 5th century; Archiepiscopal Museum, Ravenna (2) (48798000873).jpg|left|thumb|Headless porphyry statue in Ravenna]]


A headless porphyry statue kept at the [[Archiepiscopal Museum, Ravenna|Archiepiscopal Museum]] in [[Ravenna]] has been hypothesized to belong to the same original.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=American Journal of Archaeology|volume=XVII|title=RAVENNA - A Porphyry Statue and a Head in Venice|date=1918|page=136}}</ref>
A headless porphyry statue kept at the [[Archiepiscopal Museum, Ravenna|Archiepiscopal Museum]] in [[Ravenna]] has been hypothesized to belong to the same original.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=American Journal of Archaeology|volume=XVII|title=RAVENNA - A Porphyry Statue and a Head in Venice|date=1918|page=136}}</ref>
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File:San Marco in Venice 3.jpg|Side facade of [[St Mark's Basilica]], with ''Carmagnola'' at the far left of the upper-level railing
File:San Marco in Venice 3.jpg|Side facade of [[St Mark's Basilica]], with ''Carmagnola'' at the far left of the upper-level railing
File:Carmagnola 3.jpg|The [[Piazza San Marco#Description of the Piazzetta|Piazzetta]] viewed from behind ''Carmagnola''
File:Carmagnola 3.jpg|The [[Piazza San Marco#Description of the Piazzetta|Piazzetta]] viewed from behind ''Carmagnola''
File:Carmagnola 1.jpg
</gallery>
</gallery>


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{{coord missing|Italy}}
{{coord missing|Italy}}
[[Category:6th-century sculptures]]

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[[Category:Busts in Italy]]
{{morecat|date=March 2020}}
[[Category:Sculptures in Italy]]
[[Category:Byzantine sculpture]]
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[[Category:Busts (sculpture)]]
[[Category:Constantinople]]
[[Category:Constantinople]]
[[Category:Justinian I]]
[[Category:Roman sculpture portraits of emperors]]
[[Category:Stone sculptures in Italy]]
[[Category:Works looted by the Fourth Crusade]]
[[Category:Looting in Turkey]]

Latest revision as of 03:25, 8 March 2024

Carmagnola
Yearpossibly 6th-century AD
Mediumporphyry
Subjectpossibly Emperor Justinian I
LocationSt Mark's Basilica, Venice

Carmagnola or la Carmagnola is the traditional name of a porphyry head of a late Roman emperor, widely thought to represent Justinian, now placed on the external balustrade of St Mark's Basilica in Venice.

Description

[edit]

The Diadem unambiguously identifies the head as that of a late Roman emperor, and on stylistic grounds it has been dated between the 4th and 6th centuries, with several scholars identifying it as a depiction of Justinian. The flattened nose is ostensibly the result of damage and subsequent repolishing.[1] It is "one of the most significant" of the ornamental trophies that adorn the Basilica's facade,[2] looking straight into the direction of Constantinople.

Headless porphyry statue in Ravenna

A headless porphyry statue kept at the Archiepiscopal Museum in Ravenna has been hypothesized to belong to the same original.[3]

History

[edit]

The head may come from the Philadelphion in Constantinople, the original location of the Portrait of the Four Tetrarchs that is now just below on the Basilica's Piazzetta facade. It was "almost certainly"[1] brought to Venice as part of the loot from the Sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade in 1204 CE.

The condottiere Francesco Bussone da Carmagnola was beheaded on 5 May 1432 on the Piazzetta, where his head was presumably left exposed for some time, leading to the sculpture's traditional nickname.[1]

  • Side facade of St Mark's Basilica, with Carmagnola at the far left of the upper-level railing
    Side facade of St Mark's Basilica, with Carmagnola at the far left of the upper-level railing
  • The Piazzetta viewed from behind Carmagnola
    The Piazzetta viewed from behind Carmagnola

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Yuri Marano (2012). "Discussion: Porphyry head of emperor ('Justinian'). From Constantinople (now in Venice). Early sixth century". Last Statues of Antiquity (LSA Database), University of Oxford.
  2. ^ Procuratoria di San Marco di Venezia (2020). "The West Facade". Basilica di San Marco.
  3. ^ "RAVENNA - A Porphyry Statue and a Head in Venice". American Journal of Archaeology. XVII: 136. 1918.

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